Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards
What theory did Urie Brofenbrenner develop?
He developed the Ecological model which is used to explain various child level factors that help determine individual traits.
What are the five levels of the ecological model?
Microsystem - Direct influences such as parents, friends, teachers.
Mesosystem - Direct relationships that people in your microsystem have ex. Parents marriage
Exosystem - Indirect influences, don’t necessarily have idrect interaction with them ex. School culture (don’t talk to everyone)
Macrosystem - Cultural influences. These don’t change through your life span ex. being canadian
Chronosystem - Major life events such as pandemics that help shape an individual
What’s one of the flaws of the ecological model?
Cannot be tested
What are the three growth patterns?
Cephalocaudal - head develops first, then extends to feet (head to tail)
Proximodistal - Start physical development inwards and extends outwards (torso to limbs)
Differentiation - skills develop from simple to complex
What were Mary Ainsworth’s three types of attachments?
Secure - Look to parent for safety but not completely dependent upon them, willing to explore.
Avoidant - Completely avoid parents, completely independent.
Anxious - Never leave their parents side, never want to explore
Disorganized - Infants that can’t be categorized (more than one)
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?
Zygote - 2 weeks
Embryo - 2.5 months
Fetus - 6 months
What are teratogens?
Factors that negatively affect fetal development. These include drug use, alcohol consumption, disease (STDs), and toxic chemicals
What are the newborn reflexes? What happens to them?
Babinski - toes involuntarily fan out when prompted by finger
Moro - the startle reflex. Whe baby placed into crib when sleeping, will immediately start to cry, dont want to be left behind.
Palmar - when fingers latch onto a big human finger
Rooting - lightly stroke infants cheek will cause them to turn their head in that direction.
Sucking - Mouth turns into a vacuum seal in order to suck back nutrients
Eventually all these reflexes get phased out as children age.
What was Freud’s psychosexual theory about infants (0-3 years)?
- Children get lots of comfort from oral stimulation, infants explore the world through their mouths, also helps with emotional regulation.
What is an oral fixation and an anal fixation according to Freud?
Oral fixation - occurs when child is taken off the bottle too young so they look for oral stimulation through other means (ex. nailbitters)
Anal fixation - intense toilet training and the control of bodily functions can lead toddlers to be very stressed. Causes child to have very anxious/controlling traits when older.
What are the psychosocial stages that infants (0-3 years) undergo?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) and Autonomy vs. doubt (2-3)
What matters most in developing primitive infant attachment?
Security and sensory stimulation, according to Harry Harlow’s monkey experiment.
What is the general procedure for the Strange Situation?
Caregiver and infant enter a research lab and child begins to explore toys. A stranger enters the research lab while infant is watched for response. Caregiver then leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort child. Caregiver then comes back and stranger leaves the room. The caregiver then leaves the room and infant is all alone. Stranger enters again and attempts to comfort infant. Caregiver then enters the room again and infants response is observed. This is done at 12 months.
What did researchers determine using the Strange Situation experiment?
They were able to determine the infant’s attachment type.
What is the cognitive stage Jean piaget developed that infants (0-3) undergo?
Sensorimotor stage - exploring their environment, attempt to imitate things/people around them, also lacking object permanence.
