Vocabulary #3 | 2

Question 1

2.1 Perception

Answer 1

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Question 2

2.1 Top-Down Processing

Answer 2

Perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge.

Question 3

2.1 Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 3

When the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli.

Question 4

2.1 Schema

Answer 4

The cognitive framework that allows a person to interpret a new situation based on their experience in similar, prior experiences.

Question 5

2.1 Perceptual Set

Answer 5

A predisposition to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others.

Question 6

2.1 Gesalt Psychology

Answer 6

A school of thought that emphasizes how the brain perceives the “whole” of a stimulus as more important than its individual parts.

Question 7

2.1 Closure

Answer 7

A Gestalt principle where the brain automatically fills in missing information to perceive an incomplete figure as complete.

Question 8

2.1 Figure-Ground

Answer 8

The ability of our brain to distinguish an object or FIGURE from its backGROUND.

Question 9

2.1 Proximity

Answer 9

Objects that are close together are more likely to be perceived as. belonging in the same group.

Question 10

2.1 Similarity

Answer 10

A Gestalt principle where individuals tend to perceive objects that share similar characteristics (like color, shape, or size) as being grouped together.

Question 11

2.1 Selective Attention

Answer 11

Our ability to focus on one particular task or stimulus among many competing stimuli.

Question 12

2.1 Change Blindness

Answer 12

A phenomenon in which a person fails to recognize CHANGES to their environment or visual stimuli, despite their being very obvious.

Question 13

2.1 Cocktail Party Effect

Answer 13

The ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.

Question 14

2.1 Inattention / Inattentional Blindness

Answer 14

The failure of a person to realize something in their visual eye or line of sight because they were so intently focused on something else.

Question 15

2.1 BInocular Depth Cues

Answer 15

The images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception, or stereopsis.

Question 16

2.1 Retinal Disparity

Answer 16

The slight difference in the images received by each eye when viewing an object, which the brain then uses to perceive depth and distance.

Question 17

2.1 Convergence

Answer 17

A binocular cue for depth perception, where the eyes rotate INWARDS to focus on a nearby object, signaling to the brain that the object is close by.

Question 18

2.1 MONOcular Depth Cues

Answer 18

Depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone.

Question 19

2.1 Relative Clarity

Answer 19

Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects.

Question 20

2.1 Relative Size

Answer 20

The depth cue in which we perceive distance based on the comparison of sizes between objects.

Question 21

2.1 Texture Gradient

Answer 21

The gradual change in the visual texture of an object or surface as it recedes in depth from the observer.

Question 22

2.1 Linear Perspective

Answer 22

A visual cue that occurs when two parallel lines appear to meet in the distance.

Question 23

2.1 Interposition

Answer 23

A monocular cue in psychology that helps people perceive depth and distance by judging how one object overlaps another.

Question 24

2.1 Perceptual Constancy

Answer 24

The ability to perceive objects as having a standard shape, size, color, or location, even when the viewing conditions change. (EX. When you see a moving train, you know that it’s not getting bigger, it’s just moving closer.)

Question 25

2.2 Concepts

Answer 25

An abstract idea that helps us group and understand information by identifying common characteristics across different experiences, allowing us to categorize and make sense of the world around us.

Question 26

2.2 Prototypes

Answer 26

A mental representation of the idealized form of an object or concept.

Question 27

2.2 Assimilation

Answer 27

The process of incorporating new information, experiences, or ideas into your existing cognitive structure or belief system. (A = ADDING)

Question 28

2.2 Accomendation

Answer 28

What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to MODIFY YOUR EXISTING SCHEMAS.

Question 29

2.2 Algorithm

Answer 29

A set of step-by-step instructions that can be used to solve a problem or make a decision. (LIKE CODING)

Question 30

2.2 Heuristics

Answer 30

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that people use to make decisions quickly.

Question 31

2.2 Heuristics Representativeness

Answer 31

A heuristic where decisions are based on COMPARISONS TO MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS of stereotypes, prototypes, or preconceived outcomes.

Question 32

2.2 Availability Heuristics

Answer 32

Judging how likely a certain event is to happen based on how easily information regarding this topic is AVAILABLE.

Question 33

2.2 Primming

Answer 33

A technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus.

Question 34

2.2 Framming

Answer 34

The way info is presented.

Question 35

2.2 Gambler’s Fallacy

Answer 35

Belief that odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently.

Question 36

2.2 Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Answer 36

A cognitive bias that makes you feel as if you should continue pouring money, time, or effort into a situation since you’ve already “sunk” so much into it already.

Question 37

2.2 Executive Functions

Answer 37

The set of neurocognitive skills involved in goal-directed problem solving, including working memory, inhibitory control, and set shifting/flexibility.

Question 38

2.2 Creativity

Answer 38

The ability to produce or develop original work, theories, techniques, or thoughts

Question 39

2.2 Divergent Thinking

Answer 39

Utilizing the mind in inventive, free-flowing ways to solve a given problem and find multiple creative solutions.

Question 40

2.2 Convergent Thinking

Answer 40

The process of finding a single best solution to a problem that you are trying to solve.

Question 41

2.2 Functional Fixedness

Answer 41

The perceived inability of someone to use an object for something other than its original intended purpose.