Exam 1 Flashcards
the rest position of the lungs
lungs are infalted to 40% of total lung capacity
functional residual capacity (FRC)
Parietal pleura
membrane that lines the thorax
Define and give an example of intrinsic factors
- factors that the patient has less control over
- anatomic response of the vocal folds to mensturation
Define and give an example of extrinsic factors
- factors to which the patient may be exposed
- exposure to cigarette smoke
The degree of anteroposterior and lateral compression during phonation
supraglottic activity
Numbers are assigned to attributes
1= normal 2= mild etc.
ordinal scale
the degree of vocal fold movement during phonation
vocal fold mobility
voice impairment and/or change in pitch, loudness, or quality
dysphonia
- a judgement of how irregular and noisy the voice sounds
- it should relate to aperiodicity in the vibratory cycle
GRBAS roughness
regularity of successive cyles of vibration during phonation
periodicity
- imaging the larynx using a strobe light
- uses interrupted light to make objects appear as if they are moving in slow motion
laryngostroboscopy
A frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency
harmonic
the degree of movement from the medial to the lateral aspects of the vocal fold during phonation
amplitude of vibration
a tool where a line is used with 2 defined endpoints and ratings can be placed on the line to define the magnitude of a sensation
visual analog scale
3 registers
- Pulse- low end
- modal- fundamental frequency most commonly used by speaker
- falsetto- upper end
What does CAPE-V stand for?
Consensus of auditory perceptual evaluation of voice
Physiologically measures of relative noise levels measures what?
the overall stability of vocal fold vibration
specific field within aerodynamics that studies the airflow and pressure that are produced during voice production and is considered an essential tool in the voice laboratory as part of the clinical voice evaluation
laryngearl aerodynamics
How many items are on the voice related quality of life index?
10
General methods for collection of aerodynamic signals
- circumferentially vented pneumotrachograph facemask
- differential pressure transducer
visual display of a speech signal across time giving information about frequency and intensity in the display
spectrogram
A method to gather comprehensive data about the entire range of fundamental frequencies and intensities that a patient can produce
voice range profile (VRP)
Alveolar pressure is changed by 2 forces. Name and give an example of each type of force.
- Passive force-diaphragm returning to rest
- Active force- contraction of expiratory muscles
A judgement of how compressed or hyperfunctional the voice sounds
GRBAS strain
The degree to which the vocal folds move together during vocal fold closure during phonation
Phase closure
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
it contracts, moving downward and flattens enlarging the chest cavity, pushing the ribs out
4 categories of instrumental assessment
- Imaging
- aerodynamics
- acoustics
- perceptual tools
high-pitch audible noise typically heard during inspiration
stridor
Physiologically, what does the measure of fundamental frequency reflect?
the number of vocal fold vibratory cycles per second
Primary mechanism for increasing loudness
increasing subglottal pressure
What is the position of the diaphragm at rest?
dome shaped
Visual examination options
- mirror exam (can’t assess VF movement)
- Oral rigid laryngoscopy
- Transnasal flexible laryngoscopy
What would you use to assess vocal fold function during more complex vocal tasks?
transnasal flexible laryngoscope
visceral pleura
membrane that lines the lungs
identification of portions of the vocal fold that are not moving during phonation
non-vibratory portion
assessment of the general impression of laryngeal function during phonation relative to a healthy laryngeal examination
overall laryngeal function
What 2 kinds of information are obtaiend using acoustic analysis?
- vocal fold physiology
- perception of voice
technique designed for direct observation of vocal fold movement allowing high speed scanning up to 8000 frames/sec.
videokymography
- reflects the acoustic power in the voice
- related to a patient’s ability to generate and maintain subglottal pressure
- perceptually related to loudness
vocal intensity
the behaviors that contribute to laryngeal injury, inflammation, and other forms of damage
phonotrauma
measures that reflect the cycle to cycle variablity in the speech acoustic signal
short-term perturbation
continued air pressure is developed and built up underneath the vocal folds at an amount great enough to displace the inertial property of the vocal folds at an amount great enough to displace the inertial property of the vocal fold tissue and sustain the vibration of the vocal fold over time
myoelastic aerodynamic theory
a peak in the frequency spectrum of a sound cause by acoustic resonance
formant frequency
The act of inspiration is always active or passive?
active
Name 3 changes that may accompany a voice disorder
- quality
- pitch
- loudness
the assessment of the degree of traveling wave that is present on the superior surface of the vocal fold during phonation
mucosal wave
- A judgement of how much additional airflow is perceived
- it should relate to higher minimum airflow during the clottal cycle
GRBAS breathiness
- A 43 item questionnaire that gathers data from patients about their voice severity
- 3 factors
- impairment
- emotional
- physical
voice symptom scale (VoiSS)
- the level of noise relative to the level of the harmonics or the periodic signal generated by vocal fold vibration
- the relative level of nosie increases as the vocal fold vibration becomes irregular or if the vocal fold fails to completely close the glottis
Relative noise level
What does the VHI measure?
perceptual handicap associated with a voice disorder
- judgement of how rough the voice sounds
GRBAS- grade
GRBAS stands for…
Grade
Roughness
Breathiness
Aesthenia
Strain
the voice related quality of life index measures…
the social-emotional and physical aspects of voice problems in adults
the amount of presure directly below the vocal folds developed by the respiratory system for voice production
measured cm/H20)
subglottal air pressure
the degree to which the vocal folds meet on the same vertical plane during phonation
vertical level of approximation
allows examiner to see fine details of successive vocal fold movement in real time rather than the illusion of successive vibrations
high sped digital videoendoscopy
What is the mechanism for changing pitch?
- vocal fold length- cricothyroid muscle
the degree to which the vocal folds close during maximum adduction during phonation
glottal closure
the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration
vital capacity
a branch of science concerned with the study of gas motion in objects and the forces that are created
aerodynamics
soreness or pain in throat following prolonged voice use
odynophonia
degree to which the two vocal folds mirror eachothers’ movement during phonation
Phase symmetry
