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Medical Billing & Coding > Vocab for Body Systems > Flashcards

Vocab for Body Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Drugs

A

Medicines/Substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease

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2
Q

L.A.D.M.E.

A

Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

Addiction

A

Physical & Psychological dependence on and craving for a drug

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4
Q

Additive Action

A

Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each

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5
Q

Aerosol

A

Particles of drug suspended in air

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6
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein

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7
Q

Antagonistic Action

A

Combination of two drugs give less than an additive effect

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8
Q

Antidote

A

Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

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9
Q

Brand Name

A

Commercial name for a drug
Trademark or Trade name

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10
Q

Chemical Name

A

Chemical formula for a drug

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11
Q

Generic Name

A

Legal noncommercial name for a drug

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12
Q

Contraindications

A

Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment

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13
Q

Controlled Substances

A

Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence that have potential for abuse or addiction

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14
Q

Dependence

A

Prolonged use of a drug that may lead to a physiologic need for its actions in the body

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15
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug administered

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16
Q

FDA

A

Food & Drug Administration
US Government agency with legal responsibility to enforce proper drug manufacture and clinical use

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17
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel

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18
Q

Idiosyncratic Reaction

A

Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people

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19
Q

Medicinal Chemistry

A

Study of new drug synthesis
Relationship between chemical structure & biological effects

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20
Q

Molecular Pharmacology

A

Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules

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21
Q

Oral Administration

A

Drugs are given by mouth

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22
Q

Sublingual Administration

A

Drugs are given by placement under the tongue
SL

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23
Q

Rectal Administration

A

Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum

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24
Q

Inhalation

A

Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth

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25
Q

Topical Application

A

Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

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26
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles or veins
Intracavitary; Intradermal; Intramuscular (IM); Intrathecal; Intravenous (IV); Subcutaneous (SC) or (SQ) or (subQ)

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27
Q

Pharmacist

A

Pharmacology Professional - PharmD
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs

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28
Q

Pharmacy

A

Location for preparing and dispensing drugs
The study of preparing and dispensing drugs

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29
Q

Pharmacologist

A

Pharmacology Professional - MD or PhD
Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

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30
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of a drug’s effects in the body

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31
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of a drug’s absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time

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32
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

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33
Q

PDR

A

Physician’s Desk Reference
Reference book that lists drug products

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34
Q

Receptor

A

Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body

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35
Q

Resistance

A

Lack of beneficial response

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36
Q

Response

A

Desired and beneficial effect of a drug

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37
Q

Schedule

A

Exact timing and frequency of drug administration

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38
Q

Side Effect

A

Adverse reaction, usually minor that routinely results from use of a drug

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39
Q

Synergism

A

Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone

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40
Q

Syringe

A

Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body

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41
Q

Tolerance

A

Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect

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42
Q

Toxicity

A

Harmful effects of a drug

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43
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body

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44
Q

Transport

A

Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells

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45
Q

USP

A

United States Pharmacopeia
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing

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46
Q

Vitamin

A

Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health

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47
Q

A.C. or AC

A

Before meals

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48
Q

ACE

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

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49
Q

Ad-lib

A

Freely; As desired

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50
Q

APAP

A

Acetaminophen

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51
Q

ARB

A

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

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52
Q

B.I.D. or BID

A

Two times a day

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53
Q

C-

A

With

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54
Q

Caps

A

Capsules

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55
Q

CC

A

Cubic Centimeter

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56
Q

GM or G

A

Gram

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57
Q

GTT

A

Drops

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58
Q

H

A

Hour

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59
Q

H.S. or HS

A

At bedtime

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60
Q

H2 Blocker

A

Histamine h2 receptor antagonist

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61
Q

HRT

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy

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62
Q

INH

A

Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent

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63
Q

MAOI

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

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64
Q

MG

A

Milligram

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65
Q

ML

A

Milliliter

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66
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by mouth

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67
Q

NSAID

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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68
Q

P-

A

After

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69
Q

P.C. or PC

A

After Meals

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70
Q

PCA

A

Patient controlled analgesia

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71
Q

P.O. or PO

A

By Mouth

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72
Q

P.R.N. or PRN

A

As needed; as necessary

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73
Q

PT

A

Patient

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74
Q

Q

A

Every

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75
Q

Q.H. or QH

A

Every hour

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76
Q

Q2H

A

Every 2 hours

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77
Q

Q.I.D. or QID

A

Four times a day

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78
Q

Q.S. or QS

A

Sufficient quantity

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79
Q

QAM

A

Every morning

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80
Q

QPM

A

Every evening

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81
Q

RX

A

Prescription

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82
Q

S-

A

Without

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83
Q

SERM

A

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

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84
Q

SIG.

A

Directions - how to take medication

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85
Q

S.O.S.

A

If it is necessary

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86
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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87
Q

TAB

A

Tablet

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88
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

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89
Q

T.I.D. or TID

A

Three times daily

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90
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor

A

Lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels.
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).

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91
Q

Amphetamine
Caffeine

A

Central nervous system stimulant

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92
Q

Analgesic

A

Relieves pain

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93
Q

Androgen

A

Male hormone

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94
Q

Anesthetic

A

Reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local

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95
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker

A

Lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

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96
Q

Antacid

A

Neutralizes acid in the stomach

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97
Q

Antiandrogen

A

Blocks formation of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues

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98
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

Treats abnormal heart rhythms

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99
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body

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100
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Prevents blood clotting

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101
Q

Anticonvulsant

A

Prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity)

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102
Q

Antidepressant

A

Relieves symptoms of depression

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103
Q

Antidiabetic

A

Given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus

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104
Q

Antidiarrheal

A

Prevents diarrhea

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105
Q

Antiemetic
Antinauseant

A

Prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting

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106
Q

Antihistamine

A

Blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy

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107
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

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108
Q

Antiplatelet

A

Reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot

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109
Q

Antiulcer

A

Inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach

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110
Q

Antiviral

A

Acts against viruses such as herpes viruses and HIV

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111
Q

Aromatase Inhibitor

A

Reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase

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112
Q

Beta Blocker
Beta-Blocker

A

Blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.

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113
Q

Bisphosphonate

A

Prevents bone loss in osteoporosis

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114
Q

Calcium Channel Blocker
Calcium Antagonist

A

Blocks the entrance of calcium into the heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive;

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115
Q

Cardiac Glycoside

A

Drug that treats heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart
-Digoxin is an example

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116
Q

Cardiovascular Drug

A

Acts on the heart and blood vessels.
Includes ACE Inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Statins, and Diuretics

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117
Q

Cathartic

A

Relieves constipation

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118
Q

Cholesterol-Binding Drug

A

Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract

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119
Q

Cholesterol-Lowering Drug
Statin

A

Lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver

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120
Q

Diuretic
Antihypertensive

A

Increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body

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121
Q

Emetic

A

Promotes vomiting

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122
Q

Endocrine Drug

A

Hormone or Hormone-like drug
- Androgens, Estrogens, Progestins, SERMS, Thyroid Hormones & Glucocorticoids

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123
Q

Estrogen

A

Female Hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues

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124
Q

Gastrointestinal Drug

A

Relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract
- Antacids, Antiulcers, Antidiarrheals, Cathartics, Laxatives, Purgatives, and antiemetics.

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125
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation

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126
Q

Hypnotic

A

Produces sleep or a trance-like state

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127
Q

Laxative

A

Weak cathartic

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128
Q

Narcotic

A

Habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility
- Morphine and Opium

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129
Q

Progestin

A

Female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormonal replacement therapy.

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130
Q

Purgative

A

Relieves constipation
Strong cathartic

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131
Q

Respiratory Drug

A

Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of respiratory system
Bronchodilators

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132
Q

Sedative

A

Mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep
Benzodiazepines

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133
Q

Stimulant

A

Excites and promotes activity
Caffeine and amphetamines

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134
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

Stimulates cellular metabolism

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135
Q

Tranquilizer

A

Controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior

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136
Q

Integumentary System

A

The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, & glands)
Integument means covering

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137
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin, Cellular Membrane Layer
Contains Keratin
Lacks blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & connective tissue (elastic fibers, cartilage, fat)
Made of multilayered cells that die at the same rate they are replaced
Within 3-4 weeks after beginning as a basal cell in the deepest part, keratinized cells are sloughed off from the surface of the skin.
Constantly renewing itself, process slows with age

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138
Q

Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Cells that make up the epidermis, they are flat and scale-like
Cells are arranged in several layers to form this

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139
Q

Basal Layer

A

Deepest region of the epidermis
Cells are constantly growing and multiplying
As cells divide, they are pushed upward and away from the blood supply by a steady stream of younger cells.

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140
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis
Cells flatten, shrink, lose nuclei, die and become filled with keratin.

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141
Q

Keratin

A

Hard protein material found in epidermis, hair, and nails
Means horn and is commonly found in the horns of animals

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142
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Cells that are composed of keratin
Come from the stratum corneum

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143
Q

Melanocytes

A

Special cells in the basal layer that contain the pigment that is transferred to other cells and give color to the skin.
Number in all human races is the same

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144
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment that gives color to skin
Amount within each cell accounts for the color differences among the races
Eu is black-brown pigment
Pheo is red-yellow pigment

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145
Q

Albinism

A

Condition wherein melanin is not formed in the skin leaving hair and skin white
Eye color varies and ranges from red to blue to brown depending on the amount of melanin present in the iris.

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146
Q

Occulocutaneous Albinism

A

Affects eyes, skin, and hair

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147
Q

Ocular Albinism

A

Affects the eyes only

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148
Q

Dermis

A

Dense, Fibrous, Connective Tissue layer
Composed of interwoven elastin and collagen fibers.

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149
Q

Elastin

A

Protein that is elastic and helps skin to return to its original position when pinched or poked
During pregnancy, overstretching of the skin may break the fibers resulting in striae.

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150
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and the skin.
Tough and resistant but also flexible.
In infancy, loose and delicate, becomes harder as the body ages.
Support and protect the blood and nerve networks that pass through dermis.
Diseases affect connective tissues of the body - ex: scleroderma

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151
Q

Striae

A

Stretch Marks

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152
Q

Subcutaneous Layer
SubQ

A

Thick, Fat-Containing Tissue
Specializes in the formation of fat
Adipocytes are predominant
Important in protection of the deeper tissues of the body, as a heat insulator and for energy storage

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153
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat Cells
Manufacture and store large quantities of fat
Disposition varies in different areas of the body and among individual people

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154
Q

Hair Follicles

A

Sacs within which each hair fiber grows

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155
Q

Lunula

A

Semilunar whitish region at the base of the nail plate

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156
Q

Cuticle

A

Narrow band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

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157
Q

Paronychium

A

Soft tissue surrounding the nail border

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158
Q

Onycholysis

A

Loosening of the nail plate with separation from the nail bed

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159
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

Located in the dermal layer of the skin over entire body with exception of palms, soles, lips.
Secrete oily substance
Ducts open into hair follicles through which sebum is released
Influenced by sex hormones, which can cause them to hypertrophy at puberty and atrophy in old age.

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160
Q

Sebum

A

Oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
Contain lipids
Lubricate the skin and minimize water loss
Increased production during puberty contributes to blackhead formation and acne

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161
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces
Most numerous in the palm and sole
Originate deep in the dermis and straighten out to extend up through the epidermis

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162
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A

Most numerous sweat-producing exocrine gland in the skin

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163
Q

Pore

A

Tiny opening on the surface of the skin at the end of a sweat gland

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164
Q

Sweat
Perspiration

A

Almost pure water, with dissolved materials such as salt making up less than 1% of the total composition
Colorless and odorless - odor comes when sweat accumulates on the skin and is caused by the action of bacteria on the sweat
Cools the body as it evaporates
Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

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165
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Large dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas
Secretes sweat that in action with bacteria is responsible for human body odor

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166
Q

Lesion

A

Area of abnormal tissue anywhere on or in the body.
May be caused by disease or trauma

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167
Q

Crust Lesion

A

Collection of dried serum and cellular debris
- Scab: forms from the drying of a body exudate

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168
Q

Cyst Lesion

A

Thick-Walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid(s) or semisolid material(s)
- Pilonidal: found over the sacral area of back in midline and contains hairs
- Epidermoid: collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotum

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169
Q

Erosion Lesion

A

Wearing away or loss of epidermis
Do not penetrate below the dermo-epidermal junction
Occur as a result of inflammation or injury and heal without scarring

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170
Q

Fissure Lesion

A

Groove or crack-like sore
- Anal: break in the skin lining of the anal canal

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171
Q

Macule Lesion

A

Flat, pigmented measuring less than 1 cm in diameter
Freckles, tattoo marks, flat moles
- Patch: large macule, greater than 1 cm in diameter

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172
Q

Nodule Lesion

A

Solid, round or oval elevated measuring 1 cm or more in diameter
Enlarged lymph node and solid growths

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173
Q

Papule Lesion

A

Small, solid elevation less than 1 cm in diameter
May become confluent and form plaques which are elevated
- Skin Tag: small benign growths usually attached to the skin via a stalk (pedunculated)
- Pimples

174
Q

Pustule Lesion

A

Papule containing pus
Small abscess (collection of pus) on the skin

175
Q

Ulcer Lesion

A

Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes
- Bedsore: pressure that results from lying in one position (decubitus)
- Pressure: usually involve loss of tissue substance and pus or exudate formation

176
Q

Vesicle Lesion

A

Small collection of clear fluid (serum)
Form in skin after burns and may be seen with allergies or dermatitis
- Blisters

177
Q

Wheal Lesion

A

Smooth, swollen (edematous) papule or plaque that is centrally redder than the surrounding skin
May be papular, like mosquito bites, or may involve a wide area, as in some allergic reactions
Often accompanied by itching and see in hives, anaphylaxis, and insect bites

178
Q

Alopecia

Alopecia Areata

A

Absence of hair from where it normally grows
Can be hereditary or may be caused by disease, injury, treatment or may occur with old age
Autoimmune disease where hair falls out in round patches without scarring or inflammation

179
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Bluish-Purplish mark (bruise) on the skin
Caused by hemorrhages into the skin from injury or spontaneous leaking of blood from vessels

180
Q

Petechia

A

Small pinpoint hemorrhage
Smaller versions of ecchymoses

181
Q

Purpura

A

Bleeding into the skin

182
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching
Condition, NOT an inflammation. Make sure it’s spelled right
Symptom associated with most forms of dermatitis and with other conditions as well
Arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by substances released in allergic reactions or by irritation caused by substances in the blood or by foreign bodies

183
Q

Acne

A

Chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum

184
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

Caused by buildup of sebum and keratin in the pores of the skin

185
Q

Blackhead

A

Open comedo or comedone which forms when the pore is partially blocked by a sebum plug

186
Q

Whitehead

A

Closed comedo or comedone which forms when the pore becomes completely blocked

187
Q

Burns

A

Injury to tissues cause by heat contact
Can be caused by dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid), chemicals, lightning, electricity, or radiation.
First-Degree: Superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, and no blisters
Second-Degree: Epidermal and dermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia and blisters. Wound is painful and very sensitive to touch and air
Third-Degree: Epidermis and dermis are destroyed (necrosis of skin), subcutaneous (subQ) layer is damaged, leaving charred, white tissue. Wound is insensate
Second and Third Degree cause breaches in the skin’s protective layer and expose underlying issues, allowing pathogens and toxins direct access to the internal environment of the body. Breach also causes loss of water and electrolytes.

188
Q

Cellulitis

A

Diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain and swelling
Abscess formation and tissue destruction can occur if appropriate antibiotic therapy is not given
Poor lymphatic drainage areas are susceptible to this infection

189
Q

Eczema (Atopic Dermatits)

A

Inflammatory Skin Disease with erythematous, papulvesicular, or papulosquamous lesions
Often begins on face, hands, and at elbow crease or back of knee crease
Atopic means pertaining to atopy, meaning out of place or unusual

190
Q

Exanthematous Viral Diseases

A

Rash due to viral infection
- Rubella: German Measles
- Rubeola: Measles
- Varicella: Chickenpox
No longer as common in children because of vaccination programs

191
Q

Erythema Infectiosum

A

Common exanthematous viral disease marked by fever and rash that has “slapped cheek” appearance on the face and later the arms, buttocks, and trunk
Caused by parvovirus

192
Q

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease

A

Common viral illness in children caused by an enterovirus

193
Q

Gangrene

A

Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
Ischemia resulting from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diseases such as diabetes, or arteriosclerosis can lead to necrosis of tissue followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction (proteins are decomposed by bacteria)

194
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions
Contagious pyoderma, caused by staphylococci or streptococci
Systemic use of antibiotics combined with proper cleansing of lesions is effective treatment

195
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales
Commonly involves forearms, knees, legs, and scalp
Isn’t infectious or contagious
Autoinflammatory disease that can run in families
Treatment is palliative (relieves doesn’t cure)

196
Q

Scabies

A

Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus
Commonly affects areas such as the groin, nipples, and skin between the fingers
Topical medicated cream to destroy the scabies mites is treatment

197
Q

Scleroderma

A

Chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue
Fibrous scar-like tissue forms in the skin, and the heart, lungs, kidneys, and esophagus may be affected as well
Skin is thick, hard, and rigid, with areas of both depigmentation and hyperpigmentation
Autoimmune disease for which palliative treatment consists of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents, antifibrotics, and physical therapy

198
Q

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
-
-
Lupus Vulgaris

A

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
Affects joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs
Primarily affects females
Meaning wolf-like, the shape and color of the erosive skin lesions and tissue loss resembling a wolf attack.
Produces a characteristic “butterfly” pattern of redness over the cheeks and nose
In more severe cases erythema increases all exposed areas may be involved
High levels of certain autoantibodies are found in the patient’s blood Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are used to control symptoms
Photosensitive, scaling, plaque-like eruption of the skin confined to the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms and back
Heals with scarring
Cutaneous form of tuberculosis

199
Q

Tinea

A

Infection of the skin caused by a fungus.
Antifungal agents are used for treatment
Corporis - Ringworm
Pedis - Athlete’s Foot
Capitis - On the Scalp
Barbae - Under the Beard
Unguium - Affects the nails

200
Q

Urticaria
Hives

A

Acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on skin
Often a reaction to foods or medication.
Histamine is released into bloodstream causing pruritus and edema.

201
Q

Vitiligo

A

Loss of pigment in areas of the skin
Form of leukoderma
Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process and there is an increased association with autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus

202
Q

Callus

A

Increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction

203
Q

Keloid

A

Excess hypertrophied thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision

204
Q

Cicatrix

A

Normal scar left by a healed wound

205
Q

Actinic Keratosis
-
Seborrheic Keratosis

A

Thickened and rough lesion of the epidermis
Associated with aging or skin damage
Caused by long-term UV light exposure
A precancerous lesion that can evolve into squamous cell carcinoma
Benign lesion, dark in color, results from overgrown of the upper epidermis

206
Q

Leukoplakia

A

White, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek
Evolves into squamous cell carcinoma
One type is a precancerous lesion that is common in smokers and may be caused by chronic inflammation

207
Q

Nevus

Dysplastic Nevi

A

Pigmented lesion of the skin
Commonly known as moles
Moles that have atypical cells that may progress to malignant melanoma

208
Q

-
-
-
Verruca Vulgaris
Plantar Warts
Juvenile Warts
Venereal Warts

A

Epidermal growth caused by a virus
Commonly known as warts
Removed with acids, freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryosurgery), or immune therapy
If virus remains in the skin, the wart frequently regrows
Most frequent type of wart
Occur on the soles of the feet
Occur on the hands and face of children
Occur on the genitals and around the anus

209
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCC

A

Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
Most common cancer in humans and most common skin cancer
Slow-growing tumor that usually occurs on chronically sun- exposed skin
Almost never metastasizes

210
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SCC

A

Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis.
Tumor may grow in places other than the skin, where squamous epithelium is found (mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, lungs).
Advanced lesions are often nodular and ulcerated.
Treatment is removal by surgical excision, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, or radiotherapy.

211
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
Usually occurs after prolonged exposure to sunlight in sunburned or darkly tanned areas of the skin
Usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black macule with irregular borders
May turn shades of red, blue and white and may crust on the surface and bleed
Frequently appear on upper back, lower legs, arms, head and neck
Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis of melanoma, and prognosis is best determined by tumor thickness and by the presence of spread to lymph nodes.
Treatment of initial lesions consists of excision of tumors and regional lymphadenectomy.
Often metastasize to the lung, liver, bone, and brain.
For metastatic disease, patients receive drugs that target B-RAF mutations or immunotherapy.

212
Q

ABCDEs of Melanoma

A

ASSYMETRY - one half unlike the other half
BORDER - irregular or poorly circumscribed border
COLOR - varies from one area to another; shades of tan, brown, black and sometimes white, red or blue
DIAMETER - usually larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
EVOLUTION - change in lesion over time

213
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules.
Frequently on arms and legs
Range in color from deep pink to dark blue and purple
One form of condition is associated with AIDS

214
Q

Angioedema

A

Swelling around the face

215
Q

Bacterial Analyses

A

Samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms

216
Q

Purulent

A

Pus-filled

217
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid that accumulates

218
Q

Fungal Tests

A

Scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a lab for culture and microscopic identification of fungal infection

219
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Use of subfreezing temperature achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue

220
Q

Curettage

A

Use of a sharp dermal curette to scrape away a skin lesion

221
Q

Electrodesiccation

A

Tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark

222
Q

Mohs Surgery

A

Thin layers of malignant tissue are removed and each slice gets examined microscopically to check for adequate extent of resection

223
Q

Skin Biopsy

A

Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process

224
Q

Punch Biopsy

A

Surgical instrument removes a core of tissue obtained by rotation of its sharp, circular edge

225
Q

Shave Biopsy

A

Tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin

226
Q

Skin Tests

A

Substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin, and results are observed

227
Q

Patch Test

A

Allergen treated piece of gauze or filter paper is applied to the skin, and if the skin becomes red or swollen, the result is positive

228
Q

Scratch Test

A

Several scratches are made in the skin, and a very minute amount of test material is inserted into the scratches

229
Q

Schick Test

A

Used to check for diptheria

230
Q

Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)
or Mantoux Test

A

Used to check for tuberculosis

231
Q

Rule of Nines

A

Tool medical providers use to quickly assess and estimate the severity of burns, which helps guide their treatment decisions.
Adults: arm is 9 (4.5%), leg is 18 (9%), torso is 36 (18%), head is 9 (4.5%), and groin is 1 (1%).
Numbers are adjusted for children and infants because their proportions are slightly different.
Children: shoulder to elbow is 4%, elbow to wrist is 3%, wrist to fingers is 2.5%, hip to knee is 4%, knee to ankle is 5.5%, ankle to toes is 3.5%, torso is 13%, neck is 2%, head is 6.5%, groin is 1%.
Infant: arm is 9%, leg is 14%, torso is 13%, head is 18%, groin is 1%.

232
Q

Psoralen Ultraviolet A Light Therapy (PUVA)

A

Treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions

233
Q

Biopsy (Bx)

A

Medical procedure where a sample of cells or tissue is taken from a patient for the purposes of examination and diagnosis

234
Q

Bone

A

Dense, hard connective tissue compsing the skeleton
Long (femur), short (carpal), flat (scapula), sesamoid (patella)

235
Q

Cartilage

A

Flexible, connective tissue
Found in immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces

236
Q

Ossification
Osteogenesis

A

Bone Formation - process in which cartilage is replaced with bone
Formation depends largely on proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to bone tissues

237
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

Found deep in bone tissues
Only bone cells that can undergo mitosis (dividing to make new cells)
Undifferentiated bone cells that develop into osteoblasts

238
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature osteocytes that produce bony tissue replacing cartilage during ossification
These work with osteoclasts throughout life to keep bones healthy and strong
When a bone breaks, these lay down mineral bone matter (calcium salts)

239
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix of bone
Responsibility is to nourish and maintain bone tissue
Most common bone cells

240
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue
Also called bone phagocytes
Digest bone tissue from inner sides of bone to enlarges inner bone cavity so the bone does not become overly thick and heavy
Originate from two types of white blood cells: monocytes and macrophages
These work with osteoblasts throughout life to keep bones healthy & strong
When a bone breaks, these remove excess bone debris (smooth out bone)

241
Q

Vitamin D

A

Necessary to facilitate the movement of calcium across the lining of the intestines

242
Q

Calcium

A

In bones combines with phosphorus to give bones rigid structure
Important from proper muscle and nervous tissue function
Level in blood is tightly regulated by hormones that stimulate release from bones when blood levels are low and stimulate storage when blood levels are high

243
Q

Calcium Phosphate

A

Major calcium salt in bones

244
Q

Phosphorus

A

In bones combines with calcium to give bones rigid structure

245
Q

Fracture

A

Most common pathologic condition of bones
Usually a result of trauma
Can be result of severe muscle spasms and/or weakening of the bone from disease
Classification is based on complexity, location, and other distinguishing characteristics
Some types occur only in specific bones

246
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Result from the weakening of bone because of disease such as neoplasms, Paget’s disease, or osteoporosis

247
Q

Depression Fracture

A

Happens when a piece of skull is broken free and is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain

248
Q

Fracture Treatment

A

Involves putting the bone back into proper place, if necessary, and then immobilization

249
Q

Reduction

A

Process of putting bone back into proper place for fracture treatment
Can be performed open or closed.
Closed - performed through manipulation of the affected area to ease bone back into position
Open - surgical procedure performed by opening skin around affected area and manipulating bone directly - often includes fixation with rods, plates, screws, etc.

250
Q

Immobilization

A

Most of the time can be achieved by use of a cast
Some areas, such as clavicle or ribs, cannot be casted, so other means are used

251
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Specialized connective tissue that bones are chiefly composed of

252
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft, or middle region, of a long bone

253
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of a long bone

254
Q

Epiphyseal Line or Plate

A

Represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
Commonly knows as the growth plate
Cartilage cells at the edges form new bone which is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood an adolescence
Plate calcifies and disappears when bone has achieved full growth

255
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared portion of bone that lies between epiphysis and diaphysis, adjacent to epiphyseal plate

256
Q

Periosteum

A

Strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at ends of epiphyses.
Has extensive nerve supply
Covers all bones

257
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Very smooth, strong, slick tissue that covers the end of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint
Cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently
When two bones come together to form a joint, the bones do not touch, this that caps the end of one bone comes into contact with this that caps the other bone
Does not disappear like cartilage of epiphyseal line or plate, but is present throughout life

258
Q

Compact (Cortical) Bone

A

Layer of hard, dense bone that lies under periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones

259
Q

Haversian Canals

A

System of small canals in the compact (cortical) bone containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products like carbon dioxide

260
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Area of compact bone that is tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones that contains yellow bone marrow

261
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

Composed chiefly of fat cells

262
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone
Much more porous and less dense that compact bone
Mineral matter laid down in series of separated bony fibers making up spongy latticework
Spaces contain red bone marrow

263
Q

Trabeculae

A

Interwoven fibers found largely in epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most other bones

264
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Consists of immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development

265
Q

Hematopoeisis

A

Production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

266
Q

Sutures

A

Name of the joints where cranial bones join each other

267
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft Spots - “Little Fountains”
Gaps of unossified tissue in the skull at birth

268
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes

269
Q

Parietal Bone

A

Two bones (one bone on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

270
Q

Temporal Bone

A

Two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible

271
Q

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A

Area of connection between temporal and mandibular bones

272
Q

Mastoid Process

A

Round process of the temporal bone behind the ear

273
Q

Styloid Process

A

Projects downward from the temporal bone

274
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture

275
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone that the spinal cord passes through

276
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
Serves as an anchor to hold frontal, occipital and ethmoid bones together

277
Q

Sella Turcica
“Turkish Saddle”

A

Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

278
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Thin, delicate bone that supports nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
Composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone that contains numerous small holes

279
Q

Bone Process

A

Enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

280
Q

Bone Depression

A

Openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

281
Q

Bone Head

A

Rounded end of bone

282
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone

283
Q

Epicondyle

A

Small rounded process above condyle

284
Q

Trochanters

A

Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur

285
Q

Tuberosity
Tubercle

A

Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus (heel bone), and pelvis)

286
Q

Fissure (Depression)

A

Narrow groove or slit-like opening
ie: orbital fissure (eye socket)

287
Q

Foramen (Depression)

A

Opening for blood vessels and nerves
ie: foramen magnum of the skull

288
Q

Fossa (Depression)

A

Shallow cavity in or on a bone
ie: olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus

289
Q

Sinus (Depression)

A

Hollow cavity within bone
ie: sinuses of the skull

290
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
They join with the frontal bone superiorly and form part of this septum

291
Q

Lacrimal Bones

A

Two small, thin bones located at corner of each eye
Contain fossae for the gland and canals for passage of the duct

292
Q

Maxillary Bones

A

Two large bones that compose massive upper jawbones
Joined by suture in median plane

293
Q

Cleft Palate

A

When the two bones of the maxillary do not come together normally before birth

294
Q

Mandibular Bone

A

Lower jawbone joins skull at the region of the temporal bone forming the TMJ on either side of the skull
Only facial bone capable of movement which is necessary for activities such as chewing and speaking

295
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

296
Q

Alveoli

A

Both maxilla and mandible contain these sockets that have teeth embedded in them

297
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Two bones, one on each side of the face, that form high portion of the cheek

298
Q

Vomer

A

Thin, single, flat bone that forms lower portion of nasal septum

299
Q

Sinuses
Air Cavities

A

Located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes through

300
Q

Vertebral (Spinal) Column

A

Composed of 26 bone segments that are arranged in five divisions from base of skull to tailbone

301
Q

Vertebrae

A

Name of bone segments in spinal column

302
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Fibrocartilaginous structures that separate the bones of the spinal column
Provides flexibility and absorbs shocks to spinal column

303
Q

Spinal Disc Herniation

A

Occurs when tear in an intervertebral disc causes a portion of the disc to bulgd out into the neural canal

304
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Inner, thick, round anterior portion of each bone segment in the spinal column

305
Q

Spinous Process

A

Bony projection off the posterior of each vertebra
Serves to attach muscles and ligaments

306
Q

Transverse Process

A

Bony projection on either side of each vertebra
Serves as a point of attachment for muscles that help move the vertebrae as well as ligaments that stabilize the vertebral column

307
Q

Lamina

A

Flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal
Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord
Connects spinous process and transverse process

308
Q

Neural Canal
Spinal Canal

A

Space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes

309
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

First seven bones of the vertebral column
Form the bony aspect of the neck
C1-C7
Do not articulate (join) with the ribs

310
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Second set of twelve vertebral bones
T1-T12
These vertebrae articulate with the ribs

311
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Third set of five vertebral bones
L1-L5
Strongest and largest of the vertebrae
Do not articulate with the ribs

312
Q

Sacral Vertebrae
Sacrum

A

Five separate bones that fuse in a young child.
In an adult, the sacrum is a slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone.

313
Q

Coccyx

A

The tailbone - also a fused bone formed from four small coccygeal bones

314
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar Bone
Slender bone, positioned anteriorly (ventrally), one on each side
Connects the breastbone (sternum) to each shoulder blade (scapula)

315
Q

Scapula
Plural: Scapulae

A

Shoulder Blade
One of two flat, triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax

316
Q

Acromion

A

Extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder

317
Q

Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

A

Formed by the joining of the the acromion and the scapula

318
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

Shoulder joint

319
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone
Flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest
Upper part articulates on the sides with the clavicle and ribs
Lower, narrower portion is attached to the ribs, diaphragm and abdominal muscles

320
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Lowest part of the sternum

321
Q

Manubrium

A

Uppermost portion of the sternum

322
Q

Ribs

A

There are twelve pairs
1-7 join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly
8-10 join with the vertebral column posteriorly, but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum
11 and 12 are completely free at their anterior ends

323
Q

Costal Cartilages

A

Cartilaginous attachments that join the first seven pairs of ribs to the sternum anteriorly

324
Q

True Ribs

A

Ribs one through seven
Join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly

325
Q

False Ribs

A

Ribs eight through ten
Join with the vertebral column posteriorly but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum

326
Q

Floating Ribs

A

Ribs eleven and twelve
Completely free at their anterior ends

327
Q

Humerus

A

Upper Arm Bone
Large head is rounded and joins with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder or the glenohumeral joint

328
Q

Labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage that guides the humerus as it moves in the glenoid fossa

329
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

Group of muscles with tendons that surround the shoulder joint

330
Q

Ulna

A

Medial forearm bone

331
Q

Olecranon

A

Proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow
Bony point formed when the elbow is bent
Elbow bone

332
Q

Radius

A

Lateral forearm bone
In line with thumb

333
Q

Carpals

A

Two rows of four bones in the wrist

334
Q

Metacarpals

A

Five bones in the palm of the hand

335
Q

Phalanges
Singular: Phalanx

A

Finger bones
Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges: a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx
The thumb has only two phalanges: a proximal and a distal phalanx

336
Q

Pelvic Girdle
Pelvis

A

Collection of bones that supports the trunk of the body
Articulates with the femur to form the hip joint
Adult is composed of three pairs of fused bones: iium, ischium, and pubis
Joins with the single posteriorly (dorsally) located sacrum

337
Q

Ilium

A

Uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis

338
Q

Sacoiliac Joints

A

Joining of two parts of the ilium and the sacrum on either side
Very firm and very little motion occurs in these joints

339
Q

Iliac Crest

A

Superior part of the ilium
Filled with red bone marrow and serves as attachment for abdominal wall muscles as well as strong muscles of the him and buttocks

340
Q

Ischium

A

Inferior or lower part of the pelvis, which along with ligaments, tendons and muscles attached to it are what you sit on

341
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior part of the pelvis

342
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A

Two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disc
Area is quite rigid

343
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
Rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder, and female reproductive organs lie within and are protected by the rigid architecture of the pelvic girdle

344
Q

Femur

A

Thigh bone
Longest bone in the body
At proximal end it has a rounded head that fits into a depression, or socket, in pelvis

345
Q

Acetabulum

A

Socket in pelvis that femur fits into
named because of resemblance to rounded cup Romans used for vinegar (acetum)

346
Q

Hip Joint

A

Head of the femur and the acetabulum form this ball-and-socket joint

347
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap
Small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and the tibia
Sesamoid bone surrounded by protective tendons and held in place by muscle attachments

348
Q

Knee Joint

A

Created by meeting of femur, tibia, and patella

349
Q

Tibia

A

Shin Bone
Larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Runs under the skin in the front part of the leg
Joins with the femur and patella proximally

350
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller of the two lower legs bones
Thin bone, well hidden under leg muscles, runs parallel to tibia

351
Q

Malleolus

A

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint

352
Q

Medial Malleolus

A

Distal end of the tibia forms a flare creating bony prominence at the inside of the ankle

353
Q

Lateral Malleolus

A

Distal end of the fibula forms a flare creating bony prominence on the outside of the ankle

354
Q

Ankle Joint

A

Created by meeting of tibia, fibula and talus

355
Q

Talus

A

First of the tarsal bones and one of the bones that forms the ankle joint

356
Q

Tarsals

A

Bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot
Seven short bones resemble carpal bones of the wrist but are larger

357
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel Bone
Largest of the tarsal bones

358
Q

Metatarsals

A

Five bones between the tarsals and phalanges
Similar to metacarpals, each articulates with the phalanges of the toes

359
Q

Phalanges of the toes

A

Bones of the forefoot
Two phalanges in the big toe (a proximal and a distal phalanx) and three in each of the other toes (a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx)

360
Q

Tendon

A

Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

361
Q

Ligament

A

Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones
Bands, sheets, or strands located in and around joints
Anchor one bone to another
Add considerable strength to joint capsule in critical areas

362
Q

Orthopedist

A

Medical doctor who specialize in bone, joint and muscle conditions

363
Q

Physiatrist

A

Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation

364
Q

Joint
Articulation

A

Coming together of tow or more bones

365
Q

Suture Joints

A

immovable joints
ie: between skull bones

366
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Freely movable joints

367
Q

Ball-and-Socket Type Joints

A

Hip
Shoulder

368
Q

Hinge Type Joints

A

Elbow
Knee
Ankle

369
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Surrounds synovial joint
Composed of fibrous tissue

370
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers bones at the joint

371
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Lies under the joint capsule in the synovial cavity

372
Q

Synovial Cavity

A

Space between the bones
Filled with special lubricating fluid produced by synovial membrane

373
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Contains water and nutrients that nourish articular cartilage
Minimizes friction allowing joints to move smoothly
Similar in viscosity to egg whites

374
Q

Meniscus

A

Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure
Partly divides joint cavity
Acts as protective cushion
Helps evenly transfer weight from one bone to another
Present in a few joints, but most well known are ones in the knee

375
Q

Bursa
Plural: Bursae

A

Closed sac of synovial fluid lines with synovial membrane
Located near, but not within joint
Present wherever two types of tissue need to slide past one another with as little friction as possible
Serve as layers of lubrication between tissues
Common sites are between the following:
* tendons and bones,
* ligaments and bones
* skin and bones where bony anatomy is prominent
Common locations are the following:
* elbow (olecranon) joint
* knee (prepatellar) joint
* shoulder (subacromial) joint

376
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of any joint

377
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

378
Q

Gout
Gouty Arthritis

A

Inflammation and painful swelling in an around joints
Caused by uric acid crystal deposits

379
Q

Hyperuircemia

A

Congenital defect in metabolism of uric acid causes too much to accumulate in the blood

380
Q

Podagra

A

Name for gouty arthritis when it affects the big toe

381
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative Joint Disease

A

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper trophy of bone at articular surfaces

382
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain
Caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

383
Q

Bony Ankylosis

A

Fibrous tissue forms and calcifies at the joint preventing movement

384
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

385
Q

Bunion

A

Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at base of big toe

386
Q

Halux Valgus

A

Another name for bunion
Great toe; abnormal angulation of the toe

387
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist

388
Q

Dislocation

A

Displacement of a bone from its joint

389
Q

Shoulder Dislocation

A

Disruption of articulation between head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula

390
Q

Hip Disocation

A

Disruption of articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis

391
Q

Reduction

A

Treatment for dislocation which restores bones to their normal positions

392
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial or incomplete dislocation

393
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A

Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons in the hand

394
Q

Herniation of Intervertebral Disc

A

Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
Commonly referred to as a “slipped disc”

395
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain radiating down the leg

396
Q

Microdiscectomy

A

Removal of a portion of the protruding disc

397
Q

Lyme Disease
Lyme Arthritis

A

Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia or malaise
Caused by bacterium carried by a tick

398
Q

Sprain

A

Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around the joint

399
Q

Strain

A

Injury involving overstretching of the muscle

400
Q

Striated Muscle Tissue

A

Makes up the muscles connected to the bones of the skeleton
Also known as skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscles, controlled by the conscious mind through central and peripheral nervous system
Move all bones, as well as controlling all facial expression and eye movements
Cells have appearance of pattern of dark and light bands in the cytoplasm under the microscope
Arranged un bundles and each connects with neuron of the of the nervous system providing a way to communicate with the brain.
Don’t work properly without effect communication from the nervous system
Each cell has only one nucleus

401
Q

Fibril

A

Pattern of dark and light bands in cytoplasm of striated muscles

402
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Found throughout body in visceral organs, secretory ducts, and walls of blood vessels
Called visceral because of connection to visceral organs
Involuntary muscles, not controlled by conscious mind
Uniform shape and appearance under microscope
Each cell has only one nucleus
Arranged in sheets that wrap around structures
Some interaction with nervous system
Muscles can respond to hormonal and other local stimuli

403
Q

Cardia Muscle Tissue

A

Only found in the heart
Shares qualities with both skeletal and visceral muscle tissues
Striated but structurally different due to branching appearance and have one or two nuclei.
Involuntary muscle that cannot be controlled by the conscious mind
Do not require interaction with nervous system for all functions
Respond to hormonal and local stimuli and electronically communicate with surrounding cells to coordinate muscular contractions

404
Q

Origin

A

Point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone
Most often, lies proximal in skeleton
For biceps, it’s at the scapula

405
Q

Insertion

A

Point of junction of the muscle to the bones that moves
Most often, lies distal in skeleton
For biceps, its at the radius

406
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

Closes eyelids and wrinkles forehead

407
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Turns head

408
Q

Pectoris Major

A

Adducts, Flexes, Rotates shoulder inward

409
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

Flexes and supinates forearm

410
Q

Triceps Brachii

A

Extends forearm and adducts arm

411
Q

Deltoid

A

Abducts shoulder

412
Q

Trapezius

A

Elevates shoulder

413
Q

Masseter

A

Closes jaw for chewing

414
Q

Temporalis

A

Closes Jaw

415
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Raises eyelids and Draws scalp backward

416
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

Extends, Abducts, and Rotates thigh externally

417
Q

Hamstrings

A

Flex the knee and Extend the hip
Smimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus

418
Q

Gastrocnemius
(Superficial)

A

Bends knee and lifts hill off ground

419
Q

Soleus
(Deep)

A

Raises the heel

420
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

Helps with “push-off action when walking”

421
Q

Gluteus Medius

A

Abducts the thigh

422
Q

Quadriceps

A

Extends the knee

423
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two bones
Bending a limb

424
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two bones
Straightening out a limb

425
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

426
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body

427
Q

Rotation

A

Circular movement around an axis (central point).
Internal: toward the center of the body
External: away from center of the body

428
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Decreasing angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling

429
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal.

430
Q

Supination

A

Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm up
Foot : outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

431
Q

Pronation

A

Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm down
Foot: inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion

Medical Billing & Coding (8 decks)

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