Vocab for Body Systems Flashcards
Drugs
Medicines/Substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease
L.A.D.M.E.
Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Addiction
Physical & Psychological dependence on and craving for a drug
Additive Action
Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
Aerosol
Particles of drug suspended in air
Anaphylaxis
Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein
Antagonistic Action
Combination of two drugs give less than an additive effect
Antidote
Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
Brand Name
Commercial name for a drug
Trademark or Trade name
Chemical Name
Chemical formula for a drug
Generic Name
Legal noncommercial name for a drug
Contraindications
Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
Controlled Substances
Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence that have potential for abuse or addiction
Dependence
Prolonged use of a drug that may lead to a physiologic need for its actions in the body
Dose
Amount of drug administered
FDA
Food & Drug Administration
US Government agency with legal responsibility to enforce proper drug manufacture and clinical use
Iatrogenic
Condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel
Idiosyncratic Reaction
Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people
Medicinal Chemistry
Study of new drug synthesis
Relationship between chemical structure & biological effects
Molecular Pharmacology
Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules
Oral Administration
Drugs are given by mouth
Sublingual Administration
Drugs are given by placement under the tongue
SL
Rectal Administration
Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum
Inhalation
Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth
Topical Application
Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
Parenteral Administration
Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles or veins
Intracavitary; Intradermal; Intramuscular (IM); Intrathecal; Intravenous (IV); Subcutaneous (SC) or (SQ) or (subQ)
Pharmacist
Pharmacology Professional - PharmD
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacy
Location for preparing and dispensing drugs
The study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacologist
Pharmacology Professional - MD or PhD
Specialist in the study of properties, uses, and side effects of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
Study of a drug’s effects in the body
Pharmacokinetics
Study of a drug’s absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time
Pharmacology
Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs
PDR
Physician’s Desk Reference
Reference book that lists drug products
Receptor
Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
Resistance
Lack of beneficial response
Response
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug
Schedule
Exact timing and frequency of drug administration
Side Effect
Adverse reaction, usually minor that routinely results from use of a drug
Synergism
Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
Syringe
Instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body
Tolerance
Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect
Toxicity
Harmful effects of a drug
Toxicology
Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body
Transport
Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells
USP
United States Pharmacopeia
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing
Vitamin
Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health
A.C. or AC
Before meals
ACE
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
Ad-lib
Freely; As desired
APAP
Acetaminophen
ARB
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
B.I.D. or BID
Two times a day
C-
With
Caps
Capsules
CC
Cubic Centimeter
GM or G
Gram
GTT
Drops
H
Hour
H.S. or HS
At bedtime
H2 Blocker
Histamine h2 receptor antagonist
HRT
Hormone Replacement Therapy
INH
Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MG
Milligram
ML
Milliliter
NPO
Nothing by mouth
NSAID
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
P-
After
P.C. or PC
After Meals
PCA
Patient controlled analgesia
P.O. or PO
By Mouth
P.R.N. or PRN
As needed; as necessary
PT
Patient
Q
Every
Q.H. or QH
Every hour
Q2H
Every 2 hours
Q.I.D. or QID
Four times a day
Q.S. or QS
Sufficient quantity
QAM
Every morning
QPM
Every evening
RX
Prescription
S-
Without
SERM
Selective estrogen receptor modulator
SIG.
Directions - how to take medication
S.O.S.
If it is necessary
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
TAB
Tablet
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressant
T.I.D. or TID
Three times daily
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
Lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels.
Block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).
Amphetamine
Caffeine
Central nervous system stimulant
Analgesic
Relieves pain
Androgen
Male hormone
Anesthetic
Reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
Lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
Antacid
Neutralizes acid in the stomach
Antiandrogen
Blocks formation of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues
antiarrhythmic
Treats abnormal heart rhythms
Antibiotic
Chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body
Anticoagulant
Prevents blood clotting
Anticonvulsant
Prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity)
Antidepressant
Relieves symptoms of depression
Antidiabetic
Given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus
Antidiarrheal
Prevents diarrhea
Antiemetic
Antinauseant
Prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting
Antihistamine
Blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy
Antimicrobial
Agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth
Antiplatelet
Reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot
Antiulcer
Inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach
Antiviral
Acts against viruses such as herpes viruses and HIV
Aromatase Inhibitor
Reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase
Beta Blocker
Beta-Blocker
Blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.
Bisphosphonate
Prevents bone loss in osteoporosis
Calcium Channel Blocker
Calcium Antagonist
Blocks the entrance of calcium into the heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive;
Cardiac Glycoside
Drug that treats heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart
-Digoxin is an example
Cardiovascular Drug
Acts on the heart and blood vessels.
Includes ACE Inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Statins, and Diuretics
Cathartic
Relieves constipation
Cholesterol-Binding Drug
Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract
Cholesterol-Lowering Drug
Statin
Lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver
Diuretic
Antihypertensive
Increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body
Emetic
Promotes vomiting
Endocrine Drug
Hormone or Hormone-like drug
- Androgens, Estrogens, Progestins, SERMS, Thyroid Hormones & Glucocorticoids
Estrogen
Female Hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues
Gastrointestinal Drug
Relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract
- Antacids, Antiulcers, Antidiarrheals, Cathartics, Laxatives, Purgatives, and antiemetics.
Glucocorticoid
Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
Hypnotic
Produces sleep or a trance-like state
Laxative
Weak cathartic
Narcotic
Habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility
- Morphine and Opium
Progestin
Female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormonal replacement therapy.
Purgative
Relieves constipation
Strong cathartic
Respiratory Drug
Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of respiratory system
Bronchodilators
Sedative
Mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep
Benzodiazepines
Stimulant
Excites and promotes activity
Caffeine and amphetamines
Thyroid Hormone
Stimulates cellular metabolism
Tranquilizer
Controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior
Integumentary System
The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, & glands)
Integument means covering
Epidermis
Thin, Cellular Membrane Layer
Contains Keratin
Lacks blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & connective tissue (elastic fibers, cartilage, fat)
Made of multilayered cells that die at the same rate they are replaced
Within 3-4 weeks after beginning as a basal cell in the deepest part, keratinized cells are sloughed off from the surface of the skin.
Constantly renewing itself, process slows with age
Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Cells that make up the epidermis, they are flat and scale-like
Cells are arranged in several layers to form this
Basal Layer
Deepest region of the epidermis
Cells are constantly growing and multiplying
As cells divide, they are pushed upward and away from the blood supply by a steady stream of younger cells.
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer of the epidermis
Cells flatten, shrink, lose nuclei, die and become filled with keratin.
Keratin
Hard protein material found in epidermis, hair, and nails
Means horn and is commonly found in the horns of animals
Keratinocytes
Cells that are composed of keratin
Come from the stratum corneum
Melanocytes
Special cells in the basal layer that contain the pigment that is transferred to other cells and give color to the skin.
Number in all human races is the same
Melanin
Pigment that gives color to skin
Amount within each cell accounts for the color differences among the races
Eu is black-brown pigment
Pheo is red-yellow pigment
Albinism
Condition wherein melanin is not formed in the skin leaving hair and skin white
Eye color varies and ranges from red to blue to brown depending on the amount of melanin present in the iris.
Occulocutaneous Albinism
Affects eyes, skin, and hair
Ocular Albinism
Affects the eyes only
Dermis
Dense, Fibrous, Connective Tissue layer
Composed of interwoven elastin and collagen fibers.
Elastin
Protein that is elastic and helps skin to return to its original position when pinched or poked
During pregnancy, overstretching of the skin may break the fibers resulting in striae.
Collagen
Fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments and the skin.
Tough and resistant but also flexible.
In infancy, loose and delicate, becomes harder as the body ages.
Support and protect the blood and nerve networks that pass through dermis.
Diseases affect connective tissues of the body - ex: scleroderma
Striae
Stretch Marks
Subcutaneous Layer
SubQ
Thick, Fat-Containing Tissue
Specializes in the formation of fat
Adipocytes are predominant
Important in protection of the deeper tissues of the body, as a heat insulator and for energy storage
Adipocytes
Fat Cells
Manufacture and store large quantities of fat
Disposition varies in different areas of the body and among individual people
Hair Follicles
Sacs within which each hair fiber grows
Lunula
Semilunar whitish region at the base of the nail plate
Cuticle
Narrow band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
Paronychium
Soft tissue surrounding the nail border
Onycholysis
Loosening of the nail plate with separation from the nail bed
Sebaceous Gland
Located in the dermal layer of the skin over entire body with exception of palms, soles, lips.
Secrete oily substance
Ducts open into hair follicles through which sebum is released
Influenced by sex hormones, which can cause them to hypertrophy at puberty and atrophy in old age.
Sebum
Oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands
Contain lipids
Lubricate the skin and minimize water loss
Increased production during puberty contributes to blackhead formation and acne
Sweat Glands
Tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces
Most numerous in the palm and sole
Originate deep in the dermis and straighten out to extend up through the epidermis
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Most numerous sweat-producing exocrine gland in the skin
Pore
Tiny opening on the surface of the skin at the end of a sweat gland
Sweat
Perspiration
Almost pure water, with dissolved materials such as salt making up less than 1% of the total composition
Colorless and odorless - odor comes when sweat accumulates on the skin and is caused by the action of bacteria on the sweat
Cools the body as it evaporates
Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Large dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas
Secretes sweat that in action with bacteria is responsible for human body odor
Lesion
Area of abnormal tissue anywhere on or in the body.
May be caused by disease or trauma
Crust Lesion
Collection of dried serum and cellular debris
- Scab: forms from the drying of a body exudate
Cyst Lesion
Thick-Walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid(s) or semisolid material(s)
- Pilonidal: found over the sacral area of back in midline and contains hairs
- Epidermoid: collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotum
Erosion Lesion
Wearing away or loss of epidermis
Do not penetrate below the dermo-epidermal junction
Occur as a result of inflammation or injury and heal without scarring
Fissure Lesion
Groove or crack-like sore
- Anal: break in the skin lining of the anal canal
Macule Lesion
Flat, pigmented measuring less than 1 cm in diameter
Freckles, tattoo marks, flat moles
- Patch: large macule, greater than 1 cm in diameter
Nodule Lesion
Solid, round or oval elevated measuring 1 cm or more in diameter
Enlarged lymph node and solid growths
Papule Lesion
Small, solid elevation less than 1 cm in diameter
May become confluent and form plaques which are elevated
- Skin Tag: small benign growths usually attached to the skin via a stalk (pedunculated)
- Pimples
Pustule Lesion
Papule containing pus
Small abscess (collection of pus) on the skin
Ulcer Lesion
Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes
- Bedsore: pressure that results from lying in one position (decubitus)
- Pressure: usually involve loss of tissue substance and pus or exudate formation
Vesicle Lesion
Small collection of clear fluid (serum)
Form in skin after burns and may be seen with allergies or dermatitis
- Blisters
Wheal Lesion
Smooth, swollen (edematous) papule or plaque that is centrally redder than the surrounding skin
May be papular, like mosquito bites, or may involve a wide area, as in some allergic reactions
Often accompanied by itching and see in hives, anaphylaxis, and insect bites
Alopecia
Alopecia Areata
Absence of hair from where it normally grows
Can be hereditary or may be caused by disease, injury, treatment or may occur with old age
Autoimmune disease where hair falls out in round patches without scarring or inflammation
Ecchymosis
Bluish-Purplish mark (bruise) on the skin
Caused by hemorrhages into the skin from injury or spontaneous leaking of blood from vessels
Petechia
Small pinpoint hemorrhage
Smaller versions of ecchymoses
Purpura
Bleeding into the skin
Pruritus
Itching
Condition, NOT an inflammation. Make sure it’s spelled right
Symptom associated with most forms of dermatitis and with other conditions as well
Arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in the skin by substances released in allergic reactions or by irritation caused by substances in the blood or by foreign bodies
Acne
Chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum
Acne Vulgaris
Caused by buildup of sebum and keratin in the pores of the skin
Blackhead
Open comedo or comedone which forms when the pore is partially blocked by a sebum plug
Whitehead
Closed comedo or comedone which forms when the pore becomes completely blocked
Burns
Injury to tissues cause by heat contact
Can be caused by dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquid), chemicals, lightning, electricity, or radiation.
First-Degree: Superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, and no blisters
Second-Degree: Epidermal and dermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia and blisters. Wound is painful and very sensitive to touch and air
Third-Degree: Epidermis and dermis are destroyed (necrosis of skin), subcutaneous (subQ) layer is damaged, leaving charred, white tissue. Wound is insensate
Second and Third Degree cause breaches in the skin’s protective layer and expose underlying issues, allowing pathogens and toxins direct access to the internal environment of the body. Breach also causes loss of water and electrolytes.
Cellulitis
Diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain and swelling
Abscess formation and tissue destruction can occur if appropriate antibiotic therapy is not given
Poor lymphatic drainage areas are susceptible to this infection
Eczema (Atopic Dermatits)
Inflammatory Skin Disease with erythematous, papulvesicular, or papulosquamous lesions
Often begins on face, hands, and at elbow crease or back of knee crease
Atopic means pertaining to atopy, meaning out of place or unusual
Exanthematous Viral Diseases
Rash due to viral infection
- Rubella: German Measles
- Rubeola: Measles
- Varicella: Chickenpox
No longer as common in children because of vaccination programs
Erythema Infectiosum
Common exanthematous viral disease marked by fever and rash that has “slapped cheek” appearance on the face and later the arms, buttocks, and trunk
Caused by parvovirus
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Common viral illness in children caused by an enterovirus
Gangrene
Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
Ischemia resulting from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diseases such as diabetes, or arteriosclerosis can lead to necrosis of tissue followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction (proteins are decomposed by bacteria)
Impetigo
Bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions
Contagious pyoderma, caused by staphylococci or streptococci
Systemic use of antibiotics combined with proper cleansing of lesions is effective treatment
Psoriasis
Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales
Commonly involves forearms, knees, legs, and scalp
Isn’t infectious or contagious
Autoinflammatory disease that can run in families
Treatment is palliative (relieves doesn’t cure)
Scabies
Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus
Commonly affects areas such as the groin, nipples, and skin between the fingers
Topical medicated cream to destroy the scabies mites is treatment
Scleroderma
Chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue
Fibrous scar-like tissue forms in the skin, and the heart, lungs, kidneys, and esophagus may be affected as well
Skin is thick, hard, and rigid, with areas of both depigmentation and hyperpigmentation
Autoimmune disease for which palliative treatment consists of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents, antifibrotics, and physical therapy
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Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
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Lupus Vulgaris
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
Affects joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs
Primarily affects females
Meaning wolf-like, the shape and color of the erosive skin lesions and tissue loss resembling a wolf attack.
Produces a characteristic “butterfly” pattern of redness over the cheeks and nose
In more severe cases erythema increases all exposed areas may be involved
High levels of certain autoantibodies are found in the patient’s blood Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are used to control symptoms
Photosensitive, scaling, plaque-like eruption of the skin confined to the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms and back
Heals with scarring
Cutaneous form of tuberculosis
Tinea
Infection of the skin caused by a fungus.
Antifungal agents are used for treatment
Corporis - Ringworm
Pedis - Athlete’s Foot
Capitis - On the Scalp
Barbae - Under the Beard
Unguium - Affects the nails
Urticaria
Hives
Acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on skin
Often a reaction to foods or medication.
Histamine is released into bloodstream causing pruritus and edema.
Vitiligo
Loss of pigment in areas of the skin
Form of leukoderma
Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process and there is an increased association with autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus
Callus
Increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction
Keloid
Excess hypertrophied thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision
Cicatrix
Normal scar left by a healed wound
Actinic Keratosis
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Seborrheic Keratosis
Thickened and rough lesion of the epidermis
Associated with aging or skin damage
Caused by long-term UV light exposure
A precancerous lesion that can evolve into squamous cell carcinoma
Benign lesion, dark in color, results from overgrown of the upper epidermis
Leukoplakia
White, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek
Evolves into squamous cell carcinoma
One type is a precancerous lesion that is common in smokers and may be caused by chronic inflammation
Nevus
Dysplastic Nevi
Pigmented lesion of the skin
Commonly known as moles
Moles that have atypical cells that may progress to malignant melanoma
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Verruca Vulgaris
Plantar Warts
Juvenile Warts
Venereal Warts
Epidermal growth caused by a virus
Commonly known as warts
Removed with acids, freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryosurgery), or immune therapy
If virus remains in the skin, the wart frequently regrows
Most frequent type of wart
Occur on the soles of the feet
Occur on the hands and face of children
Occur on the genitals and around the anus
Basal Cell Carcinoma
BCC
Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
Most common cancer in humans and most common skin cancer
Slow-growing tumor that usually occurs on chronically sun- exposed skin
Almost never metastasizes
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
SCC
Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis.
Tumor may grow in places other than the skin, where squamous epithelium is found (mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, lungs).
Advanced lesions are often nodular and ulcerated.
Treatment is removal by surgical excision, cryotherapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, or radiotherapy.
Malignant Melanoma
Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
Usually occurs after prolonged exposure to sunlight in sunburned or darkly tanned areas of the skin
Usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black macule with irregular borders
May turn shades of red, blue and white and may crust on the surface and bleed
Frequently appear on upper back, lower legs, arms, head and neck
Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis of melanoma, and prognosis is best determined by tumor thickness and by the presence of spread to lymph nodes.
Treatment of initial lesions consists of excision of tumors and regional lymphadenectomy.
Often metastasize to the lung, liver, bone, and brain.
For metastatic disease, patients receive drugs that target B-RAF mutations or immunotherapy.
ABCDEs of Melanoma
ASSYMETRY - one half unlike the other half
BORDER - irregular or poorly circumscribed border
COLOR - varies from one area to another; shades of tan, brown, black and sometimes white, red or blue
DIAMETER - usually larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
EVOLUTION - change in lesion over time
Kaposi Sarcoma
Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules.
Frequently on arms and legs
Range in color from deep pink to dark blue and purple
One form of condition is associated with AIDS
Angioedema
Swelling around the face
Bacterial Analyses
Samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms
Purulent
Pus-filled
Exudate
Fluid that accumulates
Fungal Tests
Scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a lab for culture and microscopic identification of fungal infection
Cryosurgery
Use of subfreezing temperature achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue
Curettage
Use of a sharp dermal curette to scrape away a skin lesion
Electrodesiccation
Tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark
Mohs Surgery
Thin layers of malignant tissue are removed and each slice gets examined microscopically to check for adequate extent of resection
Skin Biopsy
Epidermal melanocytes are completely lost in depigmented areas through an autoimmune process
Punch Biopsy
Surgical instrument removes a core of tissue obtained by rotation of its sharp, circular edge
Shave Biopsy
Tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin
Skin Tests
Substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin, and results are observed
Patch Test
Allergen treated piece of gauze or filter paper is applied to the skin, and if the skin becomes red or swollen, the result is positive
Scratch Test
Several scratches are made in the skin, and a very minute amount of test material is inserted into the scratches
Schick Test
Used to check for diptheria
Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)
or Mantoux Test
Used to check for tuberculosis
Rule of Nines
Tool medical providers use to quickly assess and estimate the severity of burns, which helps guide their treatment decisions.
Adults: arm is 9 (4.5%), leg is 18 (9%), torso is 36 (18%), head is 9 (4.5%), and groin is 1 (1%).
Numbers are adjusted for children and infants because their proportions are slightly different.
Children: shoulder to elbow is 4%, elbow to wrist is 3%, wrist to fingers is 2.5%, hip to knee is 4%, knee to ankle is 5.5%, ankle to toes is 3.5%, torso is 13%, neck is 2%, head is 6.5%, groin is 1%.
Infant: arm is 9%, leg is 14%, torso is 13%, head is 18%, groin is 1%.
Psoralen Ultraviolet A Light Therapy (PUVA)
Treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions
Biopsy (Bx)
Medical procedure where a sample of cells or tissue is taken from a patient for the purposes of examination and diagnosis
Bone
Dense, hard connective tissue compsing the skeleton
Long (femur), short (carpal), flat (scapula), sesamoid (patella)
Cartilage
Flexible, connective tissue
Found in immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces
Ossification
Osteogenesis
Bone Formation - process in which cartilage is replaced with bone
Formation depends largely on proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to bone tissues
Osteogenic Cells
Found deep in bone tissues
Only bone cells that can undergo mitosis (dividing to make new cells)
Undifferentiated bone cells that develop into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
Immature osteocytes that produce bony tissue replacing cartilage during ossification
These work with osteoclasts throughout life to keep bones healthy and strong
When a bone breaks, these lay down mineral bone matter (calcium salts)
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix of bone
Responsibility is to nourish and maintain bone tissue
Most common bone cells
Osteoclasts
Large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest, bony tissue
Also called bone phagocytes
Digest bone tissue from inner sides of bone to enlarges inner bone cavity so the bone does not become overly thick and heavy
Originate from two types of white blood cells: monocytes and macrophages
These work with osteoblasts throughout life to keep bones healthy & strong
When a bone breaks, these remove excess bone debris (smooth out bone)
Vitamin D
Necessary to facilitate the movement of calcium across the lining of the intestines
Calcium
In bones combines with phosphorus to give bones rigid structure
Important from proper muscle and nervous tissue function
Level in blood is tightly regulated by hormones that stimulate release from bones when blood levels are low and stimulate storage when blood levels are high
Calcium Phosphate
Major calcium salt in bones
Phosphorus
In bones combines with calcium to give bones rigid structure
Fracture
Most common pathologic condition of bones
Usually a result of trauma
Can be result of severe muscle spasms and/or weakening of the bone from disease
Classification is based on complexity, location, and other distinguishing characteristics
Some types occur only in specific bones
Pathologic Fracture
Result from the weakening of bone because of disease such as neoplasms, Paget’s disease, or osteoporosis
Depression Fracture
Happens when a piece of skull is broken free and is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain
Fracture Treatment
Involves putting the bone back into proper place, if necessary, and then immobilization
Reduction
Process of putting bone back into proper place for fracture treatment
Can be performed open or closed.
Closed - performed through manipulation of the affected area to ease bone back into position
Open - surgical procedure performed by opening skin around affected area and manipulating bone directly - often includes fixation with rods, plates, screws, etc.
Immobilization
Most of the time can be achieved by use of a cast
Some areas, such as clavicle or ribs, cannot be casted, so other means are used
Osseous Tissue
Specialized connective tissue that bones are chiefly composed of
Diaphysis
Shaft, or middle region, of a long bone
Epiphysis
Each end of a long bone
Epiphyseal Line or Plate
Represents an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
Commonly knows as the growth plate
Cartilage cells at the edges form new bone which is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood an adolescence
Plate calcifies and disappears when bone has achieved full growth
Metaphysis
Flared portion of bone that lies between epiphysis and diaphysis, adjacent to epiphyseal plate
Periosteum
Strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at ends of epiphyses.
Has extensive nerve supply
Covers all bones
Articular Cartilage
Very smooth, strong, slick tissue that covers the end of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint
Cushions joint and allows it to move smoothly and efficiently
When two bones come together to form a joint, the bones do not touch, this that caps the end of one bone comes into contact with this that caps the other bone
Does not disappear like cartilage of epiphyseal line or plate, but is present throughout life
Compact (Cortical) Bone
Layer of hard, dense bone that lies under periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
Haversian Canals
System of small canals in the compact (cortical) bone containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products like carbon dioxide
Medullary Cavity
Area of compact bone that is tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones that contains yellow bone marrow
Yellow Bone Marrow
Composed chiefly of fat cells
Cancellous Bone
Sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone
Much more porous and less dense that compact bone
Mineral matter laid down in series of separated bony fibers making up spongy latticework
Spaces contain red bone marrow
Trabeculae
Interwoven fibers found largely in epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most other bones
Red Blood Cells
Consists of immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
Hematopoeisis
Production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
Sutures
Name of the joints where cranial bones join each other
Fontanelles
Soft Spots - “Little Fountains”
Gaps of unossified tissue in the skull at birth
Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
Parietal Bone
Two bones (one bone on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
Temporal Bone
Two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
Each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Area of connection between temporal and mandibular bones
Mastoid Process
Round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
Styloid Process
Projects downward from the temporal bone
Occipital Bone
Forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
Foramen Magnum
Opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone that the spinal cord passes through
Sphenoid Bone
Bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
Serves as an anchor to hold frontal, occipital and ethmoid bones together
Sella Turcica
“Turkish Saddle”
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
Ethmoid Bone
Thin, delicate bone that supports nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
Composed primarily of spongy, cancellous bone that contains numerous small holes
Bone Process
Enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
Bone Depression
Openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Bone Head
Rounded end of bone
Condyle
Rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone
Epicondyle
Small rounded process above condyle
Trochanters
Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur
Tuberosity
Tubercle
Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus (heel bone), and pelvis)
Fissure (Depression)
Narrow groove or slit-like opening
ie: orbital fissure (eye socket)
Foramen (Depression)
Opening for blood vessels and nerves
ie: foramen magnum of the skull
Fossa (Depression)
Shallow cavity in or on a bone
ie: olecranon (elbow) fossa on humerus
Sinus (Depression)
Hollow cavity within bone
ie: sinuses of the skull
Nasal Bones
Two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
They join with the frontal bone superiorly and form part of this septum
Lacrimal Bones
Two small, thin bones located at corner of each eye
Contain fossae for the gland and canals for passage of the duct
Maxillary Bones
Two large bones that compose massive upper jawbones
Joined by suture in median plane
Cleft Palate
When the two bones of the maxillary do not come together normally before birth
Mandibular Bone
Lower jawbone joins skull at the region of the temporal bone forming the TMJ on either side of the skull
Only facial bone capable of movement which is necessary for activities such as chewing and speaking
Mastication
Chewing
Alveoli
Both maxilla and mandible contain these sockets that have teeth embedded in them
Zygomatic Bones
Two bones, one on each side of the face, that form high portion of the cheek
Vomer
Thin, single, flat bone that forms lower portion of nasal septum
Sinuses
Air Cavities
Located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes through
Vertebral (Spinal) Column
Composed of 26 bone segments that are arranged in five divisions from base of skull to tailbone
Vertebrae
Name of bone segments in spinal column
Intervertebral Discs
Fibrocartilaginous structures that separate the bones of the spinal column
Provides flexibility and absorbs shocks to spinal column
Spinal Disc Herniation
Occurs when tear in an intervertebral disc causes a portion of the disc to bulgd out into the neural canal
Vertebral Body
Inner, thick, round anterior portion of each bone segment in the spinal column
Spinous Process
Bony projection off the posterior of each vertebra
Serves to attach muscles and ligaments
Transverse Process
Bony projection on either side of each vertebra
Serves as a point of attachment for muscles that help move the vertebrae as well as ligaments that stabilize the vertebral column
Lamina
Flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal
Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord
Connects spinous process and transverse process
Neural Canal
Spinal Canal
Space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
Cervical Vertebrae
First seven bones of the vertebral column
Form the bony aspect of the neck
C1-C7
Do not articulate (join) with the ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
Second set of twelve vertebral bones
T1-T12
These vertebrae articulate with the ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
Third set of five vertebral bones
L1-L5
Strongest and largest of the vertebrae
Do not articulate with the ribs
Sacral Vertebrae
Sacrum
Five separate bones that fuse in a young child.
In an adult, the sacrum is a slightly curved, triangularly shaped bone.
Coccyx
The tailbone - also a fused bone formed from four small coccygeal bones
Clavicle
Collar Bone
Slender bone, positioned anteriorly (ventrally), one on each side
Connects the breastbone (sternum) to each shoulder blade (scapula)
Scapula
Plural: Scapulae
Shoulder Blade
One of two flat, triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax
Acromion
Extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint
Formed by the joining of the the acromion and the scapula
Glenohumeral Joint
Shoulder joint
Sternum
Breastbone
Flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest
Upper part articulates on the sides with the clavicle and ribs
Lower, narrower portion is attached to the ribs, diaphragm and abdominal muscles
Xiphoid Process
Lowest part of the sternum
Manubrium
Uppermost portion of the sternum
Ribs
There are twelve pairs
1-7 join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly
8-10 join with the vertebral column posteriorly, but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum
11 and 12 are completely free at their anterior ends
Costal Cartilages
Cartilaginous attachments that join the first seven pairs of ribs to the sternum anteriorly
True Ribs
Ribs one through seven
Join with the sternum anteriorly and with the vertebral column posteriorly
False Ribs
Ribs eight through ten
Join with the vertebral column posteriorly but join the 7th anteriorly instead of attaching to the sternum
Floating Ribs
Ribs eleven and twelve
Completely free at their anterior ends
Humerus
Upper Arm Bone
Large head is rounded and joins with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder or the glenohumeral joint
Labrum
Rim of fibrocartilage that guides the humerus as it moves in the glenoid fossa
Rotator Cuff
Group of muscles with tendons that surround the shoulder joint
Ulna
Medial forearm bone
Olecranon
Proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow
Bony point formed when the elbow is bent
Elbow bone
Radius
Lateral forearm bone
In line with thumb
Carpals
Two rows of four bones in the wrist
Metacarpals
Five bones in the palm of the hand
Phalanges
Singular: Phalanx
Finger bones
Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges: a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx
The thumb has only two phalanges: a proximal and a distal phalanx
Pelvic Girdle
Pelvis
Collection of bones that supports the trunk of the body
Articulates with the femur to form the hip joint
Adult is composed of three pairs of fused bones: iium, ischium, and pubis
Joins with the single posteriorly (dorsally) located sacrum
Ilium
Uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
Sacoiliac Joints
Joining of two parts of the ilium and the sacrum on either side
Very firm and very little motion occurs in these joints
Iliac Crest
Superior part of the ilium
Filled with red bone marrow and serves as attachment for abdominal wall muscles as well as strong muscles of the him and buttocks
Ischium
Inferior or lower part of the pelvis, which along with ligaments, tendons and muscles attached to it are what you sit on
Pubis
Anterior part of the pelvis
Pubic Symphysis
Two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disc
Area is quite rigid
Pelvic Cavity
Region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
Rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder, and female reproductive organs lie within and are protected by the rigid architecture of the pelvic girdle
Femur
Thigh bone
Longest bone in the body
At proximal end it has a rounded head that fits into a depression, or socket, in pelvis
Acetabulum
Socket in pelvis that femur fits into
named because of resemblance to rounded cup Romans used for vinegar (acetum)
Hip Joint
Head of the femur and the acetabulum form this ball-and-socket joint
Patella
Kneecap
Small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and the tibia
Sesamoid bone surrounded by protective tendons and held in place by muscle attachments
Knee Joint
Created by meeting of femur, tibia, and patella
Tibia
Shin Bone
Larger of the two bones of the lower leg
Runs under the skin in the front part of the leg
Joins with the femur and patella proximally
Fibula
Smaller of the two lower legs bones
Thin bone, well hidden under leg muscles, runs parallel to tibia
Malleolus
Round process on both sides of the ankle joint
Medial Malleolus
Distal end of the tibia forms a flare creating bony prominence at the inside of the ankle
Lateral Malleolus
Distal end of the fibula forms a flare creating bony prominence on the outside of the ankle
Ankle Joint
Created by meeting of tibia, fibula and talus
Talus
First of the tarsal bones and one of the bones that forms the ankle joint
Tarsals
Bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot
Seven short bones resemble carpal bones of the wrist but are larger
Calcaneus
Heel Bone
Largest of the tarsal bones
Metatarsals
Five bones between the tarsals and phalanges
Similar to metacarpals, each articulates with the phalanges of the toes
Phalanges of the toes
Bones of the forefoot
Two phalanges in the big toe (a proximal and a distal phalanx) and three in each of the other toes (a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx)
Tendon
Fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
Ligament
Fibrous connective tissue that binds bones to other bones
Bands, sheets, or strands located in and around joints
Anchor one bone to another
Add considerable strength to joint capsule in critical areas
Orthopedist
Medical doctor who specialize in bone, joint and muscle conditions
Physiatrist
Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation
Joint
Articulation
Coming together of tow or more bones
Suture Joints
immovable joints
ie: between skull bones
Synovial Joints
Freely movable joints
Ball-and-Socket Type Joints
Hip
Shoulder
Hinge Type Joints
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
Joint Capsule
Surrounds synovial joint
Composed of fibrous tissue
Articular Cartilage
Smooth, glistening white tissue that covers bones at the joint
Synovial Membrane
Lies under the joint capsule in the synovial cavity
Synovial Cavity
Space between the bones
Filled with special lubricating fluid produced by synovial membrane
Synovial Fluid
Contains water and nutrients that nourish articular cartilage
Minimizes friction allowing joints to move smoothly
Similar in viscosity to egg whites
Meniscus
Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure
Partly divides joint cavity
Acts as protective cushion
Helps evenly transfer weight from one bone to another
Present in a few joints, but most well known are ones in the knee
Bursa
Plural: Bursae
Closed sac of synovial fluid lines with synovial membrane
Located near, but not within joint
Present wherever two types of tissue need to slide past one another with as little friction as possible
Serve as layers of lubrication between tissues
Common sites are between the following:
* tendons and bones,
* ligaments and bones
* skin and bones where bony anatomy is prominent
Common locations are the following:
* elbow (olecranon) joint
* knee (prepatellar) joint
* shoulder (subacromial) joint
Arthritis
Inflammation of any joint
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
Gout
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation and painful swelling in an around joints
Caused by uric acid crystal deposits
Hyperuircemia
Congenital defect in metabolism of uric acid causes too much to accumulate in the blood
Podagra
Name for gouty arthritis when it affects the big toe
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative Joint Disease
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hyper trophy of bone at articular surfaces
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain
Caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
Bony Ankylosis
Fibrous tissue forms and calcifies at the joint preventing movement
Pyrexia
Fever
Bunion
Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at base of big toe
Halux Valgus
Another name for bunion
Great toe; abnormal angulation of the toe
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist
Dislocation
Displacement of a bone from its joint
Shoulder Dislocation
Disruption of articulation between head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Hip Disocation
Disruption of articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis
Reduction
Treatment for dislocation which restores bones to their normal positions
Subluxation
Partial or incomplete dislocation
Ganglion Cyst
Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons in the hand
Herniation of Intervertebral Disc
Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
Commonly referred to as a “slipped disc”
Sciatica
Pain radiating down the leg
Microdiscectomy
Removal of a portion of the protruding disc
Lyme Disease
Lyme Arthritis
Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia or malaise
Caused by bacterium carried by a tick
Sprain
Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around the joint
Strain
Injury involving overstretching of the muscle
Striated Muscle Tissue
Makes up the muscles connected to the bones of the skeleton
Also known as skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscles, controlled by the conscious mind through central and peripheral nervous system
Move all bones, as well as controlling all facial expression and eye movements
Cells have appearance of pattern of dark and light bands in the cytoplasm under the microscope
Arranged un bundles and each connects with neuron of the of the nervous system providing a way to communicate with the brain.
Don’t work properly without effect communication from the nervous system
Each cell has only one nucleus
Fibril
Pattern of dark and light bands in cytoplasm of striated muscles
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found throughout body in visceral organs, secretory ducts, and walls of blood vessels
Called visceral because of connection to visceral organs
Involuntary muscles, not controlled by conscious mind
Uniform shape and appearance under microscope
Each cell has only one nucleus
Arranged in sheets that wrap around structures
Some interaction with nervous system
Muscles can respond to hormonal and other local stimuli
Cardia Muscle Tissue
Only found in the heart
Shares qualities with both skeletal and visceral muscle tissues
Striated but structurally different due to branching appearance and have one or two nuclei.
Involuntary muscle that cannot be controlled by the conscious mind
Do not require interaction with nervous system for all functions
Respond to hormonal and local stimuli and electronically communicate with surrounding cells to coordinate muscular contractions
Origin
Point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone
Most often, lies proximal in skeleton
For biceps, it’s at the scapula
Insertion
Point of junction of the muscle to the bones that moves
Most often, lies distal in skeleton
For biceps, its at the radius
Orbicularis Oculi
Closes eyelids and wrinkles forehead
Sternocleidomastoid
Turns head
Pectoris Major
Adducts, Flexes, Rotates shoulder inward
Biceps Brachii
Flexes and supinates forearm
Triceps Brachii
Extends forearm and adducts arm
Deltoid
Abducts shoulder
Trapezius
Elevates shoulder
Masseter
Closes jaw for chewing
Temporalis
Closes Jaw
Occipitofrontalis
Raises eyelids and Draws scalp backward
Gluteus Maximus
Extends, Abducts, and Rotates thigh externally
Hamstrings
Flex the knee and Extend the hip
Smimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
Gastrocnemius
(Superficial)
Bends knee and lifts hill off ground
Soleus
(Deep)
Raises the heel
Achilles Tendon
Helps with “push-off action when walking”
Gluteus Medius
Abducts the thigh
Quadriceps
Extends the knee
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Bending a limb
Extension
Increasing the angle between two bones
Straightening out a limb
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis (central point).
Internal: toward the center of the body
External: away from center of the body
Dorsiflexion
Decreasing angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling
Plantar Flexion
Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal.
Supination
Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm up
Foot : outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion
Pronation
Hand and Forearm: where the elbow is bent, act of turning the palm down
Foot: inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion
