Vocab Final Flashcards
Expectancy theory
The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards
Reinforcement theory
The theory that behavior is a function of its consequences, that behaviors followed by positive consequences for occur more frequently, and that behaviors followed by negative consequences, or not followed by positive consequences, will occur less frequently.
Goal acceptance
The extent to which people consciously understand and agree to go
Goal specificity
The extent to which goals are detailed, exact, and unambiguous
Goal setting theory
The theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they except specific, challenging goals and receive feedback that indicates their progress towards goal achievement
Trait theory
A leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics
Initiating structure
The degree to which a leader structures the rules of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning task.
Consideration
The extent to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees
Intrinsic reward
A natural reward associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake
Directive leadership
A leadership style in which the leaders but employees know precisely what is elected of them, give them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules works, set standards of performance, and make sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.
Achievement oriented leadership
A leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals, and I expectations of employees, and displays confidence that employs all assume responsibility and put forth an extraordinary efforts
Normative decision theory
A theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions
Visionary leadership
Leadership that creates a positive image of the feature that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goalsetting
Transactional leadership
Leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance
Selective perception
The tendency to notice and except objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations, while ignoring or screening out inconsistent information.
Attribution theory
The theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people’s behavior
Defensive bias
The tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situational similar to someone who is having difficulty were trouble
Self-serving bias
The tendency to overestimate higher value by attributing successes to ourselves and attributing failures to others or the environment
Encoding
Putting a message into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver
Decoding
The process by which the receiver it translates the written, verbal, or symbolic form of the message into a understood message
Informal communication
The transmission of messages from employees to employee outside a formal communication channels
Coaching
Communicating with someone for that direct purpose of improving the persons on the job performance or behavior
Kinesics
Movement of the body and face
Empathic listening
Understanding the speakers perspective and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker
Organizational silence
When employees withhold information about organizational problems or issues
Control
A regulatory process of establishing standards to achieve organizational goals, comparing actual performance against the standards, and taking corrective action when necessary
Standards
A basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which various kinds of organizational performance are satisfactory or unsatisfactory
Benchmarking
The process of identifying outstanding practices, processes, and standards another companies and adapting them to your company
Balance scorecard
Measurement of organizational performance and four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning
Raw data
Facts and figures
First mover advantage
The strategic advantage that companies earned by being the first to use new information technology to substantially lower cost or to make a product or service different from that of competitors
Data mining
The process of discovering unknown patterns and relationships in large amounts of data
ISO 14000
A series of international standards for managing, monitoring, and minimizing and organizations harmful effects on the environment
Variation
A deviation in the form, condition, or appearance of a product from their quality standard for that product
Service recovery
Restoring customer satisfaction to strongly dissatisfied customers
Inventory turnover
The number of times per year they company sells, or turns over, it’s average inventory
Just in time
In inventory system in which component parts arrive from suppliers just as they are needed at each stage of production
Kanban
Eight ticket based JIT system that indicates when to re-order inventory
McClellands Learned needs theory
Suggest that people are motivated by the need for affiliation, the need for achievement, or the need for power
Leadership versus management
Leaders are concerned with doing the right thing while managers are concerned with doing things right
Fielders contingency theory
Theory that states that in order to maximize work your performance, leaders must be matched to that situation that best fits their leadership style
Perceptual process
Individuals attend to organize, and interpret, and retain information from their environment
Communication channels
Downward communication: communication that flows from higher to lower levels in an organization
Upward communication: communication that flows from lower to higher levels in an organization
Horizontal communication: communication that flows among managers and workers who are at the same organizational level
Control methods
Bureaucratic control: hierarchical authority to influence employees behavior by rewarding or punishing in place for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, procedures
Objective control: The use of observable measures of work or behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior
Quality
Defined and measured in three ways: excellence, value, and conformance to expectations
Characteristics of quality products
Service reliability: ability to consistently perform a service well
Serviceability: refers to how easy or difficult it is to fix a product
Durability: mean time to failure
Outputs and inputs
Output: finish products or services
Inputs: labor, Raw materials, and capital
