Genomes and Biotechnology Flashcards
Human Genome Project
- 1990, 20 reseach centres to sequence whole human genome in 15 years (3 billion dollars)
- Private company - Celera to do it in 3 (ethical problems over genetic property
- Would divide DNA into small chunks (150k base pairs long) w/ overlapping ends. Insert to bacterial arteficial chromosome and replicated. Used overlap to create map (took 6 years)
- Sent around world: broken into 1,000 base pair long peices and sequenced (Sagner method, hierarchial shotgun method) (used colors and computers)
- Celera used whole genome shotgun sequencing, skip map stage and create sequence from just overlap
- HGP map released online within 24 hours (all data)
- 2001, draft of more than 90% of human genome. Done -2003
- Can now sequence in a few days but can’t interpret all of it
Genomics / Ethics
- 1989 - Dr. James Watson + other scientists tried to decode genome, brought scientists together (some did not see need)
- Tech not too advanced, was done by hand but could not have been completed without computers
- All data was shared during project (not common before this)
- Ethical conversations start in 1990s, continue today
1000 genome project
Effert to catalog human genetic variation
* Launched in 2008, complete in 2015
* Sequenced over 2500 from 26 populations
* Goal: identify genetic variation (including Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)), insertions, deletions and structural variations
* Data made public, paved way for UKBiobank and all os US research programs
* Data used for: Idenifying diease cuasing mutations (cancer, cadiovascular, nerodegenerative), Understanding population genetics (migration/variations), Improving sequencing tech, advance personal medicine (create personalized plans based on genetics)
CRISPR
- Scientists edit DNA ex. create drought resistant crops
- CRISPR is natural bacteria immune system
- Uses Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CAS (CRISPR associated) protiens which cut DNA of invading virus and place into CRISPRs
- Copied into RNA, binds to CAS9. If CAS9 finds match to RNA (virus RNA), destroys it.
- Scientists use CRISPR to edit DNA (can use CAS9 to destory/snip parts of DNA)
- Cell tries to repair DNA using non homologous end joining, prone to mistakes.
- Using implanted template DNA, homology directed repair is possible.
- Can use CRISPR to to treat genetic disease like cystic firbosis and sickle cell anemia
- Ethical questions about gene therapy
Sci-Fi Movies
GATTACA:
* 1997. genetically enhanced future (genes edited)
* Vincent born naturally, die at 30. People discriminate baded on genes
* Uses alias Jerome to get inside Gattaca corporation, chosen for mission to Saturn moon
* Mission director killed, Vincent leaves eyelash on scene (thought to be guilty)
The Island:
* 2005 film about 2019, Lincon Six Echo and Jordan Two Delta live in community where it is thought outside is contaminated
* Lottery is pulled per week for someone to go to Island (prize)
* Find out they are clones of wealthy
* Try to escape, brings up ethical questions about being human
