Vocabulary Flashcards
nationalism
patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts
risorgimento
resurgence or revival), was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century
young Italy movement
was a political movement for Italian youth (under age 40) founded in 1831 by Giuseppe Mazzini.
Gluseppe Mazzini
Italian patriot and revolutionary.
Gluseppe Garibaldi
1807–82, Italian patriot and general.
liberal
open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values.
unfication
the process of being united or made into a whole.
Otto von Bismarck
1815–98, German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–90.
Kaiser
the German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire.
the zoliverain
the customs union of German states in the 19th century.
the junkers
a German nobleman or aristocrat, especially a member of the Prussian aristocracy
Franco - Prussian war
The war of 1870–71 between France (under Napoleon III) and Prussia, in which Prussian troops advanced into France and decisively defeated the French at Sedan.
realpolitik
a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
czar Alexander
Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
emancipation
the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.
serfs
an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate.
social democratic party
a political party in Germany advocating a form of social organization based on the economic and political ideology of Karl Marx.
autocrats
a ruler who has absolute power.
pogroms
an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
nihlists
the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless
duma
a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former Soviet Union.
Tanzimat reforms
series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz.
dual monoarchy
occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing
Crimean war
was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
treaty of san sterfano
was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at San Stefano, then a village west of Constantinople, …
militarism
the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
alliance system
a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes.
triple alliance
also known as the Triplice, was a secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I.
triple entente
an informal understanding among Great Britain, France, and Russia based on a Franco-Russian military alliance (1894), an Anglo-French entente (1904), and an Anglo-Russian entente (1907).
kulturkampf
conflict between civil government and religious authorities especially over control of education and church appointments; broadly
reichstag
is a German word generally meaning parliament, more directly translated as Diet of the Realm or National Diet or Imperial Diet.
treaty of prague
was a peace treaty signed between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire at Prague on 23 August 1866, ending the Austro-Prussian War.
Franco Joseph I
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1765–90
