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Life Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six kingdoms

A

Eukarya Domain

  1. Animalia
  2. Fungi
  3. Plantae
  4. Protista

Eubacteria domain
5. Eubacteria

Archaea domain
6. Archaebacteria

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2
Q

This is to store and transmit hereditary information

A

Nucleic acid’s

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3
Q

A nucleic acid is a change of what that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

This is a type of sugar contained in nucleotides

A

Pentose

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5
Q

A molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together in nucleotides

A

The phosphate group

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6
Q

A molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells which is part of the nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous base

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7
Q

List the five different types of nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil

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8
Q

Which nitrogenous base is unique to DNA

A

Thymine

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9
Q

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA

A

Uracil

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10
Q

These two bases are classified as what because they have two rings

A

Adenine and guanine

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11
Q

These two bases are classified as what because they only have one ring

A

Pyrimidines

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12
Q

What process is done when cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes

A

Transcription

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13
Q

This process of protein production from messenger RNA is called

A

Translation

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14
Q

The most basic types of cells that can exist independently of other cells

A

Prokaryotic

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain

A

Cell wall, cytoplasm, organelles, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes

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16
Q

This is the outside rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell, and then inside plasma membrane that is semi permeable, allowing certain substances in and out of the cell as needed

A

Cell wall

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17
Q

This is the inner layer that consists of a rich protein fluid with gel like consistency that house is organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

This is another name for tiny organs

A

Organelles

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19
Q

This is the condensed DNA of the cell that contains genes and the genetic blueprints for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell.

A

Nucleoid

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20
Q

These are small, circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid; they contain a small number of genes compared to the DNA in the nucleus nucleotide.

A

Plasmids

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21
Q

These manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages they are very small bodies that are free-floating within the cytoplasm.

A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

Long and would like and project outward from the cell

A

Flagella

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23
Q

Bacteria also have this that allow communication and transfer of information between two cells

A

Pili

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24
Q

This envelope the cell and is semi permeable to allow certain substances and water in and out

A

Plasma membrane

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25
Inside the cell this contains the cell contents and the organelles and is gel like
The cytoplasm
26
This cell allows the function of cells to make proteins based on RNA messages from the cells genes
Ribosomes
27
A tubular transport network within the cell that appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
28
This is responsible for moving proteins from one part of the cell to another and for moving proteins to the outside of the cell, also name the process
Endoplasmic reticulum and the process is called secretion
29
This is involved in the packing and transport of proteins in the cell, including protein secretion
Golgi apparatus
30
This organelle refines proteins that have been manufactured by the ribosomes, it's sorts the proteins and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell or to the cell membrane for secretion, and it works hand-in-hand with the ER and protein movement and processing
Golgi apparatus
31
Small membrane bounded sacs within the cytoplasm, they are used to transport proteins or other substances in or out of the cell
Vesicles
32
Name the three common types of vesicles
Vacuoles, Lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
33
A basic storage unit of the salad I can hold various compounds
Vacuole
34
Contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
Lysosome
35
This functions to rid the body of toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide, also major sites of oxygen use and energy production
Peroxisomes
36
This is the powerhouse of the cell because of the location of where the cellular fuel ATP is produced
Mitochondria
37
The enzymes on this help convert sugar into ATP to power the cell in the mitochondria
Cristae
38
Cellular tracks that, during mitosis, formed the mitotic spindle; the spindle helps organize and segregate the chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
39
These are microtubule-organizing centers that help to form an organized the mitotic spindle during mitosis
Centrosomes
40
This is a very large organelle in the central portion of the cell that is enclosed by a double membrane with pores and it; it is the control center of the entire cell because it contains the cells genetic material and directs all of the activities of the cell
Nucleus
41
A small body within the nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell protein
Nucleolus
42
Plants contain this, which organelles that contain chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
43
This allows the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
44
An animal or plant in the early stages of development after fertilize Asian
Embryo
45
A fertilized egg that begins dividing and becomes a massive cell
Zygote
46
The most critical stage of development in which individual tissue layers begin to form
Gastrulation
47
This determines what cell type each cell will become
Differentiation
48
Cells can divide and remain undifferentiated which produces..
Stem cells
49
The process of cell duplication and which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell
Mitosis
50
The synthesis of new DNA occurs in which phase
S-phase
51
Before and after synthesis of new DNA there are gap. Referred to as
G1 and G2
52
During the gaps between mitosis and DNA synthesis, the cells DNA is available for transcription into RNA, which is necessary for the cell machinery to be able to make proteins and perform other cellular functions. These phases combined are known as...
Interphase
53
In this phase the DNA double helix unwinds to expose the bases. RNA bases pair with their complimentary partners on the DNA to form the messenger RNA strand. Once an entire Jean is copied into the complementary messenger RNA (MR and A), the DNA double helix closes and the mRNA exits the nucleus, taking the information it contains to the ribosome
G1 phase (during interphase)
54
The DNA double helix unwinds with the help of enzymes (proteins that increase the speed of reactions); this brakes the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs and separates the bases from their complementary partners, but does not remove the bases from the backbone of their half of the double helix. The exposed bases pair with new complementary bases that are then synthesize into a new complementary strand with the help of an enzyme called DNA polymerase. Thus two new strands of DNA be informed.
This is the S-phase (during interphase)
55
This includes continued protein synthesis and cell growth and preparation for cell division
G2 phase (during interphase)
56
The cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction are called
Gametes
57
The process by which gametes reduce their DNA content is called
Meiosis
58
This occurs only in gametes or fertilized eggs, depending on the species
Meiosis
59
Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes are known as
Diploid cells
60
Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes are known as
Haploid cells
61
In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome called
Homologous
62
The spindle fibers form and the centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell. The nuclear membrane disappears.
Prophase of mitosis
63
The chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters. Cytokinesis begins.
Anaphase of mitosis
64
The chromosomes align midway along the spindle fibers
Metaphase of mitosis
65
Identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes
Telophase of mitosis
66
Homologous chromosomes condense and link in the process-forming tetrads. This allows crossing over or recombination to occur
Prophase 1 in meiosis
67
Homologous chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
Metaphase 1 in meiosis
68
Homologous chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together
Anaphase 1 in meiosis
69
Cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells are the result
Telophase 1 in meiosis
70
A brief stage in which spindle fibers begin to reappear and centrioles move to opposite poles
Prophase ll
71
Sister chromatids a line at a new metaphase plate
Metaphase ll
72
Sister chromatids separate again
Anaphase ll
73
Four haploid cells result after cytokinesis
Telophase ll
74
The process carried out by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, and which the energy from sunlight is trapped by the green pigment chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose
Photosynthesis
75
Glucose is broken down by the process of glycolysis, which transfers some of that energy in glucose to ATP
Cellular respiration
76
Genes contain coded information that controls the heredity of particular traits, such as eye and haircolor; this code is made up of the sequences of the nitrogenous bases of DNA, each piece of the code is called a _____ and is composed of three of the bases
Codon
77
Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called _____, which contains the information that controls particular traits for an individual
Genes
78
What is responsible for the expression of genetic traits
Protein
79
A complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
Genome
80
Errors during DNA replication or a substance that induces mutation
Mutagen
81
This mechanism inspects the DNA for these types of damage and attempt to repair it
Excision repair
82
This mechanism scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of bases
Mismatch repair
83
Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
Germ cells
84
The physical expressions of genetic traits
Phenotype
85
An organisms underlying genetic makeup or code
Genotype
86
What are the eight levels of taxonomy hierarchy
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

TEAS Preparation (5 decks)

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