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Bio 211 > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology

A

the scientific study of life

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2
Q

systems biology

A

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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3
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

contains membrane-enclosed organelles

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4
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

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5
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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6
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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7
Q

element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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8
Q

compound

A

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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9
Q

essential elements

A

elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduceq\

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10
Q

trace elements

A

elements that are required by an organism in only minute quantities

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11
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons

written as a subscript to the left of teh symbol for the element

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12
Q

mass number

A

total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

atomic mass

A

total mass of an atom

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14
Q

isotopes

A

different atomic forms of the same element, which vary in the numbers of neutrons they contain

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15
Q

radioactive isotope

A

an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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16
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change

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17
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that matter posseses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

cohesion

A

the phenomenon for water molecules in which hydrogen bonds hold the molecules of water closely together, making water more structured than other liquids (related to surface tension)

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19
Q

adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another

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20
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
-water has a very high surface tension

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21
Q

hydration shell

A

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

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22
Q

hydrophilic

A

any substance that has an affinity for water

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23
Q

hydrophobic

A

substances that do not have an affinity for water

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24
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

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25
Q

isomers

A

variation in the architecture of organic molecules

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26
Q

structural isomers

A

isomers that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

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27
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

isomers that differ in their spacial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds
-if a double bond joins two carbon atoms and each C also has two different atoms (or groups of atoms) attached to it, then two distinct cis-trans isomers are possible

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28
Q

enantiomers

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon (one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms)

  • left and right handed versions of a molecule
  • usually only one enantiomer is biologically active becasue only that form can bind to specific molecules in an organism
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29
Q

functional groups

A

chemical groups that attach to carbon chains that have certain properties that cause it to participate in chemical reactions in a characteristic way

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30
Q

the seven chemical groups most important in biological processes:

A

hydroxyl: chemically reactive, hydrophilic
carbonyl: chemically reactive, hydrophilic
carboxyl: chemically reactive, hydrophilic
amino: chemically reactive, hydrophilic
sulfyhydryl: chemically reactive, hydrophobic
phosphate: chemically reactive, hydrophilic
methyl: not chemically reactive, hydrophilic, serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules

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31
Q

hydroxyl group

A

– OH
is polar due to electronegative oxygen
forms H-bonds with water
“alcohol”

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32
Q

carbonyl group

A

> C=O
sugars w/ ketone groups are ketoses, sugars w/ aldehydes are aldoses
ketone: carbonyl group w/in carbon skeleton
aldehyde: carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton

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33
Q

carboxyl group

A

– COOH
acts as an acid becaue covalent bond between O and H is polar
Carboxylic acid/organic acid

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34
Q

amino group

A

– NH2
acts as a base
amine

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35
Q

sulfhydryl group

A

– SH
two –SH can react, forming a “cross-link” that stabilizes protein structure
thiol

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36
Q

phosphate group

A

–OPO3(2-)
contributes 1- when positioned inside phosphate chain, contributes 2- when at the end
when attached, allows molecule to react with water, releasing energy
organic phosphate

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37
Q

methyl group

A

– CH3
affects expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA
affects shape + function of male + female sex hormones
methylated compound

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38
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP

more complicated organic phosphate

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39
Q

macromolecules

A

huge molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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40
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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41
Q

monomers

A

the smaller molecules that are repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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42
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

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43
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ the loss of a water molecule
-ex: the reaction connecting monomers

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44
Q

hydrolysis

A

the process that is the revers of the dehydration reaction: disassembles polymers to monomers

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45
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O
  • can be either an aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar), depending on the placement of the carbonyl group
  • carbon skeleton is 3-7 carbons long
  • main source of nutrients for cells
46
Q

disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

47
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

48
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • macromolecules: polymers w/ a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
  • serve as storage material, or a building material for structures that protect the cell or the whole organism
49
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide that is a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched

50
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

51
Q

chitin

A
  • another structural polysaccharide

- the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

52
Q

lipids

A
  • not true polymers, and not big enough to be considered macromolecules
  • mix poorly, if at all, with water
  • consist mostly of hydrocarbo regions
53
Q

fat

A

constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

54
Q

fatty acid

A

has a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbons) w/ a carboxyl group at one end

55
Q

triacylglycerol

A

the fat formed from three fatty acid molecules joining to glycerol by an ester linkage

56
Q

ester linkage

A

a bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

57
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a fatty acid chain, so as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to carbon skeleton
-solid @ room temp

58
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid w/ 1+ double bonds between carbons, resulting in 1 fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon

  • usually a cis double bond, creating a kink in teh hydrocarbon chain wherever it occurs
  • liquid @ room temp
59
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid with only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three

  • hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
  • phosphate group and its attachments form a head which is hydrophilic
  • forms a bilayer when added to water
60
Q

steroids

A

lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

61
Q

cholesterol

A
  • a type of steroid

- component of animal cell membranes

62
Q

catalysts

A

chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

63
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer of amino acids

64
Q

protein

A

biologically functional molecule made up of 1+ polypeptides, folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

65
Q

amino acid

A

an organic molecule with an AMINO GROUP and a CARBOXYL GROUP

66
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

67
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids

68
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordination of an organism’s activities

69
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement

70
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease

71
Q

transport proteins

A

transport of substances

72
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of cell to chemical stimuli

73
Q

structural proteins

A

support

74
Q

peptide bond

A

a bond formed when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other so they can become joined by a dehydration reaction

75
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

its sequence of amino acids

76
Q

secondary structure of a protein

A

the coils and folds in a protein that are the result of hydrogen bonds between the oxygen and hydrogens in the polypeptide backbone

77
Q

tertiary structure

A

the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the amino acids

78
Q

quaternary structure

A

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of the polypeptide subunits

79
Q

denaturation

A

the process that cases a protein to unravel and lose its shape, due to the weak chemical bonds and interactions within a protein being destroyed

80
Q

gene

A

the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance

81
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers of monomers called nucleotides

82
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

83
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

84
Q

polynucleotides

A

polymers of nucleotides

85
Q

nucleotides

A

composed of a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogenous base, and 1-3 phosphate groups

86
Q

the families of nitrogenous bases:

A
  1. pyrimidine: 1 six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
    - cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
  2. purines: 1 six-membered ring of carbon fused to a five-membered ring
    - adenine (A) and guanine (G)
87
Q

differences in sugars between DNA and RNA

A

deoxyribose: in DNA; lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon in the ring
ribose: in RNA; does not lack an oxygen atom

88
Q

organelles

A

membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells

89
Q

cytosol

A

a semifluid, jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended

90
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cells with organelles, and DNA contained in the nucleus

91
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

cells without organelles, and their DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid region

92
Q

plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole cell

93
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

94
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus

95
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

96
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that carry genetic info

97
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

98
Q

nucleolus

A

where RNA is synthsized

99
Q

ribosomes

A

complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins

-not membrane-bounded, therefore not organelles

100
Q

endomembrane system

A

includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles,j and the plasma membrane

101
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

  • smooth ER: outer surface lacks ribosomes; does metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions
  • rough ER: studded with ribosomes on outer surface; makes secretory proteins, makes membranes
102
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins w/ carbs covalently bonded to them

103
Q

transport vesicles

A

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

104
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a warehouse for recieving, sorting, shipping, and manufacturing

105
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules

106
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process that amoebas and other unicellular eukaryotic cells use to eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

107
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

108
Q

food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis

109
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

pump excess water out of the cell

110
Q

central vacuole

A

the plant cell’s main repository of inorganic ions

111
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration

generates ATP

112
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis

drives synthesis or organic compounds such as sugars

Bio 211 (15 decks)

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