Cell Structures Flashcards
Passive Transport
Takes no energy, random movement along gradient, diffusion/osmosis/facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Movement of water through semi-permeable membrane along gradient
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules along their gradient through proteins (polar/big molecules). Can change shape ex. GLUT
Hypertonic
External solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration (cell shrivels)
Isotonic
External solution has equal solute and water concentration (cell is stable)
Hypotonic
External solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration (cell grows/explodes)
Active transport
Requires energy to move against gradient (ex. Sodium potassium pump)
Endocytosis
Cell bringing in a large amount of materials by surrounding it in membrane, using energy (active transport)
Exocytosis
Cell letting out a large amount of materials using energy (active transport)
Mitochondria
Produces energy (ATP)
Has an outer membrane and inner membrane
Inner membrane has folds called cristae
More surface area = more efficient
Space between inner folds and outer membrane is called inner membrane space for protons to recharge ATP
Ribosomes
Made of proteins and rRNA
Made in the nucleolus
Produces proteins, large subsection (tRNA) small subsection, mRNA in between
Found in the Rough ER or cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have different ones
Nucleolus
Section of the nucleus where all the DNA that codes for ribosomes is kept
Compressed in one area
Ribosomes synthesized
Nucleus
Where DNA is held inside of a porous membrane
The rough ER is connected to the nucleus
One of the first discovered
Cytoskeleton
Pillars = Microtubules (tubulin) for compressional support
Wires = Microfilaments for tensional support
Cell Membrane/plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer: hydrolipidic phosphate head, hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
Polar outside, non-polar inside
Selective permeability - Non-polar/small molecules
Proteins - channels for polar/large molecules
Cholesterol to keep together
Fluid mosaic model
Intermolecular bonds
Electrical field (store energy)
Signal transduction
Cell Wall
Extra support/protection/selective permeability in plants (cellulose), prokaryotic cells (peptidoglycan) and fungi (chitin)
Cytosol
Dissolved material inside the cell
Concentration gradient
Lysosome
Membrane bound digestive enzymes used to break down materials
Can move around or use transport vesicles
Can kill the cell (apoptosis)
Used in antibody cells (endocytosis)
Centriole
Determines locations of organelles
Used in spindle creation during mitosis
Not found in plants
Found inside the centrosome
Vesicle
Membrane bound container
Used for transporting/storing materials
Vacuole
Vacuole
Used to store water in plants and bacteria
Can have color or toxins
Important for rigidity/structure of cell
Outside is called tonoplast
We have small vacuoles used in endo/exocytosis
Some protists have contractile vacuoles
Golgi body/apparatus/complex
Shipping, takes materials around and out of cell
Ex. proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Used to synthesize proteins
Ribosomes found on it
Connected to the nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Used to create lipids (cholesterol)
Important in detoxifying ex. alcohol (creation of more)
