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Medical Billing & Coding > Vocab for Intro to Med B & C > Flashcards

Vocab for Intro to Med B & C Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anabolism

A

Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
Ana-Up, Bol-To Cast, Ism-A Process

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
Process occurs in the mitochondria.
Cata-Down, Bol-To Cast, Ism-A Process

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3
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Structure surrounding and protecting the cell.
Determines what enters and leaves the cell.

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-Shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes.
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the sex cells.
Egg & Sperm only contain 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All the material outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane.

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6
Q

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)

A

Chemical found within each chromosome.
Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code.
Directs the activities of the cell.

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of canals with in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces here.

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8
Q

Genes

A

Regions of DNA within each chromosome

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9
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture (Classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.
The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of the chemical processes in a cell.
Includes Anabolism and Catabolism.
Meta-Change, Bol-To Cast, Ism-A Process

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature “power plants”) for the cell.

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell.
Contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.

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13
Q

Muscle Cell

A

Long, slender, contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing

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14
Q

Epithelial Cell

A

May be square and flat to provide protection
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body
Cells that line the internal surface of organ

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15
Q

Nerve Cell

A

May be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses.

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16
Q

Fat Cell

A

Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage

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17
Q

Differentiation

A

Change in cells as they mature and specialize

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18
Q

Histologist

A

Scientist who specializes in the study of tissue

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19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms the lining of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body.
Lines the exocrine & endocrine glands and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce.

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20
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

VOLUNTARY muscle is found in arms & legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control.
INVOLUNTARY muscle is found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
CARDIAC muscle is a specialized type of muscle found in the heart. Contractions of this type of muscle can be seen as a beating heart in an ultrasound scan of a six-week-old fetus.

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21
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Adipose (fat) tissue
Cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones)
Bone
Blood

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22
Q

Nerve Tissue

A

Conducts impulses all over the body.

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23
Q

Viscera (singular: Viscus)

A

Internal Organs in the main cavities of the body, especially the abdomen

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24
Q

Digestive System

A

Mouth, Pharynx (throat), Esophagus (tube from throat to stomach), Stomach, Intestines (small & large), Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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25
Q

Urinary System
Excretory System

A

Kidneys, Ureters (tube from kidney to urinary bladder), Urinary Bladder, Urethra (tube from bladder to outside of the body)

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26
Q

Respiratory System

A

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx (voice box), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchial Tubes, Lungs (where exchange of gases takes place)

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27
Q

Reproductive System

A

Female: Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus (womb), Vagina, Mammary Glands
Male: Testes & Associated Tubes, Urethra, Penis, Prostate Gland

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28
Q

Endocrine System

A

Thyroid Gland (neck), Pituitary Gland (base of brain), Sex Glands (female: ovaries, male: testes), Adrenal Glands (top of kidneys), Pancreas (islet of Langerhans), Parathyroid Glands (“corners” of thyroid gland)

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29
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves & Collections of Nerves

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30
Q

Circulatory System

A

Heart, Blood Vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), Lymphatic Vessels & Nodes, Spleen, Thymus Gland

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31
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Muscles, Bones, & Joints

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32
Q

Skin Organs &
Sense Organs

A

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous (oil) Glands
Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue

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33
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Collection of Fat Cells

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34
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible connective Tissue often attached to bones at joints.
Forms part of external ear & nose.
Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.

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35
Q

Larynx

A

Voice Box; Located above the trachea

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36
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat; Serves as common passageway for food and air

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37
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Endocrine gland at base of the braine

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38
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Endocrine gland that surrounds trachea in the neck

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39
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe; Tube leading from throat to larynx to bronchial tubes)

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40
Q

Ureter

A

One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder

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41
Q

Urethra

A

Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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42
Q

Uterus

A

Womb; Organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops

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43
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Space in the head containing the brain and pituitary gland and surrounded by the skull.
Cranial means pertaining to the skull

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44
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, and aorta
Divided into two cavities: Pleural and Mediastinum

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45
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Space surrounding each lung; Space between the pleural layers

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46
Q

Mediastinum

A

Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
Contains heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.

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47
Q

Abdominal Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
Abdomen

A

Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, small & large intestines, spleen, pancreas, & gallbladder.
Kidneys are situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone.

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48
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Space below the abdomen containing portions of the small & large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureter.
Also contains uterus and vagina in females.
There is no separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavity and they are referred to together as the abdominopelvic cavity.
Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.

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49
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Space within the spinal column and the spinal cord

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50
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Moves up and down and aids in breathing

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51
Q

Peritoneum

A

Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
Attaches abdominal organs to abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place.

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52
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
Inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy)

53
Q

Pleura

A

Double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them.

54
Q

Ascites

A

Collection in the peritoneal cavity.

55
Q

Right Hypochondriac Region

A

Right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

56
Q

Epigastric Region

A

Region above the stomach

57
Q

Left Hypochondriac Region

A

Left upper region below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen

58
Q

Right Lumbar Region

A

Right middle region near waist

59
Q

Umbilical Region

A

Region of the navel or umbilicus

60
Q

Left Lumbar Region

A

Left middle region near waist

61
Q

Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region

A

Right lower region near the groin which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body.

62
Q

Hypogastric Region

A

Middle lower region below the umbilical region

63
Q

Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region

A

Left lower region near the groin which is the area where the legs join the trunk of the body.

64
Q

Ilium

A

Upper portion of the hip bone

65
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

A

Contains the right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small & large intestines

66
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

A

Contains the left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines

67
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

A

Contains part of the small and large intestines, appendix, right ureter
For females also the right ovary, right fallopian tube

68
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

A

Contains part of the small and large intestines, appendix, left ureter
For females also the left ovary, left fallopian tube

69
Q

Vertebra
Plural - Vertebrae

A

Individual bones of the spinal column

70
Q

Disc

Herniated/”Slipped” Disc

A

Small pad of cartilage between each backbone
Composed of water and cartilage
A shock absorber
When a disc has moved out of place and puts pressure on a nerve

71
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Image

72
Q

Divisions of the Back
Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T)
Lumbar (L
Sacral (S)
Coccygeal

A

Location
Neck region - seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
Chest region - 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) Each joined to a rib.
Loin (waist) or Flank (between ribs & hip) - five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
Five bones (S1-S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum
The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of four fused pieces

73
Q

Spinal Column

A

Backbones
Bone Tissue

74
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Nerves surrounded by the spinal column
Nervous Tissue

75
Q

Anterior
Ventral

A

Front side of the body

76
Q

Posterior
Dorsal

A

Back side of the body

77
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface

78
Q

Superficial

A

On the surface

79
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

80
Q

Distal

A

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

81
Q

Inferior

A

Below another structure

82
Q

Superior

A

Above another structure

83
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle, or near the medial plane of the body

84
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side

85
Q

Supine

A

Lying on the back

86
Q

Prone

A

Lying on the belly

87
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

88
Q

Sagittal (Lateral) Plane
Midsagittal Plane

A

Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into the right and left sides
Divides body into right and left halves

89
Q

Transverse (Axial) Plane

A

Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground dividing the body or structure into upper and lower portions

90
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Iron is needed to make Hemoglobin

91
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Erythrocytes assume an abnormal sickle shape and clog blood vessels

92
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & Thrombocytes are not formed in bone marrow

93
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

94
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in a male

95
Q

Cytocele

A

Part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness in the pelvic muscles

96
Q

Retocele

A

Protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

97
Q

Omphalocele

A

herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth

98
Q

Streptococcus

A

Berry-shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains.
One group causes conditions such as “strep throat”, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments
Another group causes infections in teeth, sinus cavities of the nose and face, and valves in the heart.

99
Q

Staphylococci

A

Berry-shaped bacteria, grows in small clusters like grapes.
Lesions may be external: skin abscesses, boils, styes; or internal; abscesses in bone and kidney
Cause of MRSA

100
Q

Abscess

A

A collection of pus, white blood cells & protein present at the site of infection

101
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Serious staphylococcal condition that is difficult to treat with antibiotics
Can become an antibiotic resistant infection when MRSA bacteria develop the ability to resist or defeat the drugs designed to kill them

102
Q

Diplococci

A

Berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs

103
Q

Pneumococci

A

Invades the lungs causing bacterial pneumonia

104
Q

Gonococci

A

Invades the reproductive organs causing gonorrhea (STI)

105
Q

Clostridium Difficile Infection

A

C-Dif
Rod-shaped bacteria that causes inflammation of the colon and severe diarrheal disease.
In order to restore normal bacteria in the digestive tract, a fecal transplant may be necessary

106
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells
No Nucleus
Contain Hemoglobin which carries oxygen through the blood stream
Made in bone marrow

107
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells
Way to Remember the five kinds of leukocytes:
Never (Neutrophils)
Let (Lymphocytes)
Monkeys (Monocytes)
Eat (Eosinophil)
Bananas (Basophil)

108
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Blood Platelets; Clotting Cells
Tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow
Necessary for blood clotting

109
Q

Granulocytes
Polymorphonuclear Cells

A

Contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus.
Formed in the bone marrow
Eosinophils, Basophils, & Neutrophils

110
Q

Eosinophil

A

Stains red with acidic stain
Increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma
About 3% of leukocytes are eosinophils

111
Q

Basophil

A

Stains blue with basic stain
Function is not clear, but the number of these cells increases in the healing phase of inflammation
Less than 1% of leukocytes are basophils

112
Q

Neutrophil

A

Stains pale purple with neutral stain
Most important disease-fighting cells and the most numerous
50-60% of all leukocytes are neutrophils
They are phagocytes engulfing and digesting bacteria like circulating “Pac-Men”
Referred to as “polys” or polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of their multilobed nucleus

113
Q

Mononuclear Cells

A

Have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm
Produced in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
Lymphocytes & Monocytes

114
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Fight disease by producing antibodies and destroying foreign cells
May attach directly to foreign cells and destroy them
About 32% of leukocytes are lymphocytes
In AIDS, patients have serious depletion of T lymphocytes (T Cells)

115
Q

Monocytes

A

Engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells
Leave the bloodstream and enter tissues to become macrophages
About 4% of all leukocytes are monocytes

116
Q

Acromegaly

A

Endocrine Disorder where pituitary gland produces excessive amount of growth hormone after completion of puberty
Most often results from benign tumor of pituitary gland

117
Q

Giantism

A

A result of overproduction of pituitary growth hormone beginning in childhood.

118
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Breathing suddenly stops during sleep and a CPAP is used to keep airways open.

119
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

120
Q

Urinalysis

A

Laboratory examination of urine that aids in the diagnosis of many medical conditions.

121
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that stimulates the production of an antibody

122
Q

Bifurcation

A

Normal splitting into two branches

123
Q

Bradycardia

A

Usually, a pulse of less than 60; a slow heart rate.

124
Q

Tachycardia

A

A pulse of more than 100 beats per minute; a fast heart rate.

125
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports and binds other body tissue and parts.
Bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue are connective tissues.

126
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

The body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.

127
Q

Sign

A

An objective finding that is perceived by an examiner.
IE: Fever, Rash, Hyperglycemia

128
Q

Symptom

A

A subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient
IE: Loss of Appetite, Abdominal Pain; Fatigue

129
Q

Prodromal Signs & Symptoms

A

Appear before the actual illness and signal its onset
IE: fever and rash before chicken pox
Altered mood, fatigue, flashed of light, or stiff muscles may accompany the prodromal migraine aura that occurs before the actual headache

Medical Billing & Coding (8 decks)

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