Short Essay Final

Question 1

Briefly explain the following equation, including each component:

job performance= motivation X ability X situational constraints.

Answer 1

Job performance is how well someone performs the requirements of the job.
Motivation is the effort, the degree to which someone works hard to do the job well.
Ability is the degree to which workers possesses the knowledge, skills, and tell it needed to do a job well.
Situational constraint are factors beyond the control of individual employees.

Question 2

Briefly explain the relationship between need satisfaction and motivation

Answer 2

…

Question 3

Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Which are most important to workers in general

Answer 3

Extrinsic rewards are tangible invisible like bonuses, benefits, and promotions. Intrinsic are intangible quick sense of accomplishment or feeling of responsibility. Both rewards are important

Question 4

Briefly identify the two types of inequity.

What are the accompanying psychological reactions of the person receiving each type of inequity.

Answer 4

Under reward and over reward

Under reward: anger or frustration

Over reward: feeling of guilt

Question 5

Define expectancy theory.

Identify the theory’s 3 key concepts

Answer 5

People will be motivated to the point to where their efforts will lead to good performance, good performance will be rewarded, they will be offered attractive rewards.
Valance
expectancy
instrumentality

Question 6

What are reinforcement contingencies?

Identify and discuss two of the four kinds of reinforcement contingencies

Answer 6

Reinforcement contingencies are the cause and effect relationship between the performance of specific behaviors and specific consequences.

Positive reinforcement: strengthens behavior by following behavior with desirable consequences.

Negative reinforcement: strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

Question 7

Chapter 14

list and briefly identify several traits that differentiates leaders from non leaders.

Answer 7

Drive: 
desire to lead:
integrity: 
self-confidence: 
emotional stability: 
cognitive abilities: 
knowledge of business

Question 8

What are the two key leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership?

How does each typically influence subordinates?

Answer 8

Initiating structure: setting goals, giving direction, setting deadlines, and assigning task.

Consideration: a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for other employees

Question 9

According to the path goal theory, where are the two leadership styles that parallel the two key leadership behaviors of initiating structure and consideration?

Describe each style.

Answer 9

Directive leadership: involves letting employees know precisely what is expected from them, and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

Supportive leadership: being approachable and friendly to employees treating them as equals, and creating a friendly climate.

Question 10

Briefly describe the value of normative decision theory to the practicing manager.

Answer 10

…

Question 11

Define attribution theory. Within your definition, be sure to define the two types of attributions that people typically make.

Answer 11

Attribution theory says will have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people’s behaviors.

Internal attribution: behaviors is thought to be voluntary or under the control of the individual.

External attribution: behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual.

Question 12

Define constructive and destructive feedback.

Briefly describe the impact when a manager uses each of these to communicate with a work group.

Answer 12

Constructive feedback is intended to be helpful, corrective, and or encouraging.

Destructive feedback is disapproving without any intention to being helpful and almost always cause a negative or defensive reaction in the recipient.

Question 13

Define benchmarking and list the three steps in this process.

Answer 13

Benchmarking is the process of determining how well other companies perform business functions are tasks.
The first step: determine what to benchmark.

The next step: identify the companies against which to benchmark your standards.

The last step: collect data to determine other companies performance standards.

Question 14

Identify and briefly describe the three basic control methods.

Answer 14

Feedback control: A mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur.

Concurrent control: gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur.

Feed forward control: monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent performance deficiencies before they occur

Question 15

Some approaches to control tend to be more stressful for employees than others. Discuss how Bureaucratic and concertive control influence workers.

Answer 15

…

Question 16

Briefly describe the balance scorecard approach to control. Explain how it differs from the traditional approach to control used in most companies.

Answer 16

Balance scorecard to control your encourages managers to let beyond such traditional financial measures to four different perspective on company performance. Forces managers at each level of the company to set specific goals and measure performance in each of the four areas.