Vocabulary #8 | 4 Flashcards
Dispositional Attribution
The tendency to assign responsibility for others’ behaviors due to their inherent characteristics, such as their personality, beliefs, or ability, instead of attributing it to external factors.
Jessie believes that Rob is acting rude because he’s a mean guy.
Situational Attribution
Explaining someone’s behavior as being caused by external factors within their environment, rather than internal personality traits.
Blaming the situation for their actions rather than their disposition.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
A cognitive pattern where individuals tend to interpret negative events as temporary, specific, and external.
“I just didn’t study enough for this particular test.”
Pessemistic Explanatory Style
A psychological tendency to view negative events as personal, permanent, and pervasive.
“I always fail tests.”
Actor Observer Bias
The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes.
Blaming your behavior on external factors and other’s on their traits.
Fundamental Attribution Error
(FAE)
The tendency to judge others based on their personality traits (internal factors) and underestimate situational factors (external factors).
Self-Serving Bias
A cognitive bias that describes the tendency for individuals to attribute positive outcomes to their own abilities and efforts, while attributing negative outcomes to external factors.
Taking credit for triumphs, but blaming others for our shortcomings.
External Locus of Control
The belief that external factors, like fate or luck, control a person’s life outcomes. Tend to blame outside forces for their circumstances and believe that their actions can’t change their outcomes.
Learned helplessness is often linked to an external locus of control.
Internal Locus of Control
The belief that you have personal control over your life and actions.
Mere Exposure Effect
Our tendency to develop preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them.
“Familiarity Princible.”
Self-Fuffiling Prophecy
A person’s beliefs or expectations about an event or situation influence their actions, ultimately causing the prediction to come true.
Taylor Thompilson!!!!!!!!!!!!
Social Comparrison
The process of evaluating one’s own abilities, opinions, and beliefs by comparing them to those of others.
Relative Deprivation
The belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on the comparison to someone else.
Sterotype
A fixed, overgeneralized, and often biased belief about a group of people.
Implicit Attitudes
Evaluations or feelings about a person, object, or concept that occur automatically and unconsciously, often without our awareness.
Subconsciously associating wrinkles and aging as negative, w/out agreein
Just-World Phenomenon
The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. Because people want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice.
My Grandma w/ George Floyd’s death.
Out-Group Homogeneity Bias
The tendency to think that people who are not part of your in-group are more similar to each other than they actually are.
Overgeneralizing a group of people.
In-Group Bias
Tendency to favor and support individuals who belong to groups we identify with, this includes doing the opposite to those who are outisde of our group.
Ethocentrism
Phenomenon where individuals view their own culture as superior to others. It involves judging other cultures based on the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s own group, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.
Belief Perseverance
When someone holds onto their beliefs even when presented with evidence that contradicts them.
LITERALLY MY GRANDMA PT. 2???
Conformation Bias
Cognitive bias where individuals tend to interpret and seek information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses, while ignoring or discounting evidence that contradicts them.
Cognitve Dissonance
The mental discomfort or psychological stress experienced when holding conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when a person’s actions contradict their beliefs.
Social Norms
The unwritten rules or expectations that define what is considered acceptable behavior within a group or community.
Normative Social Influence
The tendency for individuals to conform to the behaviors and expectations of a group in order to be liked and accepted.
(Changing their behavior to fit in with the social norms of that group.)
Informational Social Influence
The phenomenon where individuals change their opinions or behaviors to conform to others because they believe those others possess more accurate information, particularly in uncertain situations.
(This is NOT to fit in, but to gain info from a more “knowledgable group
Theory explaining how people process information and change their attitudes based on two main routes: the central route (evaluation of arguement) and the peripheral route (blind trust based on cues), with the level of “elaboration” (how much the info is thought over) determining which route is used.
Centeral Route to Persuasion
A method of convincing others to take an action or make a decision based on facts and evidence of the merits of the outcome.
Car company will emphasize the car’s safety features and fuel economy.
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A way of influencing someone’s attitude by appealing to their emotions and associations, rather than the merits of an argument.
Ppopular actor endorses a car brand.
Halo Effect
A cognitive bias where an initial positive or negative impression of a person or thing influences how we perceive their other traits and qualities.
First impression means everything.
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
A persuasion tactic that involves asking someone to agree to a small request before asking for a larger request. The goal is to increase the likelihood of getting a “yes” to the larger request.
Foot only because it cracks the door, because its SMALL then LARGE.
< Given by MAGIC HANDS >0<!!!! 3
Door-in-the-Face Effect
A persuasion tactic that involves asking someone to agree to a small request before asking for a larger request. The goal is to increase the likelihood of getting a “yes” to the larger request.
Door in the face bc it is LARGE, then door cracks for a SMALL request.
Conformity
When someone changes their opinions, actions, or judgments to match those of a group or social situation.
Obidience
A form of social influence elicited in response to direct orders from an authority figure.
Individuality
The idea that people are unique and have the right to pursue their own goals and desires.
Collectivism
A worldview where people tend to see themselves as part of a larger group rather than focus on their individuality.
Multiculturism
The idea that different cultures can coexist in a society, and that this diversity is something to be celebrated.
Group Polarization
A social psychological phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to adopt more extreme positions than they held before the discussion.
Diffusion of Responsibility
A phenomenon that describes when people feel less responsible for their actions when others are present.
Social Loafing
When people work less hard when they are in a group than when they work alone.
Deindividuation
The perceived loss of individuality and personal responsibility that can occur when someone participates as part of a group.
Social Facilitation
The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when in the presence of others, while more complex or poorly learned tasks are performed worse.
Preformance is FACILITATED!
False Consensus Effect
A cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate how many others share their beliefs.
Social Trap
A situation where individuals or groups pursue immediate, short-term gains that ultimately lead to negative, long-term consequences for the group as a whole, often due to a conflict of interest or perverse incentives.
Social Trap
A situation where individuals or groups pursue immediate, short-term gains that ultimately lead to negative, long-term consequences for the group as a whole, often due to a conflict of interest or perverse incentives.
Subordinate Goals
Specific, concrete goals that help motivate people to achieve larger, more abstract goals.
Industrial-Organizational Psychology
A field that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace, focusing on understanding and improving human behavior in organizational settings to enhance productivity and employee well-being.
Altruism
The act of helping others without expecting anything in return.
Social Responsibility Norm
The expectation that people should help others and contribute to society’s well-being.
Socially Responsibe
Social Reciprocity Norm
The unwritten social rule that people should respond to a positive action done towards them with a similar positive action in return.
Social Reciprocation
Bystander Effect
Phenomenon that describes when people are less likely to help someone in need if others are present.
