Vocabulary #1 | 0

Question 1

Cultural Norms

Answer 1

Rules or expectations of behavior and thoughts based on shared beliefs within a specific cultural or social group

Question 2

Confirmation Bias

Answer 2

The human tendency to only seek out information that supports one position or idea.

Question 3

Hindsight Bias

Answer 3

The common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. (Ex. KeegansMask)

Question 4

Overconfidence

Answer 4

The tendency to overestimate our knowledge and abilities in a certain area.

Question 5

Experimental Research Design

Answer 5

A research method used to investigate the interaction between independent and dependent variables, which can be used to determine a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 6

Case Study (nonexperimental)

Answer 6

The use of a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or phenomenon.

Question 7

Correlation

Answer 7

Means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

Question 8

Meta-Analysis

Answer 8

A statistical process that combines the data of multiple studies to find common results and to identify overall trends.

Question 9

Hypothesis

Answer 9

A precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.

Question 10

Falsification

Answer 10

The logical possibility that an assertion, hypothesis, or theory can be shown to be false by an observation or experiment.

Question 11

Operational Definitions

Answer 11

A clear, objective, and complete description used to define behavior in the social sciences.

Question 12

Independent Variable(s)

Answer 12

The characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.

Question 13

Dependent Variable(s)

Answer 13

The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation.

Question 14

Confounding Variable(s)

Answer 14

An extraneous factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiment’s independent and dependent variables.

Question 15

Sample

Answer 15

A small subset of individuals intended to reflect specified characteristics present in a target population.

Question 16

Population

Answer 16

Refers to a group of individuals who share certain characteristics or traits. Populations can be studied in order to understand the characteristics of the group as a whole and to identify patterns or trends within the group.

Question 17

Representative Sample

Answer 17

A technique that can be used for obtaining insights and observations about a targeted population group.

Question 18

Random Sampling

Answer 18

A subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group.

Question 19

Convenience Sampling

Answer 19

A non-probability sampling method where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access.

Question 20

Sampling Bias

Answer 20

Occurs when some members of a population are systematically more likely to be selected in a sample than others.

Question 21

Generalizability

Answer 21

A measure of how useful the results of a study are for a broader group of people or situations.

Question 22

Experimental Group

Answer 22

The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested.

Question 23

Control Group

Answer 23

The group in the experiment which a variable is not being tested, such as a test subject that does not receive any treatment.

Question 24

Placebo

Answer 24

A substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value

Question 25

Single-Blind

Answer 25

Of, relating to, or being an experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments.

Question 26

Double-Blind

Answer 26

Study in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.

Question 27

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 27

A type of response bias that occurs when survey respondents provide answers according to society’s expectations, rather than their own beliefs or experiences.

Question 28

Qualitative Data

Answer 28

Non-numerical language-based data collected through interviews, open questions and content analysis. (TEXT DATA)

Question 29

Quantitative Data (Quantity)

Answer 29

Numerical data that can be statistically analyzed.

Question 30

Peer Review

Answer 30

A process that takes place before a study is published to check the quality and validity of the research, and to ensure that the research contributes to its field.

Question 31

Replication

Answer 31

Reproducing a study to see if you get the same results.

Question 32

Variables

Answer 32

Things that can be changed or altered, such as a characteristic or value.

Question 33

Directionality Problem

Answer 33

The situation in which it is known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect.

Question 34

Third Variable Problem

Answer 34

A type of confounding in which a third variable leads to a mistaken causal relationship between two others.

Question 35

Survey Technique

Answer 35

A study in which a group of participants is selected from a population and data about or opinions from those participants are collected, measured, and analyzed.

Question 36

Self-Report Bias

Answer 36

The deviation between the self-reported and true values of the same measure.

Question 37

Peer Review

Answer 37

A process that takes place before a study is published to check the quality and validity of

Question 38

Replication

Answer 38

Reproducing a study to see if you get the same results