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TEAS Preparation > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types in humans

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

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2
Q

This tissue can provide covering (such as skin tissue) or produce secretions (such as glandular tissue).

A

Epithelial tissue

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3
Q

This tissue commonly exists and sheets and does not have its own blood supply.

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

This tissue is dependent on diffusion from the nearby capillaries for food and oxygen, and also regenerate easily if well nourished.

A

Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

This tissue is classified according to two criteria: number of cells and cell shape

A

Epithelial tissue

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6
Q

When epithelium contains one layer of cells is called

A

Simple epithelium tissue

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7
Q

Which type of tissues is found and body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur? give me the specific tissue.

A

Simple epithelium tissue

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8
Q

This type of epithelium has more than one layer of cells and serves as protection.

A

Stratified epithelium

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9
Q

The shape of epithelial cells includes what?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and Culinar

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10
Q

This tissue is found throughout the body; it serves to connect different structures of the body.

A

Connective tissue

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11
Q

This tissue commonly has its own blood supply; however there are some types of this tissue, such as ligaments, that do not.

A

Connective tissue

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12
Q

What are the various types of connective tissue?

A

Bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood vessel.

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13
Q

This tissue is dedicated to producing movement

A

Muscle tissue

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14
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

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15
Q

This type of muscle tissue supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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16
Q

This type of muscle is under involuntary control, which means it cannot be consciously controlled.

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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17
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus.

A

Smooth muscle tissue

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18
Q

Which muscle tissues movement is involuntary but is only found in the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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19
Q

This type of tissue provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

A

Nervous tissue

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20
Q

These are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body

A

Nerves

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21
Q

What support cells can help protect nervous tissue?

A

Myelin

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22
Q

This system consists of the heart, blood vessels (e.g., arteries, veins, and arterials), and blood.

A

Circulatory system (cardiovascular system)

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23
Q

The system supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body. Oxygen, hormones, and nutrients from food are some of the substances.

A

Circulatory system (cardiovascular system)

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24
Q

Hormones released from which system influence blood pressure

A

Endocrine system

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25
Q

Which system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume

A

Urinary system

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26
Q

Which system helps control the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body.

A

The nervous system

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27
Q

This system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels.

A

The integumentary system

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28
Q

Blood cells are formed in the marrow of the bones in which system

A

Skeletal system

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29
Q

The system regulates the production of sweat, interpret stimuli, and adjust the diameter of blood vessels in the skin.

A

Nervous system

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30
Q

The system consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion and breakdown or processing of food

A

Digestive system

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31
Q

The digestive system includes which body parts

A

Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, the liver, and the pancreas

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32
Q

The system manufactures enzymes that break down food so that the nutrients can be easily pass into the blood for used throughout the body

A

Digestive system

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33
Q

The absorption of nutrients actually occurs in which part of the digestive system, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

A

Small intestines

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34
Q

Which body part of the digestive system removes water from the waste that remains

A

The colon

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35
Q

This part of the digestive system produces bile that helps break down fats

A

The liver

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36
Q

This part of the digestive system delivers enzymes to the small intestines that aid in digestion

A

Pancreas

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37
Q

Increased _____ _____ ______ increases the motility of the gastrointestinal track

A

Skeletal muscle activity

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38
Q

This system activates vitamin D

A

The urinary system

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39
Q

This system serves to control body functions.

A

Endocrine system

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40
Q

Glands in this system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body

A

Endocrine system

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41
Q

The endocrine system consists of what glands?

A

Pineal, pituitary, Thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands

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42
Q

The glands in the endocrine system regulate processes such as?

A

Growth and metabolism

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43
Q

Which body parts also have endocrine functions but are not part of the endocrine system

A

The pancreas, testis, and ovaries

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44
Q

Which system provides a means of transportation for some hormones

A

Lymphatic system

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45
Q

Which system provides protection for some endocrine glands

A

The muscular system

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46
Q

Which system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

A

The nervous system

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47
Q

This system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat

A

The muscular system

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48
Q

This system consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails.

A

Integumentary system

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49
Q

This system protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature.

A

Integumentary system

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50
Q

System also serves as a barrier to pathogens (micro organisms capable of producing disease).

A

Integumentary system

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51
Q

Which two systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy.

A

The respiratory and digestive system.

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52
Q

Oxygen and nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels in which system

A

Cardiovascular system

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53
Q

This system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling

A

Lymphatic system

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54
Q

This system provides shape and support

A

Skeletal system

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55
Q

Hormones from the system regulate hair growth and hydration

A

Endocrine system

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56
Q

The skin serves to protect internal organs, including those in which system.

A

Reproductive system

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57
Q

The system consist of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, the finest, and the tonsils, which are made of lymphoid tissue.

A

Lymphatic system

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58
Q

This system supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.

A

Lymphatic system

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59
Q

The system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels

A

Lymphatic system

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60
Q

This system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood

A

Urinary system

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61
Q

Acidic secretions from which two systems prevent bacterial growth.

A

Integumentary system and reproductive system

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62
Q

This system consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints.

A

Muscular system

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63
Q

Which muscle tissues are not included in the muscular system

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

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64
Q

This system releases hormones that influence muscular strength

A

Endocrine system

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65
Q

This system regulates and coordinates muscle activity

A

The nervous system

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66
Q

This system encourages larger muscle size in men

A

Reproductive system

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67
Q

This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and it serves as the bodies control system.

A

Nervous system

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68
Q

This system includes the conduction of nervous impulses along nerves that are extremely fast, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats

A

Nervous system

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69
Q

Once a threat is detected, this system activates the appropriate muscles or glands to respond

A

Nervous system

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70
Q

This system releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons

A

Endocrine system

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71
Q

This system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function.

A

Urinary system

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72
Q

The main purpose of the system is to produce offspring

A

Reproductive system

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73
Q

The system consists of the testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts

A

Reproductive system

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74
Q

This system is specialize in men to produce sperm and then women to produce eggs (or ova)

A

Reproductive system

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75
Q

This systems organs also house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body (e.g., libido and aggression) and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics.

A

Reproductive system

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76
Q

This system transports sex hormones

A

Lymphatic system

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77
Q

The system is involved in childbirth

A

Muscular system

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78
Q

This system keeps the body cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.

A

Respiratory system

79
Q

This system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

A

Respiratory system

80
Q

The lungs house tiny air sacs called..

A

Alveoli

81
Q

It is through the walls of the alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called..

A

Arterioles

82
Q

This system aids and breathing by producing volume changes (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles).

A

Muscular system

83
Q

The system regulates breathing rate and depth

A

Nervous system

84
Q

This system provides support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement.

A

Skeletal system

85
Q

The system consist of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

A

Skeletal system

86
Q

This system also serves as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

A

Skeletal system

87
Q

This system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium.

A

Endocrine system

88
Q

This system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones.

A

Digestive system

89
Q

The system activated vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone

A

Urinary system

90
Q

The system helps place stress on the phones during exercise, which increases the deposit of calcium into bones

A

Muscular system

91
Q

The system recognizes painful stimuli in the bones and joints

A

Nervous system

92
Q

The system supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes, such as lactic acid

A

Cardiovascular system

93
Q

This system influences the shape of the skeletal form

A

Reproductive system

94
Q

This system helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, and potassium are electrolytes) balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing waste from the body

A

Urinary system

95
Q

This system consists of nitrogen-containing wastes which are by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid

A

The urinary system

96
Q

This system helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys

A

The endocrine system

97
Q

This system includes the liver synthesizing urea that must be excreted by the kidneys

A

Digestive system

98
Q

Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

A

Sagittal section

99
Q

Sagittal section made down the median of the body

A

Mid sagittal section

100
Q

Cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions

A

Transverse section (cross section)

101
Q

Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back region

A

Frontal section (coronal section)

102
Q

Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

A

Dorsal body cavity

103
Q

Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities

A

Ventral body cavity

104
Q

Received, interpret, and respond to internal and X ternal stimuli via the nervous system

A

Adaptation

105
Q

Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues the other cardiovascular system

A

Circulation

106
Q

Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

A

Elimination

107
Q

Allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological system

A

Locomotion

108
Q

Taken and breakdown nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

A

Nutrition

109
Q

Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide the other respiratory system

A

Oxygenation

110
Q

Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

A

Regulation

111
Q

Production of offspring the other reproductive system

A

Self-duplication

112
Q

The organ that contracts and pumps blood throughout the body by rhythmic contractions

A

The heart

113
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

A

Arteries

114
Q

Blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart

A

Veins

115
Q

Tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body

A

Capillaries

116
Q

Capillaries also serve as the location for the exchange of what within the body

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients

117
Q

The heart consists of four chambers

A

The right and left atrium’s; the right and left ventricles

118
Q

Which valves that prevent the flow of blood back into the hearts chambers after a contraction are located on the right side of the heart

A

The tricuspid and pulmonary valves

119
Q

Which valves that prevent the flow of blood back into the hearts chambers after contraction are located on the left side of the heart

A

The mitral and aortic valves

120
Q

Be able to list the pathway of blood flow throughout your body

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through superior and inferior vina cava
  2. Blood travels into the right atrium
  3. During contraction blood flows through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  4. When right ventricle contracts, the blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs.
  5. This is when blood receives oxygen
  6. Oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (through pulmonary veins)
  7. Then it travels into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.
  8. Contraction of left ventricle forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out to the entire body
121
Q

Simplified pathway of blood flow

A

Deoxygenated blood -> superior/inferior Venna cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve during contraction of right atrium -> into right ventricle -> pulmonary valve

  • > pulmonary artery and lungs during right ventricle contraction -> oxygenated blood -> pulmonary veins
  • > left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve during contraction of left ventricle -> aorta -> out to entire body
122
Q

This body part breathe in oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide

A

Lungs

123
Q

How does air travel through our body?

A

Begins with diaphragm -> Nose -> trachea -> right/left bronchial tubes -> alveoli -> oxygen transported by red blood cells into the bloodstream

124
Q

The act of taking in oxygenated air

A

Inspiration

125
Q

When carbon dioxide is forced out of the body

A

Expiration

126
Q

Within the bronchial tubes are tiny hairs called what which keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs.

A

Cilia

127
Q

Name the two different nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

128
Q

The brain and spinal cord are part of this nervous system

A

Central nervous system

129
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system make what nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system

130
Q

List the two types of peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system and the sensory-somatic nervous system

131
Q

The system controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion

A

Autonomic nervous system

132
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists which 2 kinda of nerves.

A

Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves

133
Q

These nerves are active when a person is excited or scared

A

Sympathetic nerves

134
Q

These nerves are active when a person is eating or at rest

A

Parasympathetic nerves

135
Q

This system controls voluntary actions, like talking and walking; and consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia.

A

Sensory-somatic nervous system

136
Q

Collections of nerve cell bodies is called

A

Ganglia

137
Q

Nerve cells contain these that receives stimuli from the internal and Extertal environment and bring those damn ally to the neurons for interpretation.

A

Dendrites

138
Q

Specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

A

Neurons

139
Q

The ______of nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a ____

A

Axon and synapse

140
Q

The face, fingers, and toes are more sensitive to stimuli because they have greater numbers of what than other parts of the body

A

Sensory neurons

141
Q

Overall the system is to provide sensory, motor, and integrative functions within the body

A

Nervous system

142
Q

The sensory function of the nervous system includes feeling

A

Pain, heat, and other stimuli

143
Q

A response that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn send a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain

A

Reflex

144
Q

The motor function serves to carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the …

A

Effectors

145
Q

These are most commonly the glands and muscles..

A

Effectors

146
Q

The integrative function uses what kind of information to make decisions by joining together and put with memories already stored within the brain.

A

Sensory.

147
Q

This kind of function also uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions may be based at a later time.

A

Integrative function of the nervous system.

148
Q

List the order of hierarchy of the structure of the human body

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissues
  5. Organs
  6. Organ systems
  7. Organisms
149
Q

What are the accessory structures in the digestive system?

A

Petite, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

150
Q

Rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus

A

Peristalsis

151
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods

A

Digestion

152
Q

Chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestines into the bloodstream

A

Enzymes

153
Q

An enzyme from the parroted salivary glands, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

A

Salivary Amylase

154
Q

This increases the stomachs absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

155
Q

This enzyme breaks down proteins

A

Protease

156
Q

The mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach

A

Chyme

157
Q

The duodenum releases which two hormones

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

158
Q

Secretin travels to what organ to trigger release of bicarbonate

A

Pancreas

159
Q

This neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum

A

Bicarbonate released by the pancreas

160
Q

This hormone is released from the duodenum as well and initiates bile released from the gallbladder, while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

161
Q

Absorption of the nutrients occurs in the small intestines through fingerlike projections called

A

Villi

162
Q

What increases the surface area within the small intestines, increasing the area from which absorption can take place

A

Villi and microvilli

163
Q

Beach villas contains ___ and ____ through which absorption occurs

A

Arterioles and lymphatic vessels

164
Q

Which part of the digestive system absorbs most of the water (80% or so)

A

The small intestine

165
Q

Tissues, cells, and organs that fight off illness and disease explains which system

A

Immune system

166
Q

Human system is composed of which two defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders

A

Both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)

167
Q

These defense mechanisms occur the same way every time, regardless of the type or number of packages that are present;

A

Innate defense

168
Q

First line of defense with innate immune are?

A

Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes)

169
Q

Fever, inflammation, phagocytose us, natural killer cells, interferons, chemo taxis, and release of Cytokines is which immune 2nd line of defense

A

Innate immune defense

170
Q

Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells

A

Phagocytosis

171
Q

This benefits the body by killing pathogens that grow better at a lower body temperature

A

Fever

172
Q

This occurs as a response to irritating chemicals, heat, trauma, or infection by pathogen

A

Inflammation

173
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

174
Q

Natural killer cells produce what that target cancer and virus cells

A

Perforins (pore-forming proteins)

175
Q

Perforins cause these cells to rupture what is another name for rupturing cells

A

Lyse

176
Q

These are the body’s response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days.

A

Interferons

177
Q

This is the method by which the Lucot sites respond to damage body tissues

A

Chemo taxis

178
Q

White blood cells are also called

A

Leukocytes

179
Q

Chemo taxis is accomplished and part through what chemical that gives a message that are released by damage tissues?

A

Cytokines

180
Q

The process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines, followed by cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guiding the white blood cells to the site of the damage or infection

A

Diapedesis

181
Q

What is considered the third line of defense or the specific defenses in the immune system

A

Adaptive defenses

182
Q

This line of defense includes both the Humoral, or anti-body-mediated, and the cell-mediated responses.

A

Adaptive defense

183
Q

In the antibody mediated branch, these are produce that are specific for the invading antigen

A

Antibodies

184
Q

What process is taken to produce antibodies for a specific antigen

A
  1. Antigen binds to be cells
  2. Then bind with T-helper cells
  3. Activates the B cells to produce antibodies
185
Q

An active immunity, an individual receives what that stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection.

A

Vaccine

186
Q

When an individual does not produce his or her own antibiotics, but rather receive them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breastmilk.

A

Passive immunity

187
Q

In cell mediated immunity, these cells are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells

A

T cells

188
Q

A lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes

A

T cell

189
Q

List the three-step process in cell mediated immunity

A
  1. Macrophages capture the nonself cell
  2. T-helper sell binds to it and secretes a cytokine that signals the cytotoxic T cells
  3. The cytotoxic T cells response through chemo taxis and actively destroys the nonself cell
190
Q

This refers to the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44.

A

Fertility rates

191
Q

Defined by the number of births per 1000 people per year

A

Crude birth rate

192
Q

Define by the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

A

Crude death rate

193
Q

The act of an individual moving into a region or country to live

A

Immigration

194
Q

The act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another

A

Emigration

TEAS Preparation (5 decks)

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