Biological Molecules

Question 1

CCHS

Water

Answer 1

• Oxygen - electronegative
• Polar molecule
• Hydrogen Bonds (weak bonds between H - O, N and F)
• Cohesion (surface tension)
• Capillary Action (Water adhesion to polar surfaces, rises, ex. trees)
• High Specific Heat Capacity (takes a large amount of enegy to heat, hydrogen bonds)
• Ice floats (water freezes in matrix, less dense)
• Good solvent (polar molecules)

Question 2

Biological Molecules

Answer 2

• Lipids: Cell membrane, usually non-polar, monomer
• Carbohydrates: Made of sugars, source of energy
• Proteins: Amino acids, R-groups
• Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base), DNA/RNA

Directionality, structure matters for functionality.

Question 3

Put together/seperate monomers

Answer 3

• Hydrolosis: Break bonds, use water molecule
• Dehydration Synthesis: Bond monomers, create water molecule

Question 4

Nucleic Acid

Answer 4

• Phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), Nitrogenous base
• DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
• RNA: Uracil
• DNA: Directionality: 3’ carbon one end, 5’ carbon on other, opposite directions (antiparellel).

Question 5

Proteins

Answer 5

• Amino Acid, 20 types (R-type changes)
• Amino group - R group - Carboxylic acid group
• Directional
• Primary: Strand, polypeptide
• Secondary: Alpha helix, beta pleated
• Teritary: R groups interact to create shapes
• Quartenary: Several proteins
• Temp/Ph: Denatured
  *

Question 6

Lipids

Answer 6

• Hydrocarbon tails store enegy
• Non-polar (most), monomer
• Unsaturated: Double bond, bent, liquid at room temp
• Saturated: No double bond, straight, solid at room temp

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

• Sugar polymers, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
• Monomer: hydroxyl position
• Polysaccharide examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, starches

Question 8

Functional Groups

Answer 8

Based on carbon, makes stable molecules
* Carboxyl group COOH
* Carbonyl: Double bonded O, ketone (middle), aldehyde (end)
* Methyl: Ch3
* Amino: Nitrogen
* Hydroxyl: OH (polar)
*

Question 9

ATP

Answer 9

• Adenosine triphosphate
• Adenine (purine/nitrogenous base), ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
• Energy held in phosphate bonds, release by removing phosphate, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) can be recharged
• Recharge in mitochondira with H protons
• Polymer sysnthesis

Question 10

Acid-Base

Answer 10

• Acid donates H+ ion (break covalent bond), base makes covalent bond
• Reactions in water, lone H bonds to make hydronium (water to H+ and OH-)
• pH measures concentration of H+ molecules, pH=-log[H+]
• Concentration of OH-: K= [H+]x[OH-]^B/[H2O]
• At room temp: K=1.8x10^-16 H2O= 55.6
• Acid: [H+]>[OH-]
• Base: [H+]<[OH-]

Question 11

Buffer

Answer 11

• Water + buffer system to prevent rapid change of pH
• Water, concentration of acid, equal concentration of conjugate base. Ex. carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system