vocabulary words Flashcards

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1
Q

socialism

A

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

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2
Q

utopia

A

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.

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3
Q

Robert Owen

A

He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

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4
Q

Karl Marx

A

Karl Marx was a philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism.

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5
Q

communism

A

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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6
Q

proletariat

A

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

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7
Q

democratic

A

relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

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8
Q

socialism

A

(in Marxist theory) a transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism.

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9
Q

communist manifesto

A

The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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10
Q

capitalism

A

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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11
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth.

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12
Q

David Ricardo

A

David Ricardo was a classical economist known for his Iron Law of Wages, labor theory of value, theory of comparative advantage and theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns.

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13
Q

dictatorship

A

a country governed by a dictator.

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14
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

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15
Q

Adam Smith

A

Adam Smith is one of the world’s most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to Adam Smith and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.

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16
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

17
Q

declaration of women’s rights

A

By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of sex equality, but failed to create any lasting impact on the direction of the Revolution.

18
Q

suffrage

A

a series of intercessory prayers or petitions.

19
Q

romanticism

A

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

20
Q

realism

A

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

21
Q

naturalist

A

a person who practices naturalism in art or literature.

22
Q

Beethoven

A

Despite increasing deafness Beethoven was responsible for a prodigious output: nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, the opera Fidelio (1814), and the Mass in D (the Missa Solemnis, 1823).

23
Q

Mark Twain

A

was a Mississippi River term: the second mark on the line that measured depth signified two fathoms, or twelve feet—safe depth for the steamboat. In 1857, at the age of twenty-one, he became a “cub” steamboat pilot.

24
Q

Cartography

A

the science or practice of drawing maps.

25
Q

social Darwinism

A

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

26
Q

Charles Darwin

A

A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Speciesand The Descent of Man.

27
Q

Albert Einstein

A

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einstein.

28
Q

relativity

A

the dependence of various physical phenomena on relative motion of the observer and the observed objects, especially regarding the nature and behavior of light, space, time, and gravity.

29
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

is known as the Father of Psychoanalysis, a method for treating psychological pathology by means of dialogue between the patient and the psychoanalyst. During psychoanalysis, the patient talks about whatever thoughts come to mind, a process called “free association.”

30
Q

modernism

A

a movement toward modifying traditional beliefs in accordance with modern ideas, especially in the Roman Catholic Church in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

31
Q

impressionism

A

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

32
Q

Monet

A

French landscape painter; the leading exponent of impressionism.

33
Q

natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

34
Q

Pytorillyich

A

a newspaper or periodical with pictures as a main feature.