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Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

Single units that make up biological molecules

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Chain of monomers

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3
Q

Proteins

A

Made of amino acids
Make up most of the body
4 main structures

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4
Q

Amino Acids

A

20 types
Differentiated by the R-groups
Form peptide bods to create polypeptides
Amino-R group-Carboxylic Acid

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Polar bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen, Nitrogen or Fluorine
Responsible for properties of water

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6
Q

Cohesion

A

Ability of water to stick together, surface tension

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7
Q

Base

A

Solution with pH >7, more OH- ions

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8
Q

Buffer

A

Solution of water, a certain concentration of acid and same concentration of conjugate base. Ex. Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffer

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9
Q

Lipid

A

Monomers with hydrocarbon tails that store energy
Saturated: No double bond, straight, solid
Unsaturated: Double bond, bent, liquid

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10
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Genetic Material made of nucleotides
Includes phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous base

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of sugars
Sugars differ depending on the placement of the hydroxyl group
Used as energy
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glucose, cellulose, glycogen

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12
Q

Polar

A

Uneven charges due to electronegativity

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13
Q

Neutral

A

Solution w/ pH of 7

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14
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material

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15
Q

RNA

A

Single strand, Uracil, used for protein synthesis

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16
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Bringing together 2 molecules, creating a water molecule

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17
Q

Capillary Action

A

The ability of water to move up inside small tubes due to surface tension and interaction with polar surfaces

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18
Q

High Specific Heat Capacity

A

Takes a lot of energy to heat up water

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19
Q

Solvent

A

what the solute is dissolved into

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20
Q

ATP

A

energy currency, adenosine triphosphate
Releases last phosphate to release energy, creates ADP

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21
Q

pH

A

Concentration of H+. <7 acidic
7 neutral
>7 basic

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22
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA to begin replication
Starts at origin of replication
Is at fork of replication

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23
Q

Primase

A

Lays down RNA primers which signal DNA polymerase to begin replication
Lays more down on lagging strand

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24
Q

RNA primase

A

Similar to Primase
Longer RNA primer, different template

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25
DNA polymerase
Replicates the DNA Reads from 3-5, creates from 5-3 Uses phosphodiester bonds, pyrophosphate as a byproduct
26
3' end
End with the 3 carbon
27
5' end
End with the 5 carbon
28
Replication
Process of DNA being copied, semi-conservative
29
Guanine
Purine, pairs with Cytosine
30
Cytosine
Pyrimidine, pairs with Guanine
31
Gene
Sequence of DNA that codes for something, some code for proteins
32
mRNA
Carry codons to ribosomes for protein synthesis
33
Codon
Sequence of 3 nucleotides which code for an amino acid, found on mRNA
34
Initiation
First step in RNA synthesis Initiation factors find promoter region to signal RNA polymerase
35
Helix
Curl/spiral found in DNA and RNA DNA is a Double helix
36
Semi-conservative
In DNA replication, one strand is the original and the other is a new one. So, it is semi-conservative because it uses one of the original strands
37
Parent Strand
The original strand being used as a template
38
Daughter Strand
The new, complementary strand
39
Leading Strand
The strand created continuously because it runs in the 3-5 direction
40
Lagging Strand
Created in pieces because it runs in the 5-3 direction and the DNA polymerase must go back and create it in fragments
41
Origin of Replication
Place where Helicase binds and begins unwinding
42
Adenine
Purine, binds with Thymine or Uracil
43
Thymine
Pyrimidine, binds with adenosine
44
Genotype
Genetic expression of traits
45
tRNA
has anticodons and amino acids that it adds to the polypeptide chain inside the ribosome
46
Promoter Region
The sequence of nucleotides that signals the start of RNA synthesis. Has a common sequence called the consensus sequence
47
Elongation
Second stage of RNA synthesis DNA strand is template/antisense strand other is coding strand/sense
48
DNA
49
Nucleotides
Building block of DNA Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose/ribose), nitrogenous base
50
Purine
Nitrogenous base with 2 rings
51
Pyrimidine
Nitrogenous base with 1 ring
52
Phosphodiester bond
Bonds that hold together the spine of DNA between phosphate groups and sugars.
53
DNA Gyrase
Creates negative supercoils to counteract the positive supercoils that are created when unwinding DNA
54
Okazaki fragments
The pieces through which the lagging strand is created
55
DNA ligase
Connects the Okazaki fragments
56
Uracil
Replacement for Thymine in RNA, pyrimidine
57
Phenotype
Physical representation of traits
58
rRNA
Makes up ribosomes along with proteins
59
Initiation factors
Move along DNA from Initiation point to find promoter region and signal RNA polymerase
60
Termination
The last part of RNA synthesis RNA Polymerase reaches the termination sequence
61
Celera
Company that was rivaling the scientists in the Human Genome project Said they could do it faster and cheaper Used more inaccurate methods
62
Human Genome Project
Groups of scientists worldwide collaborated to sequence the first human genome
63
Cloning
Exact replication of DNA or an organism
64
GATTACA
Sci-Fi movie about DNA, and a man faking an identity using DNA
65
Biotechnology
Technology that uses biology to create products/machines
66
Genome
All genes in the human body
67
Sequencing
Process of creating a map of nucleotides in the correct order
68
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Used by bacteria as immune system Used in gene editing
69
Gene Editing
Process of adding/removing certain genes to have a specific outcome using CRISPR
70
Ethics
Moral principals
71
Bioethics
Moral principles about biology, especially gene editing
72
Next-generation
Latest form of a product/technology
73
Disease
Condition that negatively affects an organism
74
Gene Therapy
Using CRISPR and gene editing to help treat genetic diseases Controversial due to possible side effects
75
Metabolism
Process of breaking down nutrients/energy and turning them into what is useful for the body.
76
Radiation
Energy that comes from the sun, plants use it
77
Glucose
The main source of energy in the body, monosaccharide
78
Active Site
Site on enzymes where the substrate binds to Has the same or a similar shape
79
Inhibition
Stopping enzymes from functioning Reversible: Competitive, Noncompetitive/allosteric, Uncompetitive
80
Allosteric Inhibition
inhibitor binds to allosteric site, changes shape of active site
81
Lock and Key model
Active site is perfect shape of substrate
82
Catabolism
Breaking down
83
Photosynthesis
84
Substrate
85
Activation energy
86
Competitive Inhibition
87
Induced Fit
88
Lactase
89
Anabolism
Break down
90
Cellulose
Beta glycosidic bonds
91
Activation
Adding Cofactors to enzymes to activate them
92
Cofactor
Inorganic molecules that activate enzymes
93
Coenzyme
Organic activator, vitamin derivative Prosthetic: tightly held, does not need to be regenerated Cosubstrate: loosely held, needs to be regenerated
94
Denature
Proteins are broken due to high temps or high pH
95
Enzyme
Protein involved in metabolism usually ends with -ase. Lactase, Catalase
96
Organelles
97
Nucleus
98
Golgi body
Shipping
99
Vacuole
Plants/bacteria holds water, tonoplast outside
100
Cell membrane
101
Selective Permeability
102
Diffusion
103
Osmosis
104
Endocytosis
105
Surface Area vs Volume
106
Endoplasmic Reticulum
107
Lysosome
108
Cell Wall
109
Peptidoglycan
bacteria wall material
110
Active Transport
111
Passive Transport
112
Exocytosis
113
Cell
114
Mitochondria
115
Ribosome
116
Plasma membrane
117
Phospholipid Bi-layer
118
Fluid mosaic model
119
Cholesterol
120
ATP
121
Facilitated transport
122
Homeostasis
123
Ectotherm
124
Endotherm
125
Osmolarity
126
Hypertonic
127
Hypotonic
128
Target Setpoint
129
Amplification
130
Hypothalamus
131
Vein
132
Receptors
133
Regulation
134
Feedback
135
Capillaries
136
Artery
137
Blood Glucose
138
Insulin
139
Organ Systems
140
Nervous System
141
Circulatory System
142
Respiratory System
143
Digestive System
144
Excretory System
145
Endocrine System
146
Reproductive System
147
Immune System
148
Mouth
149
Esophagus
150
Stomach
151
Small Intestine
152
Glands
153
Hormones
154
Antibodies
155
Antigens
156
Specific/Non-specific Immune Response
157
Brain
158
Central Nervous System
159
Autonomic Nervous System
160
Somatic Nervous System
161
Neuron
162
Ganglia
163
Oxygen
164
Trachea
165
Bronchus
166
Bronchiole
167
Alveoli
168
Kidney
169
Nephron
170
Ureter
171
Urethra
172
Urine
173
Innate Immunity
174
Acquired immunity
175
Haploid
176
Zygote
177
Heart
178
Blood
179
Artery
180
Oxygenated
181
Deoxygenated
182
Plasma
183
Leukocytes
184
Erythrocytes
185
Hydrolysis
186
Break Down
187
Mechanical/Chemical Digestion
188
Sperm
189
Spermatogenesis
190
Egg
191
Testes
192
Vagina
193
Uterus
194
Cervix
195
Lungs
196
Fertilization
197
Large intestine

Anatomy1 (10 decks)

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