Vocabulary and Orthography Flashcards
1
Q
Rancoroso (a)
A
spiteful
- a spiteful child
- That was a spiteful thing to say!
2
Q
defender (uma ideia, decisão etc)
- The freedom of the press must be [].
- As a police officer you are expected to [] the law whether you agree with it or not.
- Judge Davis [] the county court’s decision.
- The government has promised to [] the principles of democracy.
A
uphold (usar!)
(upheld, upheld)
- The freedom of the press must be upheld.
- As a police officer you are expected to uphold the law whether you agree with it or not.
- Judge Davis upheld the county court’s decision.
- The government has promised to uphold the principles of democracy.
3
Q
bate-boca, “argument”
além de fileira, sequência, linha etc
A
row
- My parents often have rows, but my dad does most of the shouting.
- What was a political row over government policy on Europe is fast becoming a diplomatic row between France and Britain.
4
Q
um incômodo
A
nuisance
- I’ve forgotten my umbrella - what a nuisance!
- [ + -ing verb ] It’s such a nuisance having to rewrite those letters.
- I hate to be a nuisance, but could you help me?
- Local residents claimed that the noise was causing a public nuisance.
5
Q
refrear, conter, inibir
- she promised she would [] her temper
- We need a green revolution and we must [] our own excesses
- New rules on the table to [] bank practices blamed for financial crisis.
A
curb (C2)
- she promised she would curb her temper
- We need a green revolution and we must curb our own excesses
- New rules on the table to curb bank practices blamed for financial crisis.
6
Q
> to invest with any name, character, dignity, or title;
style
apelidar; nomear
A
dub
- She was dubbed by the newspapers “the Angel of Death”.
- King John knighted him and dubbed him Sir Richard Plantagenet. (“nomeou”)
(títulos junto da pessoa começam com maiúscula) - After the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797, Nelson was dubbed a Knight of the Bath. (acontecimentos históricos começam com maiúscula) (“nomeou”)
7
Q
massa, pilha, volume, carga
A
bulk
- She eased her large bulk out of the chair. (ease, aqui, move carefully, gradually, or gently.)
- It was a document of surprising bulk. (grande)
- The office buys paper in bulk to keep down costs. (C2)
- In fact, the bulk of the book is taken up with criticizing other works. (~o grosso~, a maior parte)
- He gave the bulk of his paintings to the museum.
8
Q
competitividade
A
competitiveness
9
Q
cercar, rodear, cingir; fechar, encerrar, circundar, abarcar, abranger.
- These plans [] the different sectors
- your bank’s mission to [] wider sustainability(!) goals.
A
encompass
- These plans encompass the different sectors
- your bank’s mission to encompass wider sustainability(!) goals.
10
Q
alfândega
A
customs
- It took us ages to get through customs when we got back from Italy.
- A man who was stopped at customs was found to have a quantity of plastic explosives in his case.
- go through customs - You will need to go through customs after you have retrieved your baggage. (retrieve - ~recuperar~ - to find and bring back something
- UK customs say the truck was carrying drugs with a street value of over £3m.
- She works for US Customs.
11
Q
ceticismo
A
Skepticism [EUA]; scepticism [brit]
- skeptic = sceptic -> a pessoa
- skeptical = sceptical
- skeptically = sceptically
- Many experts remain skeptical about/of his claims.
12
Q
bid
- bid a world record price [preposition] a snuff box
A
> Lance e dar um lance (especially at an auction)
- A consortium of dealers bid a world record price for a snuff box
- Several buyers made bids for the Van Gogh sketches
- A couple of local lads went to that auction and a bid was made.
(Old-fashioned?) tell; command, order
- I did as he bade me
- I was then but a simple handmaid who did as I was bid .
- They bade her good morning.
- I must now bid you farewell (= say goodbye to you).
13
Q
bin
A
noun: a receptacle for storing a specified substance.:”a vegetable bin”
verb: place (something) in a bin.:”If binning the soybeans, start at 16% moisture and …”
14
Q
“viável”, factível, verossímil(!)
- It seems to me someone could come up with a [] solution for Bradford.
- I think it’s actually still a [] explanation.
A
feasible
feasibility . viabilidade
- It seems to me someone could come up with a feasible solution for Bradford.
- I think it’s actually still a >feasible explanation.<
- We’re looking at the feasibility of building a shopping centre there.
- Thus, most analyses are undertaken at their request, prioritized according to their urgency and feasibility.
- The local authority is to carry out a feasibility study into expanding the old stadium.
- The company agreed to conduct a feasibility study for a hydroelectric plant at Elizabeth Falls.
- The idea that we can arbitrarily fix the value of goods so that people can afford them is economically unfeasible
15
Q
“tirado” (além de desenhado, esboçado)
A
Drawn
- drawn from a few universities
16
Q
(ortografia)
inteiro
inteiramente etc
X
sagrado
feriado
x
buraco
A
whole - inteiro
wholly - totalmente, integralmente
(perde o “e” como true->truly)
holy - sagrado
holiday -> feriado
hole - buraco
- I wasn’t wholly convinced by her explanation.
- That’s a wholly different issue.
- a machine that is wholly British-made
17
Q
deviousness
A
desonestidade, desvio
18
Q
aguado (um líquido, sopa etc);
feeble or insipid in quality or character; lacking strength or boldness.
A
wishy-washy
- The candidate gave a few unsatisfactory wishy-washy answers.
- Watercolours are too wishy-washy for my taste.
19
Q
fraco, que falta força, bravura
- a [] joke/excuse
- He was a [], helpless old man.
- The little lamp gave only a [] light.
- Opposition to the plan was rather []
- He’s pretty [], and has to use a cane to get around.
A
feeble (C2: usar!)
- a feeble joke/excuse
- He was a feeble, helpless old man.
- The little lamp gave only a feeble light.
- Opposition to the plan was rather feeble.
- He’s pretty feeble, and has to use a cane to get around.
20
Q
insipid
A
insípido: sem gosto, desinteressante
21
Q
apaziguamento + apaziguar
- When he agreed to talks with the prime minister, he was accused of [].
- A policy of []t is counterproductive with dictators.
A
> appeasement (2Ps!)
appease
- When he agreed to talks with the prime minister, he was accused of appeasement.
- A policy of appeasement is counterproductive with dictators.
- Where the moderates coaxed, appeased and conciliated, the radicals preferred to cajole, to threaten and to force.
(cajole, coax -> persuadir)
(fr: apaisement(!)
22
Q
Kowtow
A
act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one’s head touching the ground
23
Q
curvar-se
A
to bow
- They bowed to the Queen.
- We bowed our heads in prayer.
- He bowed down (= very low) before (= in front of) the king and begged for mercy.
24
Q
ajoelhar
A
to kneel (pass: knelt or kneeled)
- Gibbons kneeled next to the plant and started digging.
- She knelt (down) beside the child.
- He knelt in front of the altar and prayed.
- Whatever the ideas encapsulated, do the seated and kneeling figures represent historical persons as much as or more than they represent idealized events and concepts? (personS é plural mt formal de person, geralmente só usado em textos legais)
25
prostration
prostração -> prostrar: Lançar-se de bruços por acatamento ou reverência; Tirar ou perder o ânimo ou o vigor físico; abater(-se), enfraquecer(-se); FIG Dominar alguém ou deixar-se dominar; curvar(-se), humilhar(-se), submeter(-se)
26
rançoso
rancid
27
guerra, geralmente quando se está falando da atividade em si, refere-se aos tipos de armas, métodos, teorias, natureza da guerra (ou guerrilha etc), métodos, rotinas, e outros detalhes associados ao combate ou tais disputas. Bastante usado para analisar sub-sistemas, subdivisões de um todo que é a guerra, ou "menores partes"
warfare
- guerrilla/naval/nuclear/trench warfare
- psychological/nuclear warfare
- economic warfare
28
entranhado
- Such [] prejudices cannot be corrected easily.
- The belief that you should own your house is deeply [] in our society.
- The oil had become [] in his skin.
ingrained
- Such ingrained prejudices cannot be corrected easily.
- The belief that you should own your house is deeply ingrained in our society.
- The oil had become ingrained in his skin.
29
passatempo
pastime
30
esmagador, opressivo, irresistível
| - She felt an [] urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.
overwhelming
| - She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.
31
clad
vestido: "clad in pinstripes" vestido de terno de risca-de-giz
32
pinstripes
terno de risca-de-giz
33
quaff
>verb
drink (something, especially an alcoholic drink) heartily. (~com vontade~)
- The acts of pausing and focusing through each step distinguishes wine tasting from simple quaffing.
>noun
an alcoholic drink
34
1 cordialmente, sinceramente.
2 com prazer, entusiasticamente.
3 com o coração aberto.
4 bastante, completamente.
heartily
(hearty = enthusiastic, energetic, and often loudly expressed+
- She laughed heartily at the joke.
- I am heartily sick of the whole situation.
- He heartily approved of the changes in policy.
- I, for one, most heartily sympathise with him. (for one - used to say that you think your opinion or action is right, even if others do not)
35
die hard
disappear or change very slowly.: "old habits die hard"
36
20 de alguma coisa = ~um monte de~ (não é informal, não)
score é 20 de alguma coisa; scores of é ~um monte de~
- Scores of victims were killed.
- expressed its deepest concern over the terrible attack in Bali which has caused the death of scores of innocent people.
- The others, just a score in all, crowded around him in the underbrush, shaking rain from their leather armor.
- Today, with tourists in too much of a rush to stop, much less linger, the number of tables has shrunk to a score or so. (shrink; shrank; shrunk)
- ...which is why scores of ornithologists come here every year...
37
induction
indução: " Preparar antecipadamente para algo: No filme, a música tensa induzia um fim trágico."
38
unsparingly
insensivelmente, impiedosamente
(sparingly: "com moderação", "frugalmente"
39
convocar, chamar, citar, mandar chamar
- General Rattigan [] reinforcements to help resist the attack.
- We were [] to the headmaster's office.
- On 20 July, the town council was [] to hear an emergency report on its finances.
- He [] his troops.
summon
- General Rattigan summoned reinforcements to help resist the attack.
- We were summoned to the headmaster's office.
- On 20 July, the town council was summoned to hear an emergency report on its finances.
- He summoned his troops.
40
visita breve, principalmente de pessoas ligadas a saúde
call
- Doctor Seward is out on a call this morning.
- The nurse has got a few calls to make this afternoon
41
falacioso: enganador, errado
fallacious
(não tem no "Just the Word")
- His argument is based on fallacious reasoning.
- But a simple thought experiment demonstrates how fallacious this is
- At other times, they are borne aloft on the tide of their own shrill rhetoric to transparently fallacious conclusions.
.....- borne (bear) - carregar
......- aloft (formal) - in the air or in a higher position
......- shrill - estridente
......- rhetoric - speech or writing intended to be effective and influence people OU clever language that sounds good but is not sincere or has no real meaning
42
subst: gole
verbo: "sorver", "bebericar"
sip
- This tea is very hot, so sip it carefully.
- She slowly sipped (at) her wine.
- He *took* a slow, thoughtful sip *of* his coffee.
- I let her have a few sips of the water.
43
official
subst. : funcionário
| adj. : oficial
44
subida, subir; elevação, elevar; aumento, aumentar; ascender; acréscimo; rampa, colina; surgir; nascer, germinar
+ passados da forma verbal
rise
(rise rose risen)
- After a long career with the compaNy, she has risen to(!) the position of chief executive.
- He rose to(!) power as the country eMerged from its financial crisis. (eMerged, eMergence)
- The singer has risen from humble origins to(!) become one of the most successful entertainers of all time.
- The people rose (up) against the oppressor/tyrant/dictator.
- The balloon rose gently (up) into(!) the air.
- At 6 a.m. we watched the sun rise
- She rose from(!) her chair to welcome us.
- The wind/storm is rising (= beginning to get stronger).
45
...
garganta, goela
...
gorge
46
blurt out
deixar escapar
"blurt": dizer bruscamente
47
jute
juta, fibra vegetal
48
grosseiro, áspero, rude
- Now and then [] laughter broke out. (rude)
- [] sand/breadcrumbs
- [] language
- He was shocked by the [] of his guest.
- Our recipe calls for [] chopped pistachios.
coarse
- Now and then coarse laughter broke out. (rude)
- coarse sand/breadcrumbs
- coarse language
- He was shocked by the coarseness of his guest.
- Our recipe calls for coarsely chopped pistachios.
49
happen or occur afterward or as a result. (~seguir-se~)
- The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had []
- Chaos [] when 60 charter schools run by one compaNy were all suddenly closed.
- After his outburst, a long silence [].
- In the [ing]year business improved.
to ensue (formal)
- The police officer said that he had placed the man under arrest and that a scuffle had ensued. (scuffle=pequena briga)
- Chaos ensued when 60 charter schools run by one compaNy were all suddenly closed.
- After his outburst, a long silence ensued. (outburst - explosão, acesso, ataque)
- In the ensuing year business imprOved.
50
afterwards (X after)
>afterwards (sem "S" nos EUA) - depois, posteriormente
>after - "depois de"
- I’ll see you after class
- After the game, we had...
- Wait till the game is over. Afterward we’ll have...
- We had tea, and afterwards we sat in the garden for a while.
51
afundar; mergulhar; cair; descer
- The Titanic was a passenger ship which [] (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912.
- The dog [] her teeth into (= bit) the ball and ran off with it.
- Student numbers have [] considerably this year.
- He [] into deep *despair* (= became very unhappy) when he lost his job.
to sink
(sank/sunk sunk)
- The Titanic was a passenger ship which sank (to the bottom of the ocean) in 1912.
- The dog sank her teeth into (= bit) the ball and ran off with it.
- Student numbers have sunk considerably this year.
- He sank into deep *dEspair* (= became very unhappy) when he lost his job.
52
advérbio: abaixo, em posição inferior.
| prep.: abaixo, sob, inferior a
> beneath
- Jaime hid the letter beneath a pile of papers.
- She looked out of the window at the children playing beneath.
> underneath
...... - é menos formal
- The tunnel goes right underneath the city.
- They found a bomb underneath the car.
- Underneath that shy exterior, she's actually a very warm person.
- He was wearing a garish T-shirt underneath his shirt.
.....- garish - extravagante
53
montar, reunir, juntar
- We [] in the meeting room after lunch.
- to [] data
- At the staff meeting, the manager told the [] compaNy (= everyone there) that no one would lose their job.
- furniture that is easy to []
assemble
- We assembled in the meeting room after lunch.
- to assemble data
- At the staff meeting, the manager told the assembled compaNy (= everyone there) that no one would lose their job.
- furniture that is easy to assemble
54
1 FIG antiquado, reacionário, rançoso.
2 fedorento
3 bolorento, mofento, bafiento, rançoso, abafado, sufocante.
fusty
- Rupert's father belongs to some fusty old gentleman's club where they don't allow women in.
- This room smells slightly fusty - I think I'll open a window.
55
stale
(of food) no longer fresh and pleasant to eat; hard, musty, or dry.
obsoleto, velho, rançoso
- The bread/biscuits/cake had gone stale.
- stale jokes/news ("not fresh and new; boring because too familiar")
56
úmido; umidade
| slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable
damp
- This shirt still feels a bit damp.
- It was a damp, misty morning.
57
abafado
stuffy
- a stuffy office
- It's really hot and stuffy in here - let's open the window.
- The bedroom gets a little stuffy in the summer.
58
"the last but one" etc
penúltimo
| - I'm almost finished - this is the last but one box to empty.
59
caldeirão (mt usado figurativamente)
| - New Orleans, a [] of European culture in the South, is a treat for the senses.
melting pot
- New Orleans, a melting pot of European culture in the South, is a treat for the senses.
- the traditional description of the United States as a melting pot.
- Edinburgh's streets in August are usually thronging with visitors to the arts festivals that turn the city into an international melting pot of creativity. (throng - a crowd; to be or go somewhere in very large numbers)
60
find or locate exactly. identificar, apontar, localizar com precisão; precisar
- It is not possible to [] precisely the time of death.
- one flare had [] the target (flare - ~sinal~)
- Emergency workers at the site are still unable to [] the cause of the explosion
to pinpoint (C2!)
- It is not possible to pinpoint precisely the time of death.
- one flare had pinpointed the target (flare - ~sinal~)
- Emergency workers at the site are still unable to pinpoint the cause of the explosion
61
constantemente, gradualmente, regularmente, firmemente,
| - "had [] evolved for generations"
steadily
- "had steadily evolved for generations"
- Prices have risen steadily. (gradualmente)
- She returned his gaze steadily.(firmemente)
62
adj.: estável, firme, regular, constante
verb: firmar, estabilizar, fixar
exclamação: used as a warning to someone to keep calm or take care.
steady
- The procession moved through the streets at a steady pace (~regular~)
- Progress has been slow but steady.
- Orders for new ships are rising, after several years of steady decline. (declínio constante)
- I'll hold the boat steady while you climb in.
- Steady now! We don't want you hurting yourself
63
subst. :olhar
verb: olhar fixamente
- Annette [] admiringly at Warren as he spoke.
- He spends hours [] out of the window when he should be working.
- He [] out over the emptiness of the moors.
- He [] at her, his eyes full of longing.
- a steady gaze
- an innocent/admiring []
- (literary) As I looked out, my [] fell on a small child by the road.
gaze
- Annette gazed admiringly at Warren as he spoke.
- He spends hours gazing out of the window when he should be working.
- He gazed out over the emptiness of the moors. (moor - an open area of hills covered with rough grass, especially in Britain)
- He gazed at her, his eyes full of longing. (longing - anseio, desejo - a feeling of wanting something or someone very much)
- a steady gaze
- an innocent/admiring gaze
- (literary) As I looked out, my gaze fell on a small child by the road.
64
ethos
"etos"
| "the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations
65
desmentir, (é a melhor tradução)
esconder, contradizer, não condizer c/
- Her calm face [] the terror she was feeling.
- His gruff (áspera) manner [] a gentle personality.
- "his lively alert manner [] his years"
- "I was a first year medical student when I first realized that outward appearances occasionally [] the truth."
- "In fact, the appearance tends to [] the reality.
- "These figures [] the constantly repeated claims of mass popular support for the brutal war."
belie
(belying)
- Her calm face belied the terror she was feeling.
- His gruff (áspera) manner belied a gentle personality.
- "his lively alert manner belied his years"
- "I was a first year medical student when I first realized that outward appearAnces occasionally belie the truth."
- "In fact, the appearAnce tends to belie the reality.
- "These figures belie the constantly repeated claims of mass popular support for the brutal war."
66
>afirmar, declarar
>to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others
- "the company [] that the cuts will not affect development"
- He [] that she stole money from him.
- I really must [] myself more in meetings.
- She very rarely [] her authority over(!) the children.
- Throughout the Cold War, the Allies [] their right to move freely between the two Berlins.
assert
>afirmar, declarar
>to behave in a way that expresses your power etc (impor-se?)
- "the company asserts that the cuts will not affect development"
- He asserts that she stole money from him. (claims)
- She very quickly asserted her authority *over* the class.
- Tough new policies are needed if the authorities are to assert control *over* a crime-ridden city. ("-ridden" - full of something unpleasant or bad)
- She very rarely asserts her authority over(!) the children.
- Throughout the Cold War, the Allies asserted their right to move freely between the two Berlins.
67
verificar, determinar, averiguar, descobrir
find (something) out for certain; make sure of
- an attempt to [] the cause of the accident
- Have you [] whether she's coming or not?
- I [] that(!) no one could overhear us before I told Otto the news.
ascertain
- an attempt to ascertain the cause of the accident
- Have you ascertained whether she's coming or not?
- I ascertained that(!) no one could overhear us before I told Otto the news.
68
transmitir
convey
- "pipes were laid to convey water to the house (transport or carry to a place!)
- His poetry conveys a great sense of religious devotion
- You don't want to convey the imPression that we're not interested.
69
>decadência, declínio, decair, apodrecer, declinar, arruinar
| > (of organic matter) rot or decompose through the action of bacteria and fungi
decay
- The buildings had started to fall into decay.
- There’s still too much crime, poverty, and decay in the neighborhood.
- the decay of standards.
- "hardwood is more resistAnt to decay than softwood"
- "a decayed cabbage leaf "
- the smell of decaying meat
70
reconhecer algo (não é "recognize=recognise")
- [ + -ing verb ] She [] having been at fault.
- [ + that ] She [] that she had been at fault.
- You must [] the truth of her argument.
- Historians generally [] her as a genius in her field.
- [ + obj + to infinitive ] She is usually [] to be one of our best artists.
Acknowledge
- [ + -ing verb ] She acknowledged having been at fault.
- [ + that ] She acknowledged that she had been at fault.
- You must acknowledge the truth of her argument.
- Historians generally acknowledge her as a genius in her field.
- [ + obj + to infinitive ] She is usually acknowledged to be one of our best artists.
71
reino, domínio + sinônimo
- "It's once you leave the conceptual [] and enter the [] of execution that things get messy."
- "the [] of applied chemistry"
- Her interests are in the [] of practical politics.
realm
("sphere" mtas vezes é intercambiável)
- "It's once you leave the conceptual realm and enter the realm of execution that things get messy."
- "the realm of applied chemistry"
- Her interests are in the realm of practical politics.
- exchanges with other countries, particularly in cultural, scientific, and economic spheres
- In the foreign policy sphere, Li also indicated that China is ready to include human rights in its diplomacy.
72
verbo: force or oblige (someone) to do something.
subst: convincente, persuasivo(?), evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully *irresistible* way.
- his eyes were strangely []
- a sense of duty [] Harry to answer her questions
"compel" - compelling - compelled (2Ls)
- his eyes were strangely compelling
- a sense of duty compelled Harry to answer her questions
73
>subst.: aglomerado, grupo, multidão - a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together.
>verbo: agrupar, aglomerar
- Have a look at the [] of galaxies in this photograph.
- There was a [] of fans around him, asking for autographs.
- People [] around the noticeboard to read the exam results.
- The hens [] together at the sight of strangers, going quiet. (hens = galinha ou passaro fêmea)
cluster
- Have a look at the cluster of galaxies in this photograph.
- There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs.
- People clustered around the noticeboard to read the exam results.
- The hens cluster together at the sight of strangers, going quiet. (hens = galinha ou passaro fêmea)
74
obter, receber, derivar
obtain something from (a specified source).
- The charity [] its income(!) entirely from donations.
- they [] great comfort from(!) this assurance
- indeed, scientists who reject the evolutionary approach are free to [] hypotheses from(!) whatever other sources (hypotheses -> plural!)
- This organization can [] its power from(!) a number of sources, both economic and non-economic.
- The institute [] all its money from(!) foreign investments.
- Many people [] their self-worth from(!) their work.
- I didn't [] much benefit from school.
derive (from)
- The charity derives its income entirely from doNations. (income - receita)
- they derived great comfort from this assurance
- indeed, scientists who reject the evolutionary approach are free to derive hypotheses from whatever other sources (hypotheses -> plural!)
- This organization can derive its power from a number of sources, both economic and non-economic.
- The institute derives all its money from foreign investments.
- Many people derive their self-worth from their work.
- I didn't derive much benefit from school.
75
insight (into)
"entendimento"? - the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing.
- this paper is alive with sympathetic insight into(!) Shakespeare
- the town offers some insight into(!) Finnish rural life
- She did not seem to have enough insight into(!) the reasons for this disconnection.
- At best, you could gain some insight into(!) how to imprOve your performance.
- Einstein had deep insights into how to incorporate gravitation into relativity theory.
76
the reluctant acceptance of something without protest. consentimento, concordância, submissão.
acquiescence
(em pt, "aquiescer" parece ser um pouco menos relutante)
- "in silent acquiescence, she rose to her feet"
(rose= passado de rise!)
- I was surprised by her acquiescence to/in the plan.
- The best the leader can hope for is grudging (aqui,rancoroso) acquiescence from the majority of his party.
77
rose (2)
```
> "flush"; tornar róseo, rosar
......- she rosed
.......- you are rosing (always great to hear!)
- (NÃO está no Cambridge)
>passado de "rise"
```
78
denominar
| give a *descriptive* name to; call by a specified name.
to term
- he has been termed the father of modern theology
- Technically, a horse that is smaller than 1.5 metres at the shoulder is termed a pony.
79
ponto de vista ( sem ser "point of view")
standpoint
- "I have to put aside my emotions," he says, "and consider it from a professional standpoint."
- He looks at things from a technological standpoint.
- From a fundraising standpoint, he’s been very successful.
80
enjoin
| - Fasting is one of the five ‘pillars of Islam’ and is enjoined [PREPOSITION] everyone who has reached puberty.
sugerir; (mas tbm:) impor, ordenar, mandar, intimar, encorajar, forçar legalmente
- He enjoined (= suggested!!!) caution.
- The prosecutor’s office hopes the court will enjoin the city from(!) enforcing the law. (aqui,com "from": "proibir de impor a lei")
- the code enjoined members to trade fairly
- Fasting is one of the five ‘pillars of Islam’ and is enjoined on(!) everyone who has reached puberty.
81
bound (vários)
| -"trains bound [preposição] Chicago"
[além de passados de "bind"!]
> (bound for: going to)
- "trains bound >for< Chicago"
- She was on a plane bound >for< MosCow when she got sick.
>certain or extremely likely to happen (~destinado~fadado~) (to - verbo; for - noun)
- You're bound to(!) forget people's names occasionally.
- You're bound to(!) feel nervous about your interview.
- These two young musicians are bound for(!) international success (= are certain to be successful).
>legal or social limits
- What you did was beyond/outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour.
- His desire for(!) political power apparently knows no bounds
>to be seriously intending to do something
-They are bound and determined to build their own house someday.
>having a moral or legal duty to do something
- The company is bound by a special agreement to involve the union in important decisions.
- She feels (duty)-bound to tell him everything.
>tied with rope, cord, string, etc
>to mark or form the limits of
-The town is bounded on one side by a river.
(só vai ter final "ed" com esse sentido!! Nos outros, não é verbo)
>a leaping movement upward
- "I went up the steps in two effortless bounds"
82
bound up
amarrado
83
to give someone or something the power to do something
| investir, empossar, dar posse a, dotar, conferir
vest (in)
- executive power is vested in(!) the president
- Political power is now vested in(!) an elected parliament.
- it is vested in him / cabe a ele, está em suas mãos
84
> subject to chance
> oCCurring or existing only if (certain other circumstances) are the case; dependEnt on
> ~condicionado~ + [prep]
(formal)
contingent (adj.)
(on/upon) (em pt: "contingente"!!!)
- the contingent nature of the job
- resolution of the conflict was contingent on(!) the *signing* of a ceasefire agreement ( verbo ing)
- Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on(!) the weather.
- Our suCCeSS is contingent upon(!) your support.
85
Endossar. To make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone
- The Council is expected to [] the committee's recommendations
- I fully [] (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said.
- I certainly don't [] her views.
- State governors are being urged to [] the plan.
endorse
- The Council is expected to endorse the committee's recommendations
- I fully endorse (= agree with) everything the Chairperson has said.
- I certainly don't endorse her views.
- State *governors* are being urged to endorse the plan.
86
peer (2 nouns; 1 verb)
>~~par~~, ~~~igual~~
- Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?
- He wasn't a great scholar, but as a teacher he had few peers (= not as many people had the same ability as him).
> lorde, nobre
- a Conservative peer
> espreitar
- When no one answered the door, she peered *through* the window to see if anyone was there.
- The driver was *peering* into the distance trying to read the road sign.
87
grosso
- a [] rope
- a [] layer of dust
- She picked up a [] volume and began to read *out loud*.
thick
- a thick rope
- a thick layer of dust
- She picked up a thick volume and began to read *out loud*.
88
inatingível, inexequível
unattainable (C2)
- an unattainable ideal
- Many economists think that full employment is an unattainable goal.
89
trim (3)
>verb - make (something) neat or of the required size or form by cutting away irregular or unwanted parts
- trim the grass using a sharp mower
- My hair needs trimming.
- Trim off the leafy ends of the vegetable before cooking.
- (FIG)- They're trying to trim their costs, so staff who leave are not being replaced. (~aparar custos~)
...- "clip" - to cut something with scissors or a similar sharp tool, especially to make it tidier
>adj - neat and smart in appearance; in good order
- she kept her husband's clothes neat and trim (neat- arrumado)
>subst - additional decoration, typically along the edges of something and in contrasting color or material.
90
lane
faixa, pista, raia, estrada, rota
- a four-lane highway
- He drives so fast along those narrow country lanes. (country - rural, do campo)
- The English Channel is the busiest shipping lane in the world.
91
condado
county (counties)
- A county usually consists *of* several towns and the rural areas that surround them.
- Texas is divided into 254 counties.
92
keen
>having or showing eagerness or enthusiasm
(Keenness existe)
fervoroso, ansioso, entusiasmado
- keen believers in the monetary system
- They were very keen to start work as soon as possible.
- Joan wanted to go to a movie but I wasn't keen (= I didn't want to go).
- She's a keen tennis player.
- She's keen *on* (playing) tennis.
> sharp or penetrating, in particular
- he has a keen ability to perceive the interior state of his subject. (afiado, agudo)
> excellent
- I would soon fly to distant stars—how keen!"
> (of prices) very low; competitive
- Most companies will have mainstream costs under control and will have proFessional buyers negotiating keen prices for all raw materials. (mainstream costs - custos gerais)
93
> subst.: laço, ligação, nó
> verb: amarrar, vincular, ligar
> empate=empatar
tie
- Could you tie this piece of string for me?
- This skirt ties at the waist.
- She tied the ribbon tightly in a bow/knot. (bow, aqui, laço!!)
- Is the allergy tied to dairy products, for example? (ligada a)
- Can you tie his behaviour >up with< anything that's happened recently? (ligar)
- Jane and I tied (for first place) in the spelling test.
94
doador
donor
- a blood donor
- a kidney donor
- an anonymous donor
95
to encourage an activity or development or make it happen faster (esporar, induzir, estimular, impelir)
> spur (C2) (=espora (de cavalo); eporar)
(atenção aos 2 R's!)
- Rising consuMer sales have the effect of spurring the economy *to* faster growth.
- Spurred (on) by her early success, she went on to write four more novels in rapid succession.
- The manager said that the team's win on Saturday would be a spur to even greater effort this season.
96
influência, poder; alavancagem;
- financial/political []
- The US has very little [] in that part of the world.
- If the United Nations had more troops in the area, it would have greater [].
- Labor experts say a service economy can give [] to unionized workers. (poder)
- Using ropes and wooden poles for [], they haul sacks of cement up the track. (haul ~ içar)
leverage
("lever": "alavanca"; fr=levier)
- financial/political leverage
- The US has very little leverage in that part of the world.
- If the United Nations had more troops in the area, it would have *greater* leverage. (greater substituindo "more")
- Labor experts say a service economy can give leverage to unionized workers. (poder)
- Using ropes and wooden poles for leverage, they haul sacks of cement up the track. (haul ~ içar)
97
ensnare
catch in or as in a trap (snare= armadilha)
- they were ensnared in downtown traffic
- justice is not served by ensnaring the innocent.
- They are not difficult to trap and experts use narcotics among other means to ensnare them.
(fr: piéger)
98
"contornar"; (c sentido figurado)
| find a way around (an obstacle)
circumvent (formal)
- Ships were registered abroad to circumvent employment and safety regulations.
- Young people still want to circumvent their parents’ control.
- However, those inventive motorcyclists have managed to circumvent the obstacle."
- it was always possible to circumvent the regulations
99
default
> subst - failure to fulfill an obligation, especially to repay a loan or appear in a court of law
- it will have to restructure its debts to avoid default
- In case of default, the contract will be terminated/Em caso de incumprimento, o contrato será rescindido.
> subst - a preselected option adopted by a computer program or other mechanism when no alternative is specified by the user or programmer.
>verb - fail to fulfill an obligation, especially to repay a loan or to appear in a court of law
- some had defaulted on student loans
- The two biggest risks are default and recovery of loan to a defaulted company
100
espinhoso; difícil, árduo, penoso
thorny
- the thorny issue of taxation
- The problem of persoNal identity can be thorny and frustrating.
- And there's always that thorny question of what came before the big bang?
(having thorns (thorn = espinho))
- a thorny rose bush
- Roses are thorny shrubs. (shrub - arbusto)
101
leilão = leiloar
auction
- a furniture auction
- They're holding an auction of jewellery on Thursday.
- The painting will be sold at auction next week.
- The house and its contents are being put up for auction.
- The stamps will be auctioned tomorrow.
- The family is auctioning (off) its art collection.
102
negociar (ortografia Eng x Fr)
negotiate (com T!!!)
fr: négocier, c C
103
go [preposição] a direction
go IN a direction
104
oposto (adj) (ortografia)
opposite (com 2 P's e E no final)
105
```
(ortografias Eng e Franç)
> "comum";
> "comunicação";
> "comunismo";
> "comentário";
> "comunidade"
> "comemoração"
```
```
(2 Ms)
> common;
> communication;
> communism;
> comment;
> community
> commemoration
(fr: (TBM)
> commun;
> communication;
> communisme;
> commentaire;
> communauté;
> commémoration
(obs: comment= comentário (ing) - "como/how" (fr)
```
106
clima/tempo w... (ortografia)
weather
107
ensaio (ortografia)
| + ensaiar
> reheArsal (com A ali no meio)
> reheArse
- The musicians rehearsed (the symphony) for the concert.
108
endereço, endereçar (pôr endereço, dirigir-se a) (ortografia)
address
[como access]
[NÃO se confunda com "across", que n dobra]
- The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.
- They are guilty of a cowardly failure to address the problem.
- The government has to address the rise in violent crime.
- He addressed a few introductory remarks to the audience.
- He likes to be addressed as "Sir" or "Mr Partridge".
- She gave an address to the Royal Academy. (address=formal speech)
- Do you have their Web address?
- The parcel was wrongly addressed.
109
every little thing is ~gonna~ be [] (ortografia)
all right (separado é o standard!)
110
através; do outro lado (ortografia)
| - The library is just [] the road.
across (1 C e 2 Ss)
[apesar de access e address!!!!]
- The library is just across the road.
111
método (ortografia)
method
(fr: méthode)
- There are three possible methods of repairing this motor.
- the empirical method of inquiry. (inquérito, investigação)
- What is the most reliable method of contraception?
- Automated telephone answering service is one method being used to cut business costs.
112
alvo (ortografia)
target
(fr: cible)
- Aim (the arrow) a little above the target.
113
realmente (ortografia)
really (2 Ls) (real + ly)
114
hálito/respiração X respirar
breath - hálito/respiração
breathe - respirar (com e)
- I'm sorry if I'm breathing (= blowing out air containing) garlic fumes all over you!
115
falhar + falhou (ortografia)
fail + failed (1 L só!)
116
enganar
deceive (com "ei"!, como em "receive" e DIFERENTEMENTE DE "believe")
(trick e fool tbm)
- The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.
- The sound of the door closing deceived me into(!) thinking they had gone out.
- She thinks he'll come back, but she's deceiving herself.
- I suspect these statistics flatter to deceive. (flatter to deceive = Appear promising but ultimately disappoint.)
117
mais tarde X "o segundo" (=near or towards the end of something)
- She offered me more money or a car and I chose the [].
- He directed "The Wizard of Oz" and "Gone with the Wind," receiving an Oscar for the []
- The problems arose in the [] part of the project.
- She was born in the [] half of the 18th century.
- The [] half of the play was more interesting.
- He was killed in the [] stages of the war.
- He'll be back [].
>later - mais tarde
>latter - segundo de 2; near or towards the end of something
(ATENÇÃO: latter referindo-se ao último de >mais< de 2 é not standard)
-She offered me more money or a car and I chose the latter.
- He directed "The Wizard of Oz" and "Gone with the Wind," receiving an Oscar for the latter.
- The problems arose in the latter part of the project. (parte final)
- She was born in the latter half of the 18th century.
- The latter half of the play was more interesting.
- He was killed in the latter stages of the war.
- He'll be back later.
118
conhecimento (ortografia)
knowledge
119
pronome reflexivo p they
themselves
| no plural é sempre "selves" - Ourselves
120
quantidade incontável (ortografia)
| - She eats an unbelievable [] of food.
amount (com T!)
| - She eats an unbelievable amount of food.
121
~então~ etc X ~que~ comparativo
- My son is a lot taller [] my daughter.
- I was working in the city [].
- Let me finish this job, [] we'll go.
>Comparações - Than com A!! (vc errou isso)
>Então etc - Then (com E!)
- My son is a lot taller than my daughter.
- I was working in the city then.
- Let me finish this job, then we'll go.
122
econômico relativo à economia
X
econômico relativo a gastar pouco
economic - relativo à economia
economical - relativo a gastar pouco
- The government's economic policies have led us into the worst recession in years.
123
aparência, aparição (ortografia)
appearAnce - com A!!!!
- a middle-aged man of smart appearance
- It was his first appearance on television/television appearance as president.
124
química (ortografia)
chemistry (com i!)
125
meio (para um fim etc) (ortografia)
meanS (singular tbm c S!)
- a means to an end. (!)
- Exams are not the only means of(!) assessing a student's ability.
- There must be some means >by which< wealth can be distributed more equitably.
- She tried to explain> by means of
126
inteiro
- I spent the [] day cleaning.
- There's still a [] month till my birthday.
- After my exercise class, my [] body ached.
- The seeds can be eaten [] or ground in a coffee grinder.
whole (mas o adv tem 2 Ls! wholly)
(entire serviria)
- I spent the whole day cleaning.
- There's still a whole month till my birthday.
- After my exercise class, my whole body ached.
- The seeds can be eaten whole or ground in a coffee grinder. (grind ground ground - moer (tbm é amolar, e.o.))
127
testemunha = testemunhar
witneSS (verbo bom de usar (é formal))
- Police *are* appealing for witnesses *to* the accident to come forward.
- She was witness to(!) the tragic event.
- This university has witnessed quite a few changes over the years. (formal)
- Those years witnessed momentous changes throughout Europe. (formal) (momentous: very important because of effects on future events)
128
enterrar (ortografia) + enterrando + enterrou
>bury (1 R só!)
>burying (1 R só! Com Y)
>buried (1 R só! Sem Y, com i)
(para cadáveres, "inter" tbm pode ser usado em contexto formal (interred, inters))
129
danificar = estrago etc (ortografia)
damage (1 M só) (=/= do francês!)
- Many buildings were badly damaged during the war.
- Strong winds had caused serious damage *to* the roof.
- Recent discoveries about corruption have done serious damage *to* the company's reputation.
(fr ~ dommage (nom)
130
escrever, seus passados e gerúndio
write; wrote; written (só este com 2Ts)
writing
- I wrote my sister a letter.
- the writings of Karl Marx
- I did a course in creative writing.
131
dividir + [preposição]
- At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to [] [] small discussion groups.
- After the Second World War Germany was [] [] two separate countries.
divide
- At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups.
- After the Second World War Germany was divided into two separatE countries.
132
implorar (ortografia)
- They [] for mercy.
- There are more and more homeless people [] on the streets these days
- [ + speech ] "Please, please forgive me!" she [] (him).
beg (1 G no infinitivo e 2 nos outros)
(beggar - pedinte)
- They begged for mercy.
- There are more and more homeless people begging on the streets these days
- [ + speech ] "Please, please forgive me!" she begged (him).
- [ + obj + to infinitive ] He begged her to stay, but she simply laughed and put her bags in the car.
133
personalidade (ortografia)
personality
134
ocupar; ocorrer; ocasionalmente (ortografias)
occupy; occur; occasionally
135
relutante
- I was having such a good time I was [] to leave.
- Many parents feel [] to talk openly with their children.
- She persuaded her [] husband to take a trip to Florida with her.
reluctant
- [ + to infinitive ] I was having such a good time I was reluctant to(!) leave.
- Many parents feel reluctant to(!) talk openly with their children.
- She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip to Florida with her.
136
uma receita (ortografia)
a recipe
- For real South Asian food, just follow these recipes.
- Do you know a good recipe for wholemeal bread?
137
similar, parecido (q não "alike") (ortografia)
similar
- My father and I have similar views on politics.
- I bought some new shoes which are very similar to(!) a pair I had before.
- Paul is very similar in(!) appearance *to* his brother.
138
> maneira, modo
> ~comportamento~
> modos (no plural)
> (formal) a type
- She stared at me in an accusing [].
- As soon as he realized that we weren't going to buy anything, his whole [] changed.
- Her latest film is a suspense thriller very much *in the [] of* Hitchcock.
- It's bad [] to eat with your mouth open.
-Very little is known about the new candidate - what [] of(!) man is(!) he?
manner (2Ns!)
- She stared at me in an accusing manner.
- As soon as he realized that we weren't going to buy anything, his whole manner changed.
- Her latest film is a suspense thriller very much *in the manner of* Hitchcock.
- It's bad manners to eat with your mouth open.
- Very little is known about the new candidate - what manner of(!) man is(!) he?
139
força (ortografia) s...
strength
| - You can gauge (= measure) the strength of a democracy by the way it treats its minorities.
140
ousadia
boldness
| - Even critics admire his boldness.
141
corte = cortejar = quadra!
court
- He's due to appear in(!) court again on Monday.
- a tennis/volleyball/basketball/squash court (!!) (quadra!)
- the courts of Renaissance Europe
- Drinking and driving is simply courting disaster.
142
pilar (ortografia)
pillar (2Ls)
| -... are the pillars of their strategy.
143
alcançar; atingir; chegar; conseguir; contatar
=
alcance
- News of his accident had only just [] us.
reach
- News of his accident had only just reached us.
- The jury took four days to reach a *verdict*.
- By the time they reached the summit they were exhausted. (summit, aqui, é cume!)
- I've been trying to reach you on the phone all day.
- I like to keep a notebook and pencil within (arm's) reach.
- An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond/out of (my) reach (= I would not have enough money to pay for it).
144
melhorar (ortografia) impr[]ve
improve (1 "o")
145
construir e passados (ortografia)
build
built built
- The birds built their nest in the tree.
- These old houses are built (= made) of stone.
- We want to build a better future for our children.
146
and shot him dead [prep] 1 March 1870.
and shot him dead *on* 1 March 1870.
147
especialista (ortografia)
| - She's a [] [preposição] modern French literature.
specialist
| - She's a specialist *in* modern French literature.
148
privilégio (ortografia)
| - I had the [] [preposição] interviewing Picasso in the 1960s.
privilege
| - I had the privilege *of* interviewing Picasso in the 1960s.
149
acompanhar + acompanhado (ortografias)
- The course books are [] by four CDs.
- Depression is almost always [] by insomnia.
- Would you like me to [] you to your room?(formal)
- "May I [] you to the ball?" he asked her.
- Miss Jessop [] Mr Bentley on the piano.
accompany + accompanied
- The course books are accompanied *by* four CDs.
- Depression is almost always accompanied *by* insomnia.
- Would you like me to accompany you to your room?(formal)
- "May I accompany you to the ball?" he asked her.
- Miss Jessop accompanied Mr Bentley on the piano.
150
impunidade
impunity
| - Criminal gangs are terrorizing the city with apparent impunity.
151
curso (com vários sentidos)
| -I did a [] [preposition] creative writing.
course
-I did a course *in* creative writing.
- Did the scandal have any effect on the course of the election?
- In the course of (= during) the interview it became clear that he was not the right person for the job.
- What would be an appropriate course (of action) in such a situation?
(a área usada p uma atividade esportiva)
-a golf course/cross-country course
152
of + course
of course (separado (INFORMAL)
- The Second World War ended, of course, in 1945.
- We arrived at the restaurant 30 minutes late so, of course, our reservation had been cancelled.
153
pós-guerra (ortografia)
postwar (junto!)
- postwar Europe
- the postwar period
154
excessivo
excessive
- They complained about excessive government intrusion *into* their legitimate activities.
- For years, the organization was constrained by excessive bureaucracy. (restringida)
- The word 'lady' has connotations of refinement and excessive femininity(!) that some women find offensive. (connotations com 2Ns!)
155
ênfase + preposição
emphasis on
- I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
- Schools here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar.
- You can never place enough emphasis upon(!) the importance of safety.
156
centered (=centred) [preposition]
center ON something (é o mais usado)
-..has always been centred *on* men
(around tbm é bem usado)
157
behaviour that annoys or upsets someone; assédio;
harassment
- The law can now protect people from harassment.
- Allegations of sexual harassment have led to disciplinary proceedings(!) being taken against three naval officers.
158
oneroso (difficult to do or needing a lot of effort)
onerous (formal)
- the onerous task of finding a peaceful solution
- She found the duties of motherhood onerous.
159
companhia
company (1N só)
- I'd rather you didn't mention it when we're in company (= with other people).
- It was a long trip and I was grateful for his company.
- I travelled in the company of (= with) two teachers as far as Istanbul.
160
motor
engine
- a car engine
- My car's been having engine trouble recently.
161
nocivo, prejudicial (Eng + Fr)
| - This group of chemicals is known to be [] [preposition] people with asthma.
>harmful
>Nocif/Nocive (ou Nuisible )
- This group of chemicals is known to be harmful *to* people with asthma.
162
rasgar, arrancar (2) (E PASSADOS)
| = rasgo
> tear
(tear tore torn)
> rip (ripped)
- I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up.
- A couple of pages had been torn out of/from the book.
- You have to be very careful with books this old because the paper tears very easily.
- She tried to tear a small piece off the edge.
- I tore off a piece of paper.
- The dog's claws(!) tore her dress.
- The sheet tore right down the middle.
- I tore a hole in my sleeve.
- badly torn - gravemente rasgado
- I was torn. Part of me wanted to leave, and part wanted to stay. (~dividido~)
- She was torn between staying and going. (~dividida~)
- His new trousers ripped when he bent down.
- I ripped my shirt on a nail. (prego!!)
- She excitedly ripped the package *open*.
- The wind ripped the flag *to/into* shreds (= into little pieces).
- Your sleeve has a rip in it.(rasgo)
163
(e.o. usos)
> quite
>more accurately; more exactly
> c "would", preferiria
rather
- I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out.
- I’d rather stay at home than go out tonight.
- I’d rather *you stayed* at home tonight.
(com outro sujeito, usa-se o verbo no passado (como nós usamos o pret. imperf. do subj.)
- I’d rather not go out tonight.
- I’d rather *you didn’t* go out tonight
- That's rather a difficult book - here's an easier one for you.
- The train was rather too crowded for a comfortable journey.
- She'll fly to California on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to.
- He's my sister's friend really, rather than mine.
- The ending of the war is not a cause for celebration, but rather for regret that it ever happened.
- No, I'm not tired. Rather the opposite in fact.
164
meio
middle
165
```
>sunny and dry
>bem, ok
>excelente
>muito fino ou em pedaços muito pequenos
>~delicado~
>multa/multar
```
fine
- The forecast said it would be fine and dry today.
- I felt terrible last night but I feel fine this morning.
- The world's finest collection of Impressionist paintings is housed in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. (a melhor)
- This building is the finest example of its type.
- The baby's head was covered in fine blond hair.
- The eruption had covered the town with a fine layer of ash.
- She has inherited her mother's fine (= delicate and beautiful) features.
- I understood in general what she was talking about, but some of the finer details/points were beyond me.
- The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1,000 fine.
- If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine.
- Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily.
166
camada
layer
167
exceder
exceed
168
guarda-chuva
umbrella (2Ls)
169
caridade
charity
170
gritar (3)
>shout (mais neutro, menos emotivo, mais levantar a voz p ser ouvido)
>yell (2 Ls) (parece o shout, mas pra raiva é mais esse; um pouco mais intenso)
>scream (mais p emoções fortes, o mais intenso)
- "I'll see you tomorrow," shouted Eleni above the noise of the helicopter.
- He shouted from the garage that he'd be finished in about half an hour.
- Our neighbours were yelling (obscenities) *at* each other this morning.
- The child yelled out in pain.
- "Just get out of here!" she yelled.
- A spider landed on her pillow and she screamed.
- Through the smoke, the rescuers could hear people screaming for help.
171
costurar
sew
sewed
had sewed/sewn
-My grandmother taught me to sew.
- I made this skirt just by sewing two pieces of material together.
- He sewed the badge neatly onto his uniform. (neatly - asseadamente; badge - distintivo)
- The muscle layer needs to be sewn first.
172
esgoto
->tubulação
->o lixo em si
->tubulação - sewer
->o lixo em si - sewage
(Ñ têm nada a ver com sew de costurar!!!!)
- A complicated system of sewers runs under the city.
- open sewer
- Some cities in the world do not have proper facilities for the disposal of sewage.
- Raw/untreated sewage is being pumped into the sea, from where it pollutes our beaches. (pump - bombear=bomba)
173
lidar com uma situação difícil (não é deal)
- It must be really hard to [] *with* three young children and a job.
- It's only been a year since he died - how's she []? (intransitivo)
- He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn't []. (intransitivo)
cope
- It must be really hard to cope *with* three young children and a job.
- It's only been a year since he died - how's she coping? (intransitivo) (Ñ confundir com copiar, q tem y)
- He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn't cope. (intransitivo)
174
```
> colecionar
> coletar
> buscar
> arrecadar
> reunir-se
> "a cobrar"
```
collect (2Ls)
- She collects dolls.
- So when did you start collecting antique glass? (vidros antigos)
- After the party I collected (up) bottles from various parts of the house.
- These china ornaments just collect dust.
- Your shoes will be repaired and ready for you to collect on Thursday. (letra maiúscula em dia de semana)
- I'll collect you *from* the station.
- The state collected about $1.2 million in taxes in January. (lestra maiúscula nos meses)
- A large crowd of reporters collected outside the prime minister's house.
- Rainwater collects in the barrel in the garden. (é coletada)
- I'd like to make a collect call.
- She called me collect.
175
foco
focus
176
passados de tear (rasgar)
> tore
> torn
- I tore my skirt on the chair as I stood up.
- A couple of pages had been torn out of/from the book.
- I tore off a piece of paper.
- The dog's claws(!) tore her dress.
- The sheet tore right down the middle.
- I tore a hole in my sleeve.
- badly torn - gravemente rasgado
- I was torn. Part of me wanted to leave, and part wanted to stay. (~dividido~)
- She was torn between staying and going. (~dividida~)
177
dependência
dependEncE (serve p tudo: preferir)
(independencE tbm é mt preferido)
dependEncy (existe; mas é menos usado)
(dependAnce (= Fr) tbm é aceito, mas n mt usado)
- The company needs to reduce its dependence on just one particular product.
- dependence on drugs
- Drug dependence led to her early death.
- drug dependency
- She has developed a deep dependence on him (= she needs him emotionally).
178
proibir (+passados)
| ñ: prohibit; proscribe
forbid
> forbade forbidden
> forbidding
- The law forbids the sale of cigarettes to people under the age of 16.
- He's obviously really embaRRaSSed about it because he forbade me *to* tell anyone.
- He is forbidden *from* leaving the country.
- I forbid you *to* marry him!
- She obtained a restraining order forbidding her partner *from* seeing their two children.
179
sufixo "-fold"
> q tem esse nº de partes
> vezes esse nº
- In the last 50 years, there has been a 33-fold increase *in* the amount of pesticide used in farming.
- threefold
- fourfold
- The problems are twofold - firstly, economic, and secondly, political.
- There has been more than a 30-fold increase *in* Internet users in the past two years.
- Despite her manifold faults, she was a strong leader.
- a threefold classification
- Prices have risen threefold.
- seed rain density varied more than threefold among sites.
180
teatro (Eng e Fr)
```
> theater ou theatre
>Fr: théâtre
- His latest play has delighted theatre audiences and theatre critics alike.
- a *theatre of war*
- the Pacific theater. (área de guerra)
```
181
atitude
attitude (2Ts)
| - It's often very difficult to change people's attitudes.
182
```
> variedade
> faixa (de preço, etária etc)
> alcance
> cadeia (de montanhas, montes)
> (longo/curto etc) prazo
```
range
- I offered her a range of oPtions.
- There is a wide/whole range of oPinions on this issue.
- A range of mobile apps warn citizens about their proximity to infected patients. (warn- avisar (pas: warned))
- The price range is from $100 to $500.
- The product is aimed at young people in the 18–25 age range.
- The coat was in/out of my price range.
- The ship was in/out of range of our guns.
- He was shot at point blank/at close range (= from very near).
- The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was signed in 1987 by Reagan and Gorbachev
- a mountain range
- We could see a low range of hills in the distance.
- long-range plans
- short-/medium-/long-range weather forecasting
183
> derrotar; superar; surmonter
| > tomar, dominar
overcome
(overcame, overcome)
- Juventus overcame Ajax in a thrilling game.
- to overcome difficulties / obstacles / problems / resistance
- Eventually she managed to overcome her shyness in class.
- Overcome with/by emotion, she found herself unable to speak for a few minutes.
- They were overcome by fumes from the fire and had to be carried out of their houses. (fumes, aqui, fumaça) (debilitar??)
184
raid
> ataque rápido (e geralmente c poucas pessoas) e verbo
> ~batida~ de polícia
> invasão com roubo e verbo (tbm fig!)
- an air raid
- a bombing raid
- planes on a bombing raid
- The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy). (daring - audaz, audacioso)
- Millions of dollars were stolen in a bank raid last night.
- The drugs were found during a police raid on the house.
- The nomads raided the enemy camp and captured over 100 camels.
- (fig) The movie company was accused of raiding talent from other studios.
185
> jurar
> usar linguagem ofensiva
(+ passados)
swear
(swore ; sworn)
(promise tbm)
- I don't know anything about what happened, I swear (it).
- New gang members must swear to obey the gang leaders at all times.
- I swore an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. (juramento)
- A few of us knew what was going to happen, but we were sworn to secrecy (= we were made to promise to keep it a secret).
- It was a real shock, the first time I heard my mother swear.
- When the cab driver started to swear *at* him, he walked away.
186
inapropriado
inappropriate (2Ps)
(como "appoint" e apesar de "proper")
- His casual behaviour was wholly inappropriate for such a formal occasion.
- I think it would be inappropriate (for you) to invite her to a party so soon after her husband's death.
187
queixa (às veze, "mágoa")
| q ñ "complaint"
grievance
- A special committee has been appointed to handle prisOners' grievances.
- Bill still harbours/nurses a grievance against his employers for not promoting him. ("harbour" -~abrigar~ ; "nurse" -~amamentar~ - ambos, aqui, "nutrir")
- An employee may file a grievance against a manager in accordAnce with the *provisions* set forth in their contract. (provisions- disposições ; set forth- estabelecer)
188
contrabandear
smuggle (2Gs)
- She was caught trying to smuggle 26 kilos of heroin out of/into the country.
- They managed to smuggle a video of the captive journalists out of the prison.
189
> mímica (mais p ~imitação~) (pode ser p som etc)
> fazer mímica
> mímico
> mimicry (noun)
> mimic (verb=pessoa q faz)
(mimics; mimicking ; mimicked)
("do an impression" é ainda mais performático)
- The mockingbird is known for its mimicry of other birds.
- She was mimicking the various people in our office.
- She's a fantastic mimic.
- His exquisite mimicry had me almost crying with laughter.
- This substance mimics calcium and can replace it in bones.
- Tillage methods mimicked those done in the surrounding communal areas.
190
inteiramente
| q ñ "wholly"
entirely
| - I admit it was entirely my fault.
191
assistente
assistant (com A)
- an administrative/office assistant
- an assistant editor/manager
192
baú
chest (=~peito~ - " between the stomach and the neck")
193
ao lado, do lado
- Come and sit here [] me.
- Our school was built right [] a river.
- Those books seem very dull [] this one. (dull- chato)
beside
(sem s)
- Come and sit here beside me.
- Our school was built right beside a river.
- Those books seem very dull beside this one. (dull- chato)
194
túmulo (2)
> grave
> tomb (é mais ~fúnebre~, pode ser mais coletivo)
- a grave digger
- He visits his mother's grave every Sunday.
- Normally, rich tombs are considered of high rank, whereas pit graves are sYnonYmous *with* common folk. (pit- buraco no chão; folk- people)
- Many contributors link the use of shaft tombs to lineages or similar social groups. (shaft, aqui, ~~~vertical~~; lineage- linhagem (ascendência))
195
adversário
adversary
| - He saw her as his main adversary within the company.
196
"vamos"
| informal e formal
```
> let's
> let us
- Let's go out to diNNer.
- Let us consider all the possibilities.
- Let's not argue. = Don't let's argue (UK)!
```
197
vila
village
- a fishing village
- a mountain village
- The village is/are campaigning for a by-pass to be built. (as pessoas da vila) (by-pass- rota alternativa à cidade)
198
apartamento (Eng e Fr)
> apartment (1P !)
(como "apart"
>Fr: appartement (2Ps)
("a flat" tbm serve)
- I'll give you the keys to my apartment.
- They have six luxury apartments for sale.
- a holiday apartment
- a furnished/unfurnished flat
199
entardecer, escurecer (do crepúsuclo)
> dusk
- As dusk fell, bats began to fly between the trees.
- At dusk a mob formed and was marching on the capitol and adjacent presidential palace. (mob- multidão ; capitol- capitólio(prédio imponente))
- We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.
pôr do sol= sunset
200
alvorecer, amanhecer
> dawn
- We woke at dawn.
- We left as dawn was breaking (= starting).
- We left at the break of dawn.
- We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.
201
meio-dia, meio do dia (2)
> noon
> midday
- We used to ski before noon and then have a long lunch.
- By noon, we had had ten phone calls.
- I just have a sandwich at midday/for my midday meal.
- My first class is at noon.
- No irrigation was applied to the second group for five days at which point the leaves began to wilt around midday. (wilt- ~murchar~)
202
murchar (2)
> wilt (um pouco menos)
* p pessoas - become weaker, tired, or less confident
> wither (um pouco mais)
* p coisas q não plantas - perder importância, enfraquecer, desaparecer
(murcho - withered)
- Cut flowers will soon wilt without water.
- After only an hour's hiking they were beginning to wilt in the heat.
- Grass had withered in the fields.
- This country is in danger of allowing its industrial base to wither away. ("wither away"=wither)
- Public interest in the scandal will not wither away any time soon (aqui, desaparecer)
- Both of these findings indicate that the patient's brain has shrunk and withered.
- withered leaves/flowers
203
aumentar=aumento
increase
- Any increase *in* production would be helpful.
- Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point.
- Increased/Increasing efforTs are being made to end the dispute.
- There were 39,000 new cases last year - an increase of six percent.
204
> cláusula, dispositivo: a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done, *especially before another can happen or be done*
> an arrangement or preparation made for the future
> make [] for/against sth
- tomar providências
e.o.
provision
(tbm é provisão e prover)
- We have inserted certain provisions (disposições/dispositivos) into the treaty to safegUard foreign workers.
- [ + that ] She accepted the job with the provision (condição) that she would be paid expenses for relocating.
- Please familiarise yourself with the provisions in your contract relating to working hours and use of company resources.
- a provision in the sales agreement allowing for return or exchange within one year.
- The provision of good public transport will be essentiAl for developing the area.
- Of course there's provision in the plan for population increase. (~preparações para~)
- When designing buildings in this area, you have to make provision against earthquakes.
- The council's provision for the elderly is barely adequate .
- Very few companies make childcare provision for working mothers. (proveem)
- He hasn't made any provision for his retirement yet.
- When designing buildings in California, you have to make some provision for earthquakes.
- Ample provisions for aircraft stability have been made. (providências) (ample- amplo)
205
acreditar
believe (com I)
| - unbelievable
206
força
strength (com H no final)
- Admitting you've made a mistake is a sign of strength, not weakness.
- He showed great strength of character when he refused to accept the bribes.
- We will struggle on, drawing our strength from the courage of others. (draw, aqui, (re)tirar)
- Much of the country's military strength *lies* *in* its missile force.
207
um defensor
```
a defender
(e apenas isso!)
- The city's defenders were *outnumbered* by the besieging army. (besiege- sitiar!)
- So far they have found few defenders of their point of view on campus.
- He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender of civil rights. (staunch- loyal and committed in attitude.)
```
208
passado de stop
stopped (2Ps)
209
inovador
innovative (2Ns)
(innovatory tbm)
- innovative ideas/methods
- She was an imaginative and innovative manager.
- Gwen introduced a number of innovative solutions.
-In recent years, the company has relied more on creative repackaging than on innovative design. (rely on é phrasal verb)
- The group aims to reduce the risks and increase the chances of innovatory, technology-based start-ups making it in the big commercial world.
210
> dor (não muito forte)
| > dor +"de cabeça"; + "de dente" + etc
ache
- No, it isn't a sharp pain - just a general ache.
- I ache/I'm aching all over.
- As you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains.
- earache/a headache/toothache/backache
- I've had a stomach ache all morning.
211
o culpado (por algo)
culprit
- Two eyewitnesses identified her as the culprit.
- Children in this country are getting much too fat, and sugar and sweets are the main culprits.
- The culprit was identified as a microorganism that contaminated mayonnaise.
212
aparentado, assemelhado
- They speak a language [] to French.
- Her thoughts on the subject were [] to mine.
- Something [] to vertigo was troubling her. (vertigo - vertigem)
- They are emotionally but not intellectually []
akin (to)
- They speak a language akin to French.
- Her thoughts on the subject were akin to mine.
- Something akin to vertigo was troubling her. (vertigo - vertigem)
- They are emotionally but not intellectually akin.
(kin - ~família, familiar~)
213
> liderar
> principal (~líder~)
> levar a (geralmente algo ruim)
> estar ganhando numa partida
lead
(led led)
- There was nobody strong enough to lead an effective countervailing force against the dictator. (countervail - contrabalançar)
- The opposition leader led a very forceful attack on the government in parliament this morning.
- He was a weak man, led astray by ambition. (mas ~extraviar/ado~ é "stray")
- The brochure led me to believe that the price included home delivery.
- I don't know the way, so you'd better lead.
- The Lions are leading the Hawks 28–9.
214
continuar e conjugações (ortografia)
continue
(continues - continued - continued)
- The article continues/is continued on page ten.
215
promessa (a ortografia em inglês da palavra)
promise
216
descongelar
> thaw
- Allow the meat to thaw completely before cooking it.
- It's beginning to thaw (= the weather is warm enough for snow and ice to melt).
- The sun came out and thawed the ice.
- (noun) With the spring thaw, the rivers and lakes swelled. (swell, aqui, aumentar, encher)
> a thaw - an increase in friendliness
- There are signs of a thaw in relations between the two countries.
217
nosso (ortografia)
our
