Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards
What theory did Urie Brofenbrenner develop?
He developed the Ecological model which is used to explain various child level factors that help determine individual traits.
What are the five levels of the ecological model?
Microsystem - Direct influences such as parents, friends, teachers.
Mesosystem - Direct relationships that people in your microsystem have ex. Parents marriage
Exosystem - Indirect influences, don’t necessarily have idrect interaction with them ex. School culture (don’t talk to everyone)
Macrosystem - Cultural influences. These don’t change through your life span ex. being canadian
Chronosystem - Major life events such as pandemics that help shape an individual
What’s one of the flaws of the ecological model?
Cannot be tested
What are the three growth patterns?
Cephalocaudal - head develops first, then extends to feet (head to tail)
Proximodistal - Start physical development inwards and extends outwards (torso to limbs)
Differentiation - skills develop from simple to complex
What were Mary Ainsworth’s three types of attachments?
Secure - Look to parent for safety but not completely dependent upon them, willing to explore.
Avoidant - Completely avoid parents, completely independent.
Anxious - Never leave their parents side, never want to explore
Disorganized - Infants that can’t be categorized (more than one)
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
Zygote - 2 weeks
Embryo - 2.5 months
Fetus - 6 months
What are teratogens?
Factors that negatively affect fetal development. These include drug use, alcohol consumption, disease (STDs), and toxic chemicals
What are the newborn reflexes? What happens to them?
Babinski - toes involuntarily fan out when prompted by finger
Moro - the startle reflex. Whe baby placed into crib when sleeping, will immediately start to cry, dont want to be left behind.
Palmar - when fingers latch onto a big human finger
Rooting - lightly stroke infants cheek will cause them to turn their head in that direction.
Sucking - Mouth turns into a vacuum seal in order to suck back nutrients
Eventually all these reflexes get phased out as children age.
What was Freud’s psychosexual theory about infants (0-3 years)?
- Children get lots of comfort from oral stimulation, infants explore the world through their mouths, also helps with emotional regulation.
What is an oral fixation and an anal fixation according to Freud?
Oral fixation - occurs when child is taken off the bottle too young so they look for oral stimulation through other means (ex. nailbitters)
Anal fixation - intense toilet training and the control of bodily functions can lead toddlers to be very stressed. Causes child to have very anxious/controlling traits when older.
What are the psychosocial stages that infants (0-3 years) undergo?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) and Autonomy vs. doubt (2-3)
What matters most in developing primitive infant attachment?
Security and sensory stimulation, according to Harry Harlow’s monkey experiment.
What is the general procedure for the Strange Situation?
Caregiver and infant enter a research lab and child begins to explore toys. A stranger enters the research lab while infant is watched for response. Caregiver then leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort child. Caregiver then comes back and stranger leaves the room. The caregiver then leaves the room and infant is all alone. Stranger enters again and attempts to comfort infant. Caregiver then enters the room again and infants response is observed. This is done at 12 months.
What did researchers determine using the Strange Situation experiment?
They were able to determine the infant’s attachment type.
What is the cognitive stage Jean piaget developed that infants (0-3) undergo?
Sensorimotor stage - exploring their environment, attempt to imitate things/people around them, also lacking object permanence.
What is the psychosexual phase that kids (3-6) undergo according to Freud?
The phallic stage - start to recognize their genitalia and become very interested with it.
Alos may start to develop jealous and envy for the first time.
What is the psychosocial phase that kids (3-6) undergo according to Erikson?
Initiative vs. Guilt. Figuring out how to make friends and whether or not they take initiative to do so or if they’re too shy (guilt component)
What cognition stages do kids (3-6) undergo according to Piaget?
The pre-observational stage - Ego-centrism occurs, and they are unable to take the perspective of another person. Centered-thinking occurs and they are unable to focus on many factors at once. Symbolism starts to take place, ex. a doll represents a person.
What are the attachment developments that occur in late childhood (7-11)?
Parent-child and teacher-child relationships start to become major influences in a child’s life, as well as their friendships and what kind of friend they are.
What psychosocial developments occur during late childhood (7-11)?
Children start to grasp whether or not they are a good or bad student, so Industriousness vs. Inferiority. It affects how they precieve themselves in school.
What cognitive developments are occuring during late childhood (7-11)?
Children are now reaching their concrete operational stage. Capable of higher-level thinking, and can perform math operations , able to have conversations with others and solve logic problems.
What physical changes are occuring during adolescence (12-18)?
- undergoing puberty
- Menarche - first menstrual cycle
- Semenarche - first release of sperm
- start developing secondary sex characteristics
- Change of body leads to a change of mental state as well.
What psychosexual developments are occuring during adolescence?
Going through the genital stage. Sex eduxation and how you were taught about sex will largely determine your views on sex as an adult.
What psychosocial developments are occuring during adolescence?
Undergoing Identity vs. Confusion. Trying to figure put who we are sexually. Start to develop group affiliations with others.
