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Bio 111 > Vocab Chap. 1-5.1 > Flashcards

Vocab Chap. 1-5.1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all livings things are composed of
  2. smallest living thing
  3. new cells from existing cells
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2
Q

Cell

A

smallest living organism

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3
Q

cell division

A

reproduction by dividing

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4
Q

Growth

A

produce more or larger cells

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5
Q

development

A

series of changes over time in a cell, organism, tissue, ect. results in a defined set characteristics

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6
Q

Respiration

A

release of energy

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

maintain internal conditions

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8
Q

tissue

A

made of cells

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9
Q

organ

A

made of 2 or more different tissues

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10
Q

reproduction

A

passing of genetic info to new generations

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11
Q

DNA

A

contains genetic info

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12
Q

RNA

A

decodes DNA

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13
Q

Genes

A

contains info to create cells with diff. characteristics

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14
Q

Polypeptides

A

a linear sequence of amino acids

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15
Q

Protein

A

a functional unit composed of one or more polypeptides

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16
Q

Biological evolution

A

evolves over time

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17
Q

atom

A

smallest matter/ elements

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18
Q

molecule

A

made of atoms

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19
Q

macromolecule

A

2 or more molecules

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20
Q

polymer

A

multiple monomers

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21
Q

Carbohydrate

A

a carbon containing macromolecule that includes sugars, starches and cellulose

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22
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

composed of nucleotides. two types DNA and RNA

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23
Q

Ecosystem

A

community of animals and the environment affecting them

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24
Q

Gametes

A

a haaploid cell involved in reproduction (sperm, egg)

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25
Q

prokayrote

A

unicellular, no nucleus. ex. bacteria and archaea

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26
Q

eukaryote

A

uni or multicellular, has a nucleus. Larger than prokaryotes. ex. animals, protists, plants and fungi

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27
Q

cell nucleus

A

contains the DNA within a cell

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28
Q

Genome

A

the complete genetic composition of a cell or a species

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29
Q

proteome

A

the complete compliment of proteins that a cell or organism can create

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30
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of the body

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31
Q

physiology

A

is the scientific study of function in living systems.

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32
Q

systems biology

A

research aimed at understanding how emergent properties arise. term also applied to the study of cells

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33
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all chemical reactions with in an organism

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34
Q

photosynthesis

A

in plants changing light into energy

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35
Q

asexual reproduction

A

offspring produced from a single parent/ offspring are a clone of the parents

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36
Q

evolution

A

populations change from generation to generation

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37
Q

mutation

A

change in genetics

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38
Q

natural selection

A

process that eliminates those individuals less likely to survive

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39
Q

taxonomy

A

classification/ grouping of species

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40
Q

domains

A

one of the three major categories of life: archaea, bacteria and eukarya

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41
Q

scientific method

A

series of steps to test the validity of a hypothesis

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42
Q

prediction

A

an expected outcome of a hypothesis

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43
Q

theory

A

a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence

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44
Q

independent variable

A

what you change in an experiment

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45
Q

dependent variable

A

what is measured

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46
Q

experimental group

A

the group that has the independent variable

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47
Q

control group

A

no changes

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48
Q

constants

A

thing that must remain the same in experiments

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49
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

50
Q

atom

A

smallest matter

51
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of chemicals involving carbon

52
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms connected by a chemical bond

53
Q

element

A

a substance composed of specific types of atoms that cannot be further broken down by an ordinary chemical or physical means

54
Q

proton

A

positive, found in the nucleus of an atom

55
Q

neutron

A

neutral, found in the nucleus of an atom

56
Q

electron

A

negative, found in an atom. Moves around the nucleus

57
Q

neutral atom

A

atom with no net charge, electrons and protons are equal

58
Q

ion

A

an atom that gains or loses one or more electrons and acquires a net electric charge

59
Q

isotope

A

an element that exists multiple forms that vary in the number of neutrons

60
Q

radioisotopes

A

an isotope found in nature that is inherently unstable and usually does not exist for long periods of time. emits forms of radiation

61
Q

orbitals

A

the areas in an atom that electrons move around in

62
Q

valence electrons

A

the electrons in the outermost shell, the ones that can interact with outer atoms

63
Q

energy shells

A

the shells around the atom nucleus that contain the orbitals and electrons

64
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons. makes the element unique

65
Q

atomic mass

A

of protons + # of neutrons

66
Q

period table

A

table of known elements

67
Q

mole

A

one mole of any element contains the same number of atoms (6.022 x 10^23)

68
Q

Molecular formula

A

a representation of a molecule that consists of the chemical symbols for all the atoms present and subscripts that indicate how many of those atoms are present

69
Q

compound

A

a molecule composed of 2 or more diff. elements

70
Q

covalent bond

A

when to atoms share electrons either equally or unequally

71
Q

octet rule

A

atoms are most stable when their outermost electron shell is full(has 8 electrons)

72
Q

single bond

A

sharing 1 electron

73
Q

double bond

A

sharing 2 electrons

74
Q

electronegativity

A

the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons in a covalent bond
elements differ in their in their electronegavity

75
Q

polar covalent bond

A

shares electrons unequally

76
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

shares electrons equally

77
Q

hydrogen bond

A

formed from a hydrogen molecule of a polar molecule (which has a partial positive charge) is attracted to another atom of a polar molecule (with a negative charge)

78
Q

Ionic bond

A

formed between positive and negative ions. Attracted to opposite charges

79
Q

chemical reaction

A

occurs when one or more substances are changed into other substances

80
Q

reactants

A

are what interact in a chemical reaction to produce a product

81
Q

products

A

the result of a chemical reaction

82
Q

solute

A

substances dissolved into a solvent

83
Q

solvent

A

liquid, used to dissolve solutes

84
Q

solution

A

the result of solutes and solvents

85
Q

aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent

86
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water loving” readily dissolves in water

87
Q

hydrophobic

A

“hates water” does not readily dissolves

88
Q

amphilpathic

A

have both polar or ionized regions at one or more sites and nonpolar regions at other sites
may dissolve in water by forming micelles

89
Q

micelles

A

sphere shaped, formed by long amhilpathic molecules when mixed with water

90
Q

concentration

A

amount of solute dissolved in a unit volume of solution

91
Q

molecular mass

A

the sum of the atomic masses of all the elements in the molecule

92
Q

surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to break the interface between liquid and air

93
Q

gas

A

water vapor

94
Q

liquid

A

water

95
Q

solid

A

ice

96
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that utilizes water

97
Q

condensation/ dehydration

A

reaction in which a molecule of water is lost

98
Q

acid/ base

A

acids/ releases hydrogen ions when the dissolve into pure water (increases H+ concentration in a solution)
Bases/ lower the H+ concentration of a solution (either by releasing OH- or binding to H+)

99
Q

buffer

A

help keep a constant pH

100
Q

H+

A

hydrogen solution

101
Q

OH-

A

hydroxide ions

102
Q

pH

A 
H+ concentration
it can affect-
-shapes and functions of molecules
-rates of many chemical reactions
-ability of two molecules to bind
-ability of ions or molecules to dissolve
103
Q

Acidic

A

pH 6 or below

104
Q

alkaline

A

(basic) solutions are pH 8 or above

105
Q

Organic chemistry

A

molecules that have carbon

106
Q

macromolecules

A

2 or more molecules bonded

107
Q

functional groups

A

groups attached to carbon/ characteristic chemical features and functions

108
Q

isomers

A

same chemical formula different shapes

109
Q

structural isomer

A

completely different structure

110
Q

sterioisomer

A

different 3D shape

111
Q

cis isomers

A

single bonds (occurs in nature)

112
Q

trans isomers

A

double bonds (man made)

113
Q

enantiomers

A

same atoms and order (mirror images)

114
Q

enzymes

A

breaks down molecules (catalyzes)

115
Q

monomers

A

single

116
Q

polymers

A

multiple monomers

117
Q

condensation reaction

A

reaction that loses a molecule of water

118
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

adds H2O to break down molecules

119
Q

carbohydrates

A

(macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) sugars, starch and cellulos

120
Q

monosaccharides

A

(single) simplest sugar

121
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides bonded

122
Q

polysaccharides

A

multiple glucose

Bio 111 (5 decks)

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