Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four basic tissue types in humans
A
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
2
Q
This tissue can provide covering (such as skin tissue) or produce secretions (such as glandular tissue).
A
Epithelial tissue
3
Q
This tissue commonly exists and sheets and does not have its own blood supply.
A
Epithelial tissue
4
Q
This tissue is dependent on diffusion from the nearby capillaries for food and oxygen, and also regenerate easily if well nourished.
A
Epithelial tissue
5
Q
This tissue is classified according to two criteria: number of cells and cell shape
A
Epithelial tissue
6
Q
When epithelium contains one layer of cells is called
A
Simple epithelium tissue
7
Q
Which type of tissues is found and body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur? give me the specific tissue.
A
Simple epithelium tissue
8
Q
This type of epithelium has more than one layer of cells and serves as protection.
A
Stratified epithelium
9
Q
The shape of epithelial cells includes what?
A
Squamous, cuboidal, and Culinar
10
Q
This tissue is found throughout the body; it serves to connect different structures of the body.
A
Connective tissue
11
Q
This tissue commonly has its own blood supply; however there are some types of this tissue, such as ligaments, that do not.
A
Connective tissue
12
Q
What are the various types of connective tissue?
A
Bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood vessel.
13
Q
This tissue is dedicated to producing movement
A
Muscle tissue
14
Q
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
A
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
15
Q
This type of muscle tissue supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones.
A
Skeletal muscle tissue
16
Q
This type of muscle is under involuntary control, which means it cannot be consciously controlled.
A
Smooth muscle tissue
17
Q
What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus.
A
Smooth muscle tissue
18
Q
Which muscle tissues movement is involuntary but is only found in the heart?
A
Cardiac muscle tissue
19
Q
This type of tissue provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
A
Nervous tissue
20
Q
These are made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
A
Nerves
21
Q
What support cells can help protect nervous tissue?
A
Myelin
22
Q
This system consists of the heart, blood vessels (e.g., arteries, veins, and arterials), and blood.
A
Circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
23
Q
The system supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body. Oxygen, hormones, and nutrients from food are some of the substances.
A
Circulatory system (cardiovascular system)
24
Q
Hormones released from which system influence blood pressure
A
Endocrine system
25
Which system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume
Urinary system
26
Which system helps control the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body.
The nervous system
27
This system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels.
The integumentary system
28
Blood cells are formed in the marrow of the bones in which system
Skeletal system
29
The system regulates the production of sweat, interpret stimuli, and adjust the diameter of blood vessels in the skin.
Nervous system
30
The system consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus involved in the ingestion and breakdown or processing of food
Digestive system
31
The digestive system includes which body parts
Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, the liver, and the pancreas
32
The system manufactures enzymes that break down food so that the nutrients can be easily pass into the blood for used throughout the body
Digestive system
33
The absorption of nutrients actually occurs in which part of the digestive system, which consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Small intestines
34
Which body part of the digestive system removes water from the waste that remains
The colon
35
This part of the digestive system produces bile that helps break down fats
The liver
36
This part of the digestive system delivers enzymes to the small intestines that aid in digestion
Pancreas
37
Increased _____ _____ ______ increases the motility of the gastrointestinal track
Skeletal muscle activity
38
This system activates vitamin D
The urinary system
39
This system serves to control body functions.
Endocrine system
40
Glands in this system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body
Endocrine system
41
The endocrine system consists of what glands?
Pineal, pituitary, Thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands
42
The glands in the endocrine system regulate processes such as?
Growth and metabolism
43
Which body parts also have endocrine functions but are not part of the endocrine system
The pancreas, testis, and ovaries
44
Which system provides a means of transportation for some hormones
Lymphatic system
45
Which system provides protection for some endocrine glands
The muscular system
46
Which system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
The nervous system
47
This system generates heat that is expelled through the skin as sweat
The muscular system
48
This system consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails.
Integumentary system
49
This system protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature.
Integumentary system
50
System also serves as a barrier to pathogens (micro organisms capable of producing disease).
Integumentary system
51
Which two systems provide oxygen and nutrients to the skin to help it remain healthy.
The respiratory and digestive system.
52
Oxygen and nutrients for the skin travel through blood vessels in which system
Cardiovascular system
53
This system picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling
Lymphatic system
54
This system provides shape and support
Skeletal system
55
Hormones from the system regulate hair growth and hydration
Endocrine system
56
The skin serves to protect internal organs, including those in which system.
Reproductive system
57
The system consist of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid rich in antibodies), the spleen, the finest, and the tonsils, which are made of lymphoid tissue.
Lymphatic system
58
This system supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.
Lymphatic system
59
The system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels
Lymphatic system
60
This system helps with proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood
Urinary system
61
Acidic secretions from which two systems prevent bacterial growth.
Integumentary system and reproductive system
62
This system consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints.
Muscular system
63
Which muscle tissues are not included in the muscular system
Cardiac and smooth muscle tissue
64
This system releases hormones that influence muscular strength
Endocrine system
65
This system regulates and coordinates muscle activity
The nervous system
66
This system encourages larger muscle size in men
Reproductive system
67
This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and it serves as the bodies control system.
Nervous system
68
This system includes the conduction of nervous impulses along nerves that are extremely fast, making it possible for immediate reflexive responses to protect the body from threats
Nervous system
69
Once a threat is detected, this system activates the appropriate muscles or glands to respond
Nervous system
70
This system releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons
Endocrine system
71
This system helps dispose of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function.
Urinary system
72
The main purpose of the system is to produce offspring
Reproductive system
73
The system consists of the testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts
Reproductive system
74
This system is specialize in men to produce sperm and then women to produce eggs (or ova)
Reproductive system
75
This systems organs also house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body (e.g., libido and aggression) and influence the development of masculine or feminine body characteristics.
Reproductive system
76
This system transports sex hormones
Lymphatic system
77
The system is involved in childbirth
Muscular system
78
This system keeps the body cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.
Respiratory system
79
This system consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Respiratory system
80
The lungs house tiny air sacs called..
Alveoli
81
It is through the walls of the alveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called..
Arterioles
82
This system aids and breathing by producing volume changes (the diaphragm and intercostal muscles).
Muscular system
83
The system regulates breathing rate and depth
Nervous system
84
This system provides support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framework that, when used in conjunction with the muscles, creates movement.
Skeletal system
85
The system consist of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal system
86
This system also serves as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Skeletal system
87
This system releases hormones that regulate growth and the release of calcium.
Endocrine system
88
This system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones.
Digestive system
89
The system activated vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into bone
Urinary system
90
The system helps place stress on the phones during exercise, which increases the deposit of calcium into bones
Muscular system
91
The system recognizes painful stimuli in the bones and joints
Nervous system
92
The system supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes, such as lactic acid
Cardiovascular system
93
This system influences the shape of the skeletal form
Reproductive system
94
This system helps maintain the water and electrolyte (sodium, chloride, and potassium are electrolytes) balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing waste from the body
Urinary system
95
This system consists of nitrogen-containing wastes which are by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid
The urinary system
96
This system helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys
The endocrine system
97
This system includes the liver synthesizing urea that must be excreted by the kidneys
Digestive system
98
Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
Sagittal section
99
Sagittal section made down the median of the body
Mid sagittal section
100
Cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
Transverse section (cross section)
101
Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back region
Frontal section (coronal section)
102
Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
Dorsal body cavity
103
Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Ventral body cavity
104
Received, interpret, and respond to internal and X ternal stimuli via the nervous system
Adaptation
105
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues the other cardiovascular system
Circulation
106
Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
Elimination
107
Allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological system
Locomotion
108
Taken and breakdown nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
Nutrition
109
Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide the other respiratory system
Oxygenation
110
Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
Regulation
111
Production of offspring the other reproductive system
Self-duplication
112
The organ that contracts and pumps blood throughout the body by rhythmic contractions
The heart
113
Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Arteries
114
Blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
Veins
115
Tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body
Capillaries
116
Capillaries also serve as the location for the exchange of what within the body
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients
117
The heart consists of four chambers
The right and left atrium's; the right and left ventricles
118
Which valves that prevent the flow of blood back into the hearts chambers after a contraction are located on the right side of the heart
The tricuspid and pulmonary valves
119
Which valves that prevent the flow of blood back into the hearts chambers after contraction are located on the left side of the heart
The mitral and aortic valves
120
Be able to list the pathway of blood flow throughout your body
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through superior and inferior vina cava
2. Blood travels into the right atrium
3. During contraction blood flows through the tricuspid valve into right ventricle
4. When right ventricle contracts, the blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs.
5. This is when blood receives oxygen
6. Oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (through pulmonary veins)
7. Then it travels into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.
8. Contraction of left ventricle forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out to the entire body
121
Simplified pathway of blood flow
Deoxygenated blood -> superior/inferior Venna cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve during contraction of right atrium -> into right ventricle -> pulmonary valve
- > pulmonary artery and lungs during right ventricle contraction -> oxygenated blood -> pulmonary veins
- > left atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve during contraction of left ventricle -> aorta -> out to entire body
122
This body part breathe in oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide
Lungs
123
How does air travel through our body?
Begins with diaphragm -> Nose -> trachea -> right/left bronchial tubes -> alveoli -> oxygen transported by red blood cells into the bloodstream
124
The act of taking in oxygenated air
Inspiration
125
When carbon dioxide is forced out of the body
Expiration
126
Within the bronchial tubes are tiny hairs called what which keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs.
Cilia
127
Name the two different nervous system
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
128
The brain and spinal cord are part of this nervous system
Central nervous system
129
Cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system make what nervous system
The peripheral nervous system
130
List the two types of peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system and the sensory-somatic nervous system
131
The system controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion
Autonomic nervous system
132
The autonomic nervous system consists which 2 kinda of nerves.
Sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves
133
These nerves are active when a person is excited or scared
Sympathetic nerves
134
These nerves are active when a person is eating or at rest
Parasympathetic nerves
135
This system controls voluntary actions, like talking and walking; and consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia.
Sensory-somatic nervous system
136
Collections of nerve cell bodies is called
Ganglia
137
Nerve cells contain these that receives stimuli from the internal and Extertal environment and bring those damn ally to the neurons for interpretation.
Dendrites
138
Specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages
Neurons
139
The ______of nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a ____
Axon and synapse
140
The face, fingers, and toes are more sensitive to stimuli because they have greater numbers of what than other parts of the body
Sensory neurons
141
Overall the system is to provide sensory, motor, and integrative functions within the body
Nervous system
142
The sensory function of the nervous system includes feeling
Pain, heat, and other stimuli
143
A response that occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turn send a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain
Reflex
144
The motor function serves to carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the ...
Effectors
145
These are most commonly the glands and muscles..
Effectors
146
The integrative function uses what kind of information to make decisions by joining together and put with memories already stored within the brain.
Sensory.
147
This kind of function also uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions may be based at a later time.
Integrative function of the nervous system.
148
List the order of hierarchy of the structure of the human body
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organ systems
7. Organisms
149
What are the accessory structures in the digestive system?
Petite, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
150
Rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus
Peristalsis
151
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
Digestion
152
Chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestines into the bloodstream
Enzymes
153
An enzyme from the parroted salivary glands, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates.
Salivary Amylase
154
This increases the stomachs absorption of vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
155
This enzyme breaks down proteins
Protease
156
The mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
Chyme
157
The duodenum releases which two hormones
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
158
Secretin travels to what organ to trigger release of bicarbonate
Pancreas
159
This neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum
Bicarbonate released by the pancreas
160
This hormone is released from the duodenum as well and initiates bile released from the gallbladder, while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
161
Absorption of the nutrients occurs in the small intestines through fingerlike projections called
Villi
162
What increases the surface area within the small intestines, increasing the area from which absorption can take place
Villi and microvilli
163
Beach villas contains ___ and ____ through which absorption occurs
Arterioles and lymphatic vessels
164
Which part of the digestive system absorbs most of the water (80% or so)
The small intestine
165
Tissues, cells, and organs that fight off illness and disease explains which system
Immune system
166
Human system is composed of which two defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders
Both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)
167
These defense mechanisms occur the same way every time, regardless of the type or number of packages that are present;
Innate defense
168
First line of defense with innate immune are?
Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes)
169
Fever, inflammation, phagocytose us, natural killer cells, interferons, chemo taxis, and release of Cytokines is which immune 2nd line of defense
Innate immune defense
170
Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
Phagocytosis
171
This benefits the body by killing pathogens that grow better at a lower body temperature
Fever
172
This occurs as a response to irritating chemicals, heat, trauma, or infection by pathogen
Inflammation
173
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
174
Natural killer cells produce what that target cancer and virus cells
Perforins (pore-forming proteins)
175
Perforins cause these cells to rupture what is another name for rupturing cells
Lyse
176
These are the body's response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days.
Interferons
177
This is the method by which the Lucot sites respond to damage body tissues
Chemo taxis
178
White blood cells are also called
Leukocytes
179
Chemo taxis is accomplished and part through what chemical that gives a message that are released by damage tissues?
Cytokines
180
The process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines, followed by cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guiding the white blood cells to the site of the damage or infection
Diapedesis
181
What is considered the third line of defense or the specific defenses in the immune system
Adaptive defenses
182
This line of defense includes both the Humoral, or anti-body-mediated, and the cell-mediated responses.
Adaptive defense
183
In the antibody mediated branch, these are produce that are specific for the invading antigen
Antibodies
184
What process is taken to produce antibodies for a specific antigen
1. Antigen binds to be cells
2. Then bind with T-helper cells
3. Activates the B cells to produce antibodies
185
An active immunity, an individual receives what that stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen, stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection.
Vaccine
186
When an individual does not produce his or her own antibiotics, but rather receive them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breastmilk.
Passive immunity
187
In cell mediated immunity, these cells are primarily responsible for recognizing nonself cells
T cells
188
A lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
T cell
189
List the three-step process in cell mediated immunity
1. Macrophages capture the nonself cell
2. T-helper sell binds to it and secretes a cytokine that signals the cytotoxic T cells
3. The cytotoxic T cells response through chemo taxis and actively destroys the nonself cell
190
This refers to the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44.
Fertility rates
191
Defined by the number of births per 1000 people per year
Crude birth rate
192
Define by the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
Crude death rate
193
The act of an individual moving into a region or country to live
Immigration
194
The act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another
Emigration
