Vocabulary Flashcards
Any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH
Acid
Solutions that have a pH scale value less than 7
Acidic solutions
Energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur
Activation energy
Verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence
Action verb
State of a sentence that contains an active verb (will this even save)
Active voice
Increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment.
Adaptation
Rule that makes it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to the other by adding opposites to each expression.
Addition principle.
Cellular fuel; produced in the mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Descriptive word that modifies nouns and pronouns
Adjective
Word modifying a verb, adjective, or other adverb indicating when, how, where, why, or how much.
Adverb
Hydrocarbon with only single bonds (CnH2n+2)
Alkane
Hydrocarbon with one double bond. (CnH2n)
Alkene
Hydrocarbon with one triple bond (CnH2n-2)
Alkyne
Two or more different forms of a certain gene
Alleles
Structure in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur
Alveoli
Building blocks of proteins.
Amino acids
A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward
Anatomical position
Study if the structure of various organs and body systems.
Anatomy
Atom or molecule with a negative charge
Anion
Noun that a pronoun refers back to (replaces)
Antecedent
Toward the front of the body or body structure (opposite of posterior)
Anterior
Protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen
Antibody
A foreign protein, such as a pathogen, that stimulates antibody production
Antigen
Punctuation mark that is used to indicate possessiveness or the omission of letters or numbers.
Apostrophe
Written numbers that use a combination of the whole numbers 0-9
Arabic numerals
Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Arteries
Word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite- a, an- or definite -the
Article
Smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element.
Atom
Number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element
Atomic mass
Number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom
Atomic number.
Part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote
Attributive tag
Person or persons who will be reading a piece of writing
Audience
Underlying reason why the author wrote the text
Authors intent
Branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion
Autonomic nervous system
Organism that is able to produce its own food
Autotroph
Part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse
Axon
Type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens; responsible for humoral immunity
B cell
Graph used to compare the frequency of an event; frequencies are displayed as vertical or horizontal, non-touching bars; data is usually noncontinuous
Bar graph
Any compound with the hydrogen ion activity less than water (pH > 7)
Base
Solutions that have a pH scale value greater than seven
Basic solutions
Opinions or beliefs that affect a persons ability to make fair, Unclouded judgment or decision
Biases
Polynomial that has two terms
Binomial
Two word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism; developed by Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature.
Small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs
Bronchial tubes
See Joules
Calories
Tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body
Capillaries
Substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
Atom or molecule with a positive charge
Cation
First presents in action, and then describes the effects that result (or may result) from that action
Cause effect text structure
Basic unit of all life
Cell
Outside, rigid layer that help separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells
Cell wall
Process in which glucose is used to produce ATP
Cellular respiration
Metric temperature scale define (at standard pressure) by the melting point of ice 0°C and the boiling point 100°C of liquid water
Celsius
Branch of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
Microtubule organizing center that helps to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis
Centrosome
Positive or negative distribution within an object
Charge
Evolutionary biologist who studied wildlife on the Gallapagos island in the 1800s and wrote on the origin of species, in which he explain adaptation and natural selection
Charles Darwin
Chemical attraction of atoms due to their electron arrangement
Chemical bonding
Dynamic event that alters the chemical make up of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set
Chemical reaction
Release of chemicals by damage cells that attract white blood cells
Chemotaxis
Green pigment in plants
Chlorophyll
Organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants; used to carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplast
One of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another; a pair of matching sister chromatids make up the duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
Condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and containing hundreds of jeans
Chromosomes
Mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
Chyme
Tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
Cilia
Divided into sectors representing the frequency of an event, sectors total 100%
Circle graph
Transportation highway for the entire body (also known as the cardiovascular system)
Circulatory system
Group of words that are related and contain both a subject and a properly conjugated verb
Clause
Group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid
Codon
Numerical part of the term
Coefficient
Punctuation mark used to indicate that there is information to follow
Colon (:)
Punctuation mark used to indicate a break or pause within a sentence
Comma (,)
Presents two different cases, usually with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases
Comparison-contrast text structure
Symbol that indicates the cardinal directions (north, south, east, and West) as they relate to the map
Compass – rose
Sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause
Complex sentence
Two (or more) independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction
Compound sentence
Connects different structures of the body; includes bones, cartilage, adipose tissues (fats), and blood vessels
Connective tissue
Quantity that does not change; it’s what students referred to as “numbers” such as eight, -3, one half, one fourth, 0.45, etc.
Constant
Text surrounding a word, phrase, or passage
Context
Word surrounding and unfamiliar word that can help a reader discern the meaning of the unfamiliar word
Context clues
Words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal; and English, there are only seven, and they may be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so)
Coordinating conjunctions
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Covalent
Siri is a folds formed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Cristae
Reading style where the reader carefully analyze is the text, judging its credibility and the authors intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as fact
Critical reading
Number of childbirths per 1000 people per year
Crude birth rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
Crude death rate
Atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state
Crystalline order
Contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers; modifiers maybe adjectives, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses
Cumulative sentence
Chemical messengers that are released by damage tissues
Cytokines
Division and separation of the cytoplasm from one cell into two new cells; is accomplished by pinching off of the cell membrane to form two cells while simultaneously synthesizing an additional membrane to help in the process; begins in late anaphase and completes in telophase
Cytokinesis
Rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles
Cytoplasm
Items that are subtracted from a beginning salary (I.E, state taxes, federal taxes, health insurance, and retirement contributions).
Deductions
Method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle
Deductive reasoning
Away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)
Deep
Exponent or some of exponents of the variables of a term
Degree
Branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messages) from other neurons and stimuli
Dendrites
B in the fraction a/b
Denominator
Ratio of mass per volume for a substance
Density
Group of words containing a subject with a properly conjugated verb that is made dependent or incomplete because of the addition of a subordinating conjunction
Dependent clause
Depends on another variable
Dependent variable
Passage of text that describes or characterizes a person, thing, or idea
Description
Process of white blood cells squeezing through the capillary slits in response to cytokines
Diapedesis
Dome-shaped muscle located immediately below the lungs that stimulates inhalation and exhalation by contracting and relaxing
Diaphragm
Molecule consisting of two atoms
Diatomic molecule
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
Digestion
Manufactures enzymes that break down food so that nutrients can be easily pass into the blood for use through the body; consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion, breakdown, and processing of food
Digestive system
Containing two sets of chromosomes
Diploid cell
Writing that reflects someone’s exact words, often with an attributive tag, using quotation marks
Direct dialogue (or direct discourse)
Noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb and answers the question whom or what
Direct object
Away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of proximal)
Distal
Information in the legend that tells the reader how to interpret distances on the map
Distance scale
Property that removes parentheses and an expression, such as 8 (X plus Y) equals 8X plus 8Y.
Distributive property
Quantity to be divided
Dividend
Quantity by which another quantity is divided
Divisor
A molecule that exists as a double-stranded he likes made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
Dorsal body cavity
First section of the small intestine
Duodenum
Glands and muscles that are innervated and extend away from the spinal cord
Effectors
Use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule
Electro lysis
Waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic field; waves are members of the spectrum, a continuum of wavelengths ranging from very short (trillionth of a meter) to very long (kilometers) that are divided into bands of wavelengths, ordered from short to long in the order of gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves; visible part of the spectrum can be further subdivided by color bands from short to long and the order of Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red
Electromagnetic waves
Ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
Electronegativity
Negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus
Electrons
Substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus (example, all atoms of hydrogen have one proton, and atoms of oxygen have eight protons)
Element
Punctuation mark (…) Used to indicate a pause or omission of material
Ellipsis
Early development of an animal or plant after fertilization
Embryo
Act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another
Emigration
Controls body functions; glands in the system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body to regulate processes such as growth and metabolism
Endocrine system
Tubular transport network with the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous Sacs
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Protein catalysts; chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered; a chemical that breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestines into the bloodstream
Enzyme
Provides covering (such as skin tissue) or produces secretions (such as glandular tissue); commonly exists and sheets and does not have its own blood supply
Epithelial tissue
Mathematics sentence in which two expressions are set equal to each other
Equation
History of a given word; a Words origin
Etymology
Organisms that contain cellular organelles; organism that has cells that contain nuclei (protists, plants, fungi and animals)
Eukarya
Mechanism that inspects the DNA for damage and attempts to repair it
Excision repair
Act of exhaling carbon dioxide from the body
Expiration
Number written as a superscript that is used to denote the number of times a number should be multiplied by itself
Exponent
Introduces a topic or provides background information for later remarks
Expository writing
One or more terms consisting of any combination of Constance and or variables
Expression
Information based on real, provable events or situations
Fact
Average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (from the ages of 15 to 44)
Fertility rate
Perspective in which the narrator is the one speaking, evidenced by the use of the first person pronoun I or we
First person point of view
Long, whip like structure used for cellular movement and certain prokaryotic cells
Flagella
Acronym that respects the order in which two binomials can be multiplied; stands for first, outer, inner, last
Foil
Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back region; coronal section
Frontal section
Cells of reproduction
Gametes
Collection of nerve cell bodies
Ganglia
Specifies male or female gender using words such as he or she; neuter gender words like it do not specify male or female gender, but are rare in English
Gendered language
Portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for an organisms characteristics; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell
Gene
Complete set of DNA for an individual; contains all genes
Genome
Organisms underlying genetic makeup or code
Genotype
Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
Germ cells
Protein that is roughly spherical in shape
Globular protein
Structure involved and packing and transporting proteins in the cell
Golgi apparatus
Greatest number that will divide evenly into two or more numbers
Greatest common factor
One set of chromosomes
Haploid cell
