Vocabulary #5 | 2 Flashcards
Rehearsal
The act of repeatedly thinking about or saying information to retain it in memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repetition of information for the immediate and TEMPORARY recall of information.
Elaborative Rehearsal
A memory strategy that involves actively connecting new information to existing knowledge in order to enhance LONG-TERM retention and recall.
Autobiographical Memory
Remembering personal experiences or events from our own lives, contributing to an individual’s sense of self.
Superior Autobiographical Memory
Individuals possess an exceptional ability to recall detailed personal experiences from their past. (THAT ONE LADY ON DR. PHIL WHO KNOWS EXACTLY WHAT SHE ATE FOR LUNCH EVERYDAY OF THE PAST 10 YEARS)
Retrograde Amnesia
A type of memory loss where a person is unable to recall events or information that occurred before a traumatic brain injury or other amnesia-inducing event. (NO OLD MEMORIES)
Anterograde Amnesia
A type of memory loss where a person is unable to form new memories after a traumatic event. (NO NEW MEMORIES, A in Anterograde for AFTER)
Alzheimer’s Disease
A chronic brain disease that gradually erodes an individual’s memory, intellectual abilities, and personality. Often present in old age.
Infantile Amnesia
The inability of adults to recollect early episodic memories, often the first few years of life.
Recall
The act of retrieving information from long-term memory without the assistance of specific cues.
Recognition
A type of memory retrieval in which one must identify present information as having been previously presented. (REALIZING SOMEONE SHOWED THE SAME SLIDE IN A PRESENTATION TWICE)
Retrival
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness.
Context-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon where information is best recalled when the retrieval environment closely matches the context in which it was originally learned.
State-Dependent Memory
The phenomenon where people recall information better when they are in the same physiological or psychological state.
Mood-Congruent Memory
The tendency to recall memories that align with your current emotional state. (REMEMBERING DEPRESSING MEMORIES WHILE SAD)
Testing Effect
Information has a better chance of being consolidated and successfully recalled in the long-term if some part of study was spent practicing retrieving the memory. (U DO BETTER WHEN U STUDY)
Metacognition
The ability to understand, monitor, and control one’s own thought processes, essentially meaning “thinking about thinking”. (THATS SO META)
Forgetting Curve
A graphical representation of how quickly we forget information over time when it is not rehearsed of reused.
Proactive Interference
Occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information. (EX. Struggling to remember your new phone # because you have your old number memorized already.)
Retroactive Interference
Occurs when newly acquired information inhibits our ability to recall previously acquired information. (OPPOSITE OF PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE)
Encoding Failure
Inability to effectively store or retrieve information in long-term memory. (THE FILE DIDN’T SAVE)
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
The experience of feeling like you know a piece of information but are unable to retrieve it at that moment, often accompanied by a sense that the information is “just out of reach”.
Repression
A psychological defense mechanism where an individual UNCONSCIOUSLY pushes distressing thoughts, memories, and emotions out of conscious awareness.
Source Amnesia
Occurs when a person is able to remember certain information but unable to recall when, why, or where they learned it. (CANNOT REMEMBER THE INFO’S SOURCE)
Misinformation Effect
A type of memory impairment caused by the introduction of misleading information. Essentially, the misleading information becomes incorporated into the memory of the past event.
Constructive Memory
Memories may not be accurate reproductions of events but can be altered by new information related to beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions to fill in gaps in the memory.
Imagination Inflation
A cognitive phenomenon where repeatedly imagining an event that never happened can lead to an increased belief that it actually did occur. (J-DAWG’S BIBLE CAMP STORY)
Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
General Intelligence
A broad mental capacity that underlies and influences performance across various cognitive abilities, essentially representing a person’s overall intellectual capacity.
Multiple Abilities (in reference to intelligence)
Suggests intelligence isn’t a single entity but rather a combination of various distinct abilities, meaning people can excel in different areas rather than just one “general” intelligence.
Intelligence Quotient
A standardized scale used to measure intellectual abilities.
Mental Age (MA)
The intellectual age level at which an individual performs, based on the average performance of individuals at a specific chronological age, essentially indicating how well someone performs on a cognitive level compared to others of the same age.
Chronological Age
The actual amount of time a person has been alive, measured in years from birth to the present. (HOW CHRONOLOGICALLY OLD YOU ARE)
Intelligence Tests
Series of tasks designed to measure the capacity to make abstractions, to learn, and to deal with novel situations.
Psychometrics
Measurement and quantification of mental attributes, like intelligence, personality traits, and attitudes, through the development and administration of psychological tests and assessments. (“MEASURING THE MIND”)
Standardized
The process of making the testing and scoring procedures uniform and objective.
Valid
How well a test measures what it has been designed to measure.
Predictive Validity
Focuses on how well an assessment tool can predict the outcome of some other separate, but related, measure. (EX. Using standardized tests like the SAT or ACT to predict a student’s future academic performance in college.)
Constructive Validity
How well a test or measurement accurately measures the theoretical concept it is designed to assess. (Construct validity is considered the overarching concern of test validity)
Reliability
The ability to consistently find similar results when a test is repeatedly administered in similar conditions
Test-Retest Reliability
The degree to which test results are consistent over time when the same participants take the same test at different times.
Split-Half Reliability
A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual’s scores on both halves are compared.
Stereotype Threat
When a person feels at risk of conforming to negative stereotypes about his or her group, often negatively affecting their performance. (OPPOSITE OF STEREOTYPE LIFT)
Stereotype Lift
The phenomenon where individuals from a group not negatively stereotyped perform better on a task when they are aware of a negative stereotype being applied to another group. (OPPOSITE OF STEREOTYPE THREAT)
Flynn Effect
The trend that there is an increase in intelligence testing scores over time.
Achievement Tests
Any measurement process or instrument whose purpose is to estimate an examinee’s degree of attainment of specified knowledge or skills. (DUOLINGO STARTING PLACEMENT QUIZ)
Aptitude Tests
Tests designed to predict future performance in an ability.
Fixed Mindset
The belief that a person’s abilities and intelligence are innate and cannot be significantly changed through effort.
Growth Mindset
The belief that a person’s intelligence and abilities can be developed and improved through effort, learning, and persistence, rather than being fixed traits.
