Unit 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What was Charles Darwin’s theory of instinct?

Answer 1

• Believed that humans have innate instincts that are hard-wired into our species
• Explains why peopledo the things we do (explains behavior)
• Doesn’t account for individuality or cultural differences

Question 2

What’s the theory of drive?

Answer 2

• The body must maintain homeostasis
• When body is experiencing deficits, it motivates brain to take action
• Decreasing deficits allows us to experience pleasure, which can lead to overeating/sleeping.
• Does account for individualities (everyone has different thresholds)

Question 3

What’s the theory of arousal?

Answer 3

• Arousal decreases when stressed, increases when bored
• Medium level of arousal is when most productive
• Extroverts need more arousal, introverts experience too much of it
• Too biological of a theory, people don’t always respond to body’s demands

Question 4

What is hunger motivation?

Answer 4

• The motivation to eat
• Watching/seeing food can make you hungry
• When hunger is fulfilled you reach satiation

Question 5

What’s the short-term appetite?

Answer 5

• Your blood-sugar levels indicate when you wanna eat.
• When blood-sugar levels are normal, you will tend to eat healthier items
• Low blood-sugar levels cause you to eat food items high in carbs
• Crashing blood-sugar levels cause you to eat foods very high in sugar
• Stomach distension is linked to a negative feedback loop.

Question 6

How is your long-time energy balance achieved?

Answer 6

• The hormone Ghrelin acts as an appetite stimulator and is found in the stomach. Increases when on a diet, also when crying.
• The hormone Leptin acts as an appetite suppressor, produced in fat cells. It’s complementary to ghrelin.

Question 7

What’s the set-point theory?

Answer 7

• A biologically determined by the fat cells and they dictate when setiated.
• Explains why crash dieting doesn’t work as its too drastic and temporary, body wants to maintain homeostasis.
• Body will attempt to bounce back very quickly after intense diets and people end up gaining more weight than before.

Question 8

what effects does oxytocin have on women’s sexual arousal?

Answer 8

• Oxytocin can lead to sex as it can cause a women to be physically stimulated, but not aroused.
• Oxytocin is also released during childbirth, cuddling, breastfeeding, and nursing

Question 9

What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle (strictly for men)?

Answer 9

1) Desire - Interested in someone, will start a conversation
2) Arousal - Begin making out with them, somatic stage, increased heart rate
3) Orgasm - Convulsion within the genitals
4) Resolution - Post-orgasm stage (sleep for men, as well as cuddling)
- Stages don’t work for women as they can sustain multiple orgasms for long periods of time

Question 10

How does sexual selection work for males and females?

Answer 10

• Males - Believe they need to spread genetics, so they want fertile partners so wide hips, breasts, and age are all factors. Also want to ensure that their children are theirs. Want competition for partners.
• Women - looking for quality over quantity for partners as they must be very selective, don’t have many eggs.

Question 11

What’s sexual selection?

Answer 11

• Often measured along a spectrum, it’s the types of people/genders of whom you’re sexually attracted to.
• Sex - your anatomy at birth
• Gender identity - Your preferred pronouns, which washroom
• Gender expression - Whether you express yourself as more feminine or masculine, what clothing you wear ect.
• Physical attraction - who you want to have sex with
• Emotional attraction - Forming emotional connections and romantic attractions

Question 12

What’s self-determination? What constitutes it?

Answer 12

• The idea that people will do things without reward, as long as they have full autonomy, competence, and relatedness
• Most motivated when we feel it’s our choice
• Makes you feel connected to other, to something big

Question 13

What’s power motivation?

Answer 13

• An individuals desire for power and control over others
• These people can be activists and help influence society, or they can be dictators
• These individuals tend to be more competitive, not focused on quality and want recognition.
• Really good at helping others and gaining followers

Question 14

What’s power saturation?

Answer 14

• Individuals with very high power motivation. Often exaggerated by experiencing low levels of success. These people are unable to effectively problem solve.
• Often have more health problems, such as addiction, health problems, and heart attacks
• More violent, obsessed with materialism, want the best of the best. More close-minded
• Examples include Trump, Stalin, Hitler, etc.

Question 15

What’s intimacy motivation?

Answer 15

• The drive to experience intimacy/be in a relationship. The higher the better.
• People with high intimacy motivation will have good listening skills, will be less stressed, more well-adjusted.

Question 16

What’s achievement motivation?

Answer 16

• An individuals desire to reach standards of excellence in something
• Constantly competing with yourself and others, and motivated by completing tasks. Don’t have to have all three characteristics
• Appreciate feedback and recognition on work
• Likes personal responsibility, doesn’t like group work

Question 17

What’s self-actualization?

Answer 17

• It’s an idea based off of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• After addressing basic needs such as physiological demands, as well as security and safety, as well as a sense of belonging and self-esteem, and individual may reach peak transcendence, which are the major aha moments in life where you are completely satisfied, and everything is fulfilled
• People can reach self-actualization through nature, religion, after reaching certain milestones, etc.

Question 18

What five researchers all contributed major theories of emotions?

Answer 18

• James-Lange - Level of arousal leads to physiological signs of emotion (ex. low level of arousal, heart slows, muscles relax, leads to happiness)
• Lazarus - Emotions can come from how we think. Arousal leads to thoughts. If heart slow, may think more positively, relaxes muscles and become more happy
• Schachter-Singer - Arousal sends signlas to both cortical and sub-cortical parts of the brain. It’s the combination that leads to emotions.

Question 19

What are the 7 emotions?

Answer 19

• Joy - feelings of success, when desires come true, encourages us to build relationships
• Anger - Acts as an obstacle to success, prevents us from reaching a goal, allows us to gain power and control.
• Contempt - Judging others as inferior, helps maintain social hierarchy. When something is considered below you, socially disapproving
• Disgust - Repulsed by something, feel contaminated, helps species survive by avoidong certain items. Can experienc esocial disgust as well.
• Fear - Identifying a threat and worried we won’t reach a goal, feel uncertain, an important emotion as it helps us seek safety
• Sadness - Feelings of loss and failure, a time for reflection and needing support. Body feels very slow, low in energy. A way to display to others that we need help.
• Surprise - When we experience something novelty, very short-lived, body is trying to react to something very unexpected.