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Bio 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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2
Q

The two basic types of secondary structure are?

A

alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

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3
Q

Stereoisomer

A

identical bonding relationships but 3s shape

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4
Q

What functional groups are found at the N-terminus and the C-terminus of a polypeptide?

A

An amino group @ N-terminus

A carboxyl group at the C-terminus

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5
Q

Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between what groups with polypeptide chanins?

A

Sulfhydryl

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6
Q

The three dimensional shape of a polypeptide is the?

A

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

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7
Q

When fatty acids are linked to glycerol what bond is formed?

A

ester

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8
Q

Starch and glgcogen are used for storing what inside living cells?

A

energy

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9
Q

What is the lipid wax for?

A

create a barrier to water loss

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10
Q

What is the lipid fats for?

A

Energy storage

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11
Q

What is the lipid phospholipids for?

A

plasma membrane structure

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12
Q

What is the lipid steroids for?

A

Form hormones important for reproduction

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13
Q

What are the functional groups?

A

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties. They are attached to carbon foundations

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14
Q

What type of bond can form between two cysteines to stabilize a protein structure?

A

disulfide bond

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15
Q

Monosaccharides can assume what two structures?

A

Linear or ring

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16
Q

Fats or triglycerides are composed of?

A

glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

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17
Q

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules?

A

glycosidic

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18
Q

What type of chemical reaction can break down a polysaccharide into monosaccharides?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

What type of isomer have the same atoms in different bonding relationships?

A

Structural

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20
Q

What three polysaccharides play a structural role in organisms?

A

chitin(insetcts’ exo skel and crustaceans shells), cellulose (plants) and glycosaminoglycans (structural in animals)

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21
Q

What is it called when large molecules are made from smaller molecules?

A

macromolecules

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22
Q

What type of chemical reaction is it if you are adding H2O in?

A

hydrolysis

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23
Q

a protein is made of one or more?

A

polypeptide

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24
Q

During synthesis of a triglyceride, what is attached to glycerol in each dehydration reactions?

A

a fatty acid

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25
Q

Starch is found in what type of cells?

A

plant (for energy storage)

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26
Q

Glycogen is found in what cells?

A

animals (for energy storage)

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27
Q

Which parts of a phospholipid make up the polar head?

A

phosphate group, glycerol backbone and charged nitrogen-containing region

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28
Q

What are the four categories of macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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29
Q

What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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30
Q

When many monosaccharides are linked to form polymers they are called?

A

polysaccherides

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31
Q

RNA differs from DNA due to having what base and not having what base?

A

having uracil and not having T

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32
Q

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between _____ atoms and _______ atoms.

A

carbon and hydrogen

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33
Q

The four nitrogenous bases present in DNA are?

A

T,C,G and A

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34
Q

What is a description of the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in protein?

A

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain and a hydrogen atom

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35
Q

Cellulose is?

A

Cell wall of plants

36
Q

Starch is?

A

energy storage in plants

37
Q

Chitin

A

Exoskeleton of insects and crutaceans and the cell wall of fungi

38
Q

glycogen

A

energy storage in animals

39
Q

glycosaminoglycan

A

extracellular matrix and cartilage of animals

40
Q

What are the three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

41
Q

The three basic components of a nucleotide are?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

42
Q

How many shells of electrons does carbon have?

A

2

43
Q

Lipids are molecules composed of?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

44
Q

arrange in size from small to large the following carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
polysacchride
disaccharide

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

45
Q

In a peptide bond which parts of two amino acids are joined?

A

The amino group of one with the carboxly group of the other

46
Q

Between what two atoms are the peptide bonds located in the backbone of a polypeptide?

A

Carbon and nitrogen

47
Q

Does hydrogen and carbon forma a nonpolar bond with carbon?

A

Yes

48
Q

Organic molecules contain ________ and ar found in all forms of life.

A

carbon

49
Q

Does DNA contain adenine and guanine?

A

Yes

50
Q

Does DNA contain cytosine and uracil?

A

No

51
Q

Does DNA contain deoxyribose?

A

Yes

52
Q

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?

A

Dehydration reactions

53
Q

The four main elements that make up proteins are?

A

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen

54
Q

identify two major classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

55
Q

What are the major classes of lipids?

A

phospholipids, waxes, steroids and fats

56
Q

Lipids are hydrophobic molecules that are _____ in water?

A

insoluble

57
Q

carbohydrate monomers are know as?

A

monosaccharides

58
Q

What are the four bases of RNA?

A

Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine and Adenine

59
Q

A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end is?

A

fatty acid

60
Q

Fats are also called ———— contain three fatty acids attached to glycerol

A

triglycerides

61
Q

How are fats synthesized?

A

dehydration synthesis links three fatty acids to glycerol

62
Q

phospholipids form ______________ because this is energetically most favorable for these molecules in a aqueous enviroment

A

bilayers

63
Q

What type of monomers are combined to form carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

64
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end

65
Q

Hydrolysis reaction?

A

the process by which a polymer is broken down because a molecule of water is added back in

66
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

67
Q

Monosaccharides?

A
  • simplest sugars

- can be in linear or ring shapes

68
Q

Disaccharides?

A
  • meaning two sugars
  • monosaccharides joined by dehydration (glycosidic bond)
  • ex. sucrose(table sugar)
69
Q

Glycosidic bond?

A

formed between two sugars molecules by dehydration

70
Q

polysaccharides?

A
  • many sugars

- hundred of glucose hooked together

71
Q

hydroxyl group

A

-OH

72
Q

carboxyl group

A

-COOH or C=O

73
Q

Amino Group

A

-NH2

74
Q

phosphate group

A

-OPO3 or -PO4^2-

75
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

-SH

76
Q

cis- isomers

A

-two hydrogen and two carbon atoms are bonded with the hydrogen on the same side of the C=C

77
Q

Trans- isomers

A

-two hydrogen and two carbon atoms are bonded with the hydrogen on opposite sides of the C=C

78
Q

Enantiomer

A
  • type of sterioisomer

- exists as a pair of molecules that are mirror images

79
Q

Enzymes

A

molecules that catalyze the rates of chemical reactions such as needed in digestion

80
Q

Monomers

A
  • meaning one part

- can be linked to form larger molecules

81
Q

polymers

A
  • many parts
  • linked monomers
  • repeating molecule
  • made by dehydration
  • broken by hydrolysis
82
Q

Condensation reaction

A

process of two or more molecules combining into a larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule

83
Q

What structure does hormones have?

A

ring structure and the base structure is made of carbon rings

84
Q

Proteins

A
  • polymer of amino acids
  • 20 different types
  • classified by if they are hydrophobic or hydrophillic
85
Q

denature?

A
  • when proteins lose their shape

- it is permanent

86
Q

How do DNA and RNA differ in construction?

A

RNA contains U, DNA does not

DNA contains T, RNA does not

87
Q

Functional group

A
  • changes the function by being polar
  • are attaches to a carbon foundation
  • most organic molecules and macromolecules contain these
  • (text book definition) groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Bio 111 (5 decks)

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