Vocabulary from readings

Question 1

What’s the normative approach to development?

Answer 1

• What’s considered normal development for a child

Question 2

What’s the difference between continuous and discontinuous development?

Answer 2

• Continuous - development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
• Discontinuous - development takes place in unique stages , where it occurs at specific times or ages

Question 3

What are schemata?

Answer 3

• concepts/mental models that are used to help us cateorize and interpret information
• By the time we have reached adultood, we have created schemata for almost everything

Question 4

What’s the difference between assimilation and accomodation?

Answer 4

• Assimilation - when children take in information that is comparable to what they already know
• Accomodation - when children change their schemata based on new information

Question 5

What is the principle of reversibility?

Answer 5

• objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.
• Children begin to understand this concept once they’ve reached the concrete operational stage

Question 6

What’s a secure base?

Answer 6

• A parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as the baby explores his surroundings. THis can lead to a secire attachment

Question 7

What’s adrenarche and gonadarche?

Answer 7

• The maturing of the adrenal glands and sex glands

Question 8

What’s cognitive empathy?

Answer 8

• relates to the ability to take the persepctive of others and feel concern for others

Question 9

What’s socioemotional selectivity theory?

Answer 9

• It suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years

Question 10

What’s an advance directive?

Answer 10

• A written legal document that details specific interventions a person wants when nearing death

Question 11

What’s a health care proxy?

Answer 11

• Appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself

Question 12

What’s the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 12

• Holds that a simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high and complex tasks are best performed when arousal levels are lower

Question 13

What’s bariatric surgery?

Answer 13

• a type of surgery specifically aimed at weight reduction, and it involves modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

Question 14

What’s gender dysphoria?

Answer 14

• a diagnostic category that describes individuals who do not identify as the gender that most people would assume they are.

Question 15

What’s a polygraph?

Answer 15

• A lie detector tests that measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions, although the validity of these tests has been seriously questioned

Question 16

What’s cognitive-mediational theory?

Answer 16

• Asserts that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

Question 17

What’s the cultural display rule?

Answer 17

• One of a collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable

Question 18

What’s a cardinal trait?

Answer 18

• The personality trait that dominates your personality

Question 19

What are central traits?

Answer 19

• Personality traits that make up our personalities

Question 20

What’s a justification of effort?

Answer 20

• The belief that we tend to value goals and acheivements that we put a lot of effort into.
• If something is difficult to achieve, we believe it is more worthwhile

Question 21

What’s the Halo effect?

Answer 21

• The tendency to let the overall impression of an individual color the way in which we feel about their character

Question 22

What’s the Asch effect?

Answer 22

• The influence of the group majority on an individuals judgement
• Asch conformity experiments

Question 23

What is deindividuation?

Answer 23

• situations in which a person may feel a sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction of accountability and sense of self when among others

Question 24

What are chronic and acute stressors?

Answer 24

• Chronic - events that persist over an extended period of time
• Acute - brief, local events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended

Question 25

What’s flow?

Answer 25

• A particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing that is becomes worth doing for its own sake

Question 26

What’s an acquisition?

Answer 26

• When an organization purchases another organization

Question 27

What’s scientific management?

Answer 27

• Analyzes and synthesises workflows with the main objective of improving economic efficiency, especially labour prouctivity

Question 28

What’s procedural justice?

Answer 28

• The fairness of the processes by which outcomes are determined in conflicts with or among employees

Question 29

What’s psychopathology?

Answer 29

• The study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, their etiology (causes), and treatments

Question 30

What is harmful dysfunction?

Answer 30

• A way to identify and define psychological disorders. Occurs when an internal mechanism breaks down and leads to harm towards oneself and others around you

Question 31

What’s behavioural inhibition?

Answer 31

• Consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations (present during social anxiety disorder)

Question 32

What’s diathesis?

Answer 32

• A hereditary or constitutional predsposition to a disease or to a disorder

Question 33

What’s hopelessness theory?

Answer 33

• A particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then can lead to depression. It’s the expectation that unpleasant things will occur

Question 34

What are prodromal symptoms?

Answer 34

• Found in patients with schizophrenia, when they show minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, paranoia, odd communication, delusions, etc.

Question 35

What was deinstitutionalization?

Answer 35

• The process where large asylums were closed so that individuals could stay within their communities to recieve local treatment
• (treatment and therapy)

Question 36

What’s an intake?

Answer 36

• A therapists first meeting with a client where they gather specific information about them in order to address their immediate needs

Question 37

What’s structural and strategical family therapy?

Answer 37

• Structural - the therapist examines and discusses the boundaries and the structure of the family
• Strategical - the goal is to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a relatively short amount of time

Question 38

What’s play therapy?

Answer 38

• Often used with children, where using toys they can play out their hopes, fantasies and traumas.