Vitamins water soluble Flashcards
0
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Characteristics
A
Apolar
Hydrophobic
Non polar
1
Q
Vitamins must be obtain from the diet because your cannot synthesize them except?
And this vitamin can synthesize from?
A
Vitamin D
Cholesterol
2
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Fat requirement
A
Must be present in the diet
Do not take vitamins on an empty stomach
3
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Storage
A
Stored in the liver and adipose tissues
Cannot be taken in large doses it can cause toxicity
4
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Transport
A
Requires lipoproteins
Proteins and fats needed in the transport of vitamin precursors.
5
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Toxicity
A
More prone to toxicity
6
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Excretion
A
Stool
7
Q
Water soluble vitamins
Characteristics
A
Polar
Hydrophilic
8
Q
Water soluble vitamins
Storage
A
Not stored except B12 it can stored in the liver
9
Q
Water soluble vitamins
Toxicity
A
Less prone kasi nga hindi sya na sstored
10
Q
Water soluble vitamins
Excretion
A
Urine
11
Q
For thiamine, the most active and the most important coenzyme form is
A
Thiamine pyro phosphate or TPP
12
Q
Reaction used to determine the quantitative amount of thiamine in a particular solution.
A
Potassium ferricyanide
13
Q
Pag naging blue that means the thiamine has been converted to
A
Thiochrome
Mas darker ang blue mas madami ang thiamine
14
Q
The requirement for thiamine is directly proportional to your
A
Carbohydrate intake or to your caloric intake
0.5 mg of thiamine per 1000 calories
15
Q
Functions of thiamine
A
Decarboxylation of pyruvate
Decarboxylation of alpha keto glutarate
16
Q
Pathways na affected ng thiamine dahil ito ay energy releasing
A
Aerobic glycolysis na may product na 2 pyruvate..
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate converted to acetyl coa
Kreb cycle
17
Q
What are the two shuttle if were going to have aerobic glycolysis
A
Mallate aspartate shuttle 10 and 8 atp
Glycerol phosphate shuttle 8 and 6 atp
18
Q
What are you need in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction
A
Thiamine Pyrophosphate FAD Coash vitamin B5 Lipoic acid NAD to NADH
Will enter to ETCThat give you 3 ATP na magiging 6 kasi dalawa nga yung pyruvate
19
Q
In krebs, how many ATP you get
A
12 ATP, at dahil dalawa ang acetylo coa magiging 24
20
Q
So what is the total ATP production in aerobic glycolysis?
A
10+6+24= 40
40 gross
38 net
21
Q
First manifestation of thiamine deficiency?
A
Severe muscle weakness.
Kasi nga kailangan ang thiamine para makapag produce ng energy. Because pyruvate cannot be converted to acetyl coa. No complete oxidation of glucose take place.
Muscle weakness not only affect skeletal but also cardiac. Thats why nakakamatay ang beri beri.
22
Q
Disease you get when B1 is sufficient
A
Beriberi
23
Q
Second manifestation of thiamine deficiency
A
Increase production of lactic acid.
Kasi nga hindi ma convert si pyruvate to acetyl coa so saan sya mapupunta eh di magiging lactic acid sya.
24
What step in krebs cycle na affected ng thiamine deficiency?
Alpha keto glutarate to succinyl coa.
Kasi kailangan mo parin dito ng TPP.
25
Any vitamin that is neede in a pathway that produces ATP/ energy is called
Energy releasing vitamin
26
You also need thiamine for the HMP shunt, so ano ba ang most important function ng HMp shunt?
Production of NADPH
27
Another function of HMP shunt is interconversion of sugars, there are two enzymes that are needed.
Transaldolase
| Transketolase
28
HMP shunt, transfer three carbon
Transaldolase
29
Transfer two carbons
Transketolase
30
So kung wala kang thiamine wala kang transketolation kung wala kang tranketolation affected ang
Ribose and xylulose and it call them pentoses
31
3rd manifestation of thiamine deficiency
Pentosemia and pentosuria.
Dahil walang transketolation, nag accumulate yung ribose and xylulose.
32
Enzyme that you assay to be able to know whether you have adequate amounts of B1.
Transketolase
33
4th manifestation of thiamine deficiency
Neurological manifestation
Dahil sa thiamine triphoposphate involved in metabolism of nerve tissues.mkaya tinatwag din ang B1 as moral vitamin
34
Destroy thiamine
Thiaminase
35
Anti thiamine factors
Thiaminase, found in raw foods like fish and clams
36
Beri beri type,
Most common, with neurological manifestation, no heart failure
Chronic peripheral neuritis type
37
Beri beri type
Fatal
With heart failure
Metabolic abnormalities predominate
Fulminating/pernicious/shoshin
38
Commonly seen in alcoholism
Damages the i testinal mucosa
Defect in thiamine absorption
Wernickes korsakoff syndrome
39
Adult beri beri type
Most manifestation are neurological
Dry (neurological) type
40
Adult beri beri type
With cardiac failure edema
Wet type
41
Adult beri beri type
Combination of neurological and cardiac edema
Mixed type
42
Infantile Beriberi
With laryngeal paralysis
No production of sound
Cat cry sound
Aphonic type
43
Infantile Beriberi
Convulsion without fever
Pseudomeningitic tyoe
44
Infantile Beriberi
Cyanosis when baby cries
Cardiac type
45
Edema seen on beri beri
| Accumulation of fluid in the foot
Pitting edema
46
Coenzyme forms of riboflavin are
FAD- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
| FMN- Flavin Mono Nucleotide
47
Riboflavin also called
Lactoflavin, because the best source of riboflavin is milk
48
Most important function of your FAD and FMN
Coenzymes for hydrogen transfer reactions
49
Active form of FAD and FMN
Isoilioxacin ring or flavin ring, kto yung involved sa hydrogen transfer reactions
50
Function of Riboflavin
Uric acid synthesis
Hypoxanthine to xanthine by enzyme xanthine oxidase
51
Function of Riboflavin
Krebs cycle
Succinate dehydrogenase complex
52
Function of Riboflavin
Glyconeogenesis
Glycerolphophate to dihydroxyacetone PO4 reaction
53
Function of Riboflavin
Electron transport chain
Complex 2
54
Function of Riboflavin
Reduction of glutathione
Enzyme glutathione reductase co enzyme is FAD
Diagnosis of vitamin B2 deficiency is the reduced form of glutathione
55
Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency
Usually confined in the oral cavity
56
Lesions on the angle of the mouth
| Can be seen in all B complex vitamin def.
Angular stomatitis
57
Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency
Secondary to Glossitis
Magenta tongue
58
Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency
Increased blood vessels formation in the cornea
Red eyes
No pain sensation in comparison with sore eyes
Corneal vascularization
59
Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency
Scaly and greasy eruptions around the nose and themouth
Seborrheic dermatitis
60
Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency
Secondary to corneal vascularization
Inability to see under the sun
Photophobia
61
Other names of vitamin B3
```
Niacin
Nicotinic acid
PP Factor
Nicotinamide
Niacinamide
```
62
PP Factor stands for
Pellagra Preventive Factor
63
Coenzyme forms of niacin
NAD and NADP for oxidized forms
| NADH and NADPH for reduced forms
64
Reactions where niacin is involed
reactions that need Niacin in KREBS cycle
Malate Dehydrogenase
Alpha Keto Glutarate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
65
Reactions where niacin is involed
In gluconeogenesis
Lactate to pyruvate
66
Reactions where niacin is involed
In ketogenesis
Hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate
67
Reactions where niacin is involed
Involved in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Kynurenine anthranilate pathway
68
Coenzyme needed in conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Vitamin B2
| Vitamin B6
69
Vitamin B2 and B6 deficiency
| Because tryptophan not converted to Niacin
Pellagra
70
Pellagra manifestations
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
71
If tryptophan not converted to niacin it will convert to?
Xanthurenic acid
72
Used to check vitamin B6 deficiency
| Measures xanthurenic acid
Tryptophan load test
73
1st enzyme in Kynurenine Anthranilate Pathway
Tryptophan Pyrolase
74
Deficiency in tryptophan pyrolase
Hartnup disease
75
Overproduction of serotonin
| No synthesis of NAD
Carcinoid syndrome
76
If dermatitis is located in the neck
Cassals neckclase
77
If dermatitis id located in extremeties
Gloves and stocking lesions
78
Color of dermatitis
Dark brown to black in color
79
First or early lesions of the skin in dermatitis
Mal dela rosa lesions
80
Also referred as B6
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
81
Other name of vitamin B6
```
Amino acid metabolism vitamin
Rat acrodynia factor
Vitamin H
Rat antidermatitis factor
Rat antipellagra factor
```
82
Coenzyme form of vitamin B6
Pyridoxal phosphate
| Most important co enzyme
83
Majority of function on protein metabolism
Amino acid metabolism vitamin
84
Physiologic role or functions of vitamin B6
Coenzyme in protein metabolism
Heme synthesis
Energy production from amino acid
Conversion of homocysteine to cystein
85
Vitamin B6 as coenzyme in protein metabolism ( pyridoxal phosphate)
Decarboxylation of glutamic acid to GABA
Conversion of 3 hydroxylynurenine to 3 hydroxyanthranillic acid
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Transamination
86
Vitamin B6 in heme synthesis
Rate limiting step sa heme synthesis na kailangan ng pryridoxal phosphate as co enzyme
Glycine plus succinyl CoA to form delta levulinic acid
| Using enzyme delta ala synthetase
87
Pag wala kang pyridoxal phosphate wala kang heme, so anong manifestation ang makikita mo?
Microcytic hypochromic type of anemia,
88
Energy releasing parin ang vitamin B6 kahit hindi sya kasali sa krebs cycle. Bakit?
Because when you want energy from amino acids, kailangan mo si B6
89
When she discussed the metabolism of methionine, ano ba nag substance na makukuha mo?
SAM
90
Active methyl donor of the body
SAM
91
Methionine now will give you homocysteine and then homocysteine to?
Cysteine
92
For you to convert homocysteine to cysteine you must have B6 as a coenzyme plus the enzyme?
Cystathionine synthetase
93
So kung gusto mong mas mabilis ang conversion ng homocsytein to cysteine mag bigay ka ng high dose of B6, however karamihan sa mga tao na mataa ang homocysteine kulang ng enzyme na
Cystathionine synthetase
94
Ngayun kung hindi ma convert ang homocysteine to cysteine meron pang isang paraan, at ito ang
Convertion of homocyteine back to methionine using vitamins B9 and B12
95
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
GABA not formed
Convulsive seizuress
96
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
Inability to convert tryptophan to niacin
Pellagra like symptoms
97
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
Inability to convert typrophan to serotonin
GIT symptoms
98
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
Decrease heme formation
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
99
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
Only in rats
Abnormal pigmentation
Acrodenia
100
Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency
Oxalic acid accumulates
G
Glycine to glyxolate
Oxalate stone formation
101
Besides B6 anothervitamins that gives oxalate stones
Vitamin C
102
Aminotransferases
Pag madami ang B6 active naman ang transaminases and vice versa
103
Panthotenic acid other name
Everywhere vitamin
| Filtrate factor
104
Why everywhere vitamin?
Found in all the food we intake, but deficiency can also happen because there are food with panthothenic acid inhibitor
105
Source of panthothenic acid
Royal jelly from beehives
106
Forms of panthothenic acid
Acetyl CoA
Succinyl CoA
Acyl carrier protein
107
The most important function of panthothenic acid ay ang pagiging part nya sa?
Coenzyme A
108
Reaction in krebs that need a panthothenic acid
First step, acetyl coa plus acetate equals to citrate
109
The most prominent manifestation of panthotenic acid deficiency is
Easy fatiguability, because there is no ATP produce or less in KREB cycle
110
Another manifestation of deficient in panthothenic acid.
Atrophy of adrenal gland. Bakit? You need acetyl CoA as a precursor for your cholesterol and steroid hormones and this is these are produced by adrenal gland.
111
Panthothenic acid most important action
As acetyl CoA
112
Panthothenic acid is a constituent of acetyl Coa. Enzyme used is
Co acetylase
113
Reactions involving acetyl CoA
Krebs cyle- oxaloacetate + acetyl coa = citrate
Choline+ CoA = acetylcholine
Combines with sulfonamide drugs
Cholesterol and steroid formations
114
Panthothenic acid deficiency lead to microlytic hypochromic anemia?
Because of heme synthesis, kasi kailangan ng succinyl coa at glycine to form heme.
115
Panthothenic acid deficiency can lead to ______________ dahil wala kang energy at all kahit kain ka ng kain.
Cardiovascular disturbances + mental depression
116
Vitamin B7 biotin
Other names
Anti egg white injury factor
| Synthesized by intestinal bacteria
117
Vitamin B7 biotin
Source
Egg yolk
118
Found in egg white
| Prevents the reabsorption of biotin
Avidin
119
Biotin forms
Alpha biotin - abundant in egg yolk
| Beta biotin - abundant in liver
120
Physiologic role or function of Biotin
CO2 fixation or carboxylation
121
Enzyme in biotin usually called
Carboxylases
122
Reactions with carboxylation reactions
Lipid metabolism
Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA
123
Reactions with carboxylation reactions
Protein metabolism
Pyruvic acid to oxaloacetate
Enzyme : pyruvate carboxylase
Co factor: biotin
Biotin binds to a lysine residue
124
Reactions with carboxylation reactions
Purine synthesis
Fixation of CO2 in the formation of 6 ring purine
| Fixation of carbon number 6
125
Reactions with carboxylation reactions
Urea cycle
Enzyme: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
| Co factor : biotin
126
Manifestation of biotin deficiency
Losing of hair
Depression
Hallucination of grandeur
127
A reaction that fills up the krebs
Major anaphlerotic reaction
128
Vitamin with glutamic acid in structure?
Folic acid or B9
129
Coenzyme that form in B9
Tetrahydrofolic acid or THFA or FH4n
130
Formula for folic acid
Glutamic acid plus PABA ( para amino benzoic acid )
131
The active prt of folic acid are
Nitrogen 5 and 10
| These are the points you add one methyl group
132
Most important function of folic acid is
Carrier of one carbon group
| Example methyl CH3
133
Activation of folic acid have 2 reduction step
1st reduction step
Folic acid to dihydrofolic acid
Reducing agent : NADPH
Co enzyme: Vitamin C
Enzyme: folic reductase
134
Activation of folic acid have 2 reduction step
2 nd reduction step
Dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid
135
Significance of nitrogen 5 and 10
Methyl group attached to nitrogen 5
Most abundant form in the body
N5 methyl folic acid
136
Significance of nitrogen 5 and 10
Formyl group attached to Nitroge 10
N10 formyl folic acid
Name changes depending sa nakaattach
137
Inhibits formation of folic acid
Inhibits activation of folic acid (acts in folic acid reductase)
Used in treatment of cancer
Folic acid antagonist
Methothrexate
Kasi affected nito ang purine and pyrimidine na kailangan sa DNA synthesis, kung walang DNA walang cell production
138
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
C2 of purine ring
N10 formyl THFA
139
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
C8 of purine ring
N5 N10 methenyl THFA
140
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
Histidine catabolism
N5 formimino THFA
Hustidine to uricanic acid to aminoglutamic acid or FIGLU
141
To detect folic acid deficiency
Histidine load test or figlu excretion test
Kasi kapag walng folic acid hindi ma coconvert si figlu sa glutamic acid at ma eexcrete ito sa urine.
142
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
Thymine pyrimindine synthesis
N10 hydroxymethyl THFA
143
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
Methionine synthesis
Most prevalent form of folic acid transported in the blood
N5 methyl THFA
144
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
Methyl group transferred to vitamin B12
N5 methyl THFA
145
Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid
Provides methyl group in the formation of thymicylate
Necessary precursor of DNA synthesis and formation
N5 N10 methylene THFA
146
Folic acid physiologic role
Uridine synthesis
147
Sources of folic acid
Food
148
Folic acid major source of deficiency
Inadequate dietary intake
Impaired intestinal absorption
Pregnancy
149
Drugs that interfere with folate metabolism
Anti convulsant drug- increase the catabolism of folic acid
| Oral contraceptives - interfere with Folic Acid metabolism
150
Major effect of deficiency of folic acid
DNA synthesis
151
Manifestation of folic acid deficiency
Blood cells are big, did not mature
Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia
152
Manifestation of folic acid deficiency
Low count of WBC, RBC, platelets
No cell maturation and cell growth
Increase bleeding tendency
Pancytopenia
153
Manifestation of folic acid deficiency
Inhibition of DNA synthesis
Growth failure
154
Manifestation of folic acid deficiency
Absence of the normal pigmentation of the hair of the rats
Achromotrichia
155
Vitamin B12 other names
Anti pernicious anemia vitamin
Cobalamin
Extrinsic factor of cassel
Erythrocyte maturation factor
156
Only one that do not find in fruits and vegetables
B12
157
B12 as cobalamin
It indicates contains of cobalt
158
B12 extrinsic factor of cassel
Because it requires intrinsic factor for its absorption. Na matatagpuan sa stomach, kaya oag nag grastectomy hindi ba maabsorb si B12
159
Form of B12 that is injected once a month
| Involved in maturation of RBC
Erythrocyte maturation factor
160
B12 structure
Corine ring same as heme but instead of iron in the center its cobalt
161
B12 forms
Cyanide attach to the cobalt
Cyanocabalomine
162
B12 forms
Methyl group attached to cobalt
Most abundant
Methylcabalamin
163
Coenzyme form of B12
5 prime deoxyadenosine cobalamine
Also called
Biologic linear reagent
Cobamide enzyme
164
Physiologic role or functions of B12
Metabolism of Odd number fatty acids
Conversion of homocysteine back to methionine
165
Relationship between B12, folic acid and homicysteine
Normal folic acid is in the methyl form.
Kailangan matanggal ang methyl group sa folic acid para magamit si folic acid sa purine pyrimidine synthesis.
Si B12 ang magtatanggal ng methyl kay folic, si methyl pag natanggal na pupunta kay homocysteine then si homocysteine magigibg methionine ulet
166
Manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious anemia
More severe megaloblastic anemia or macrocytic anemia. ( kaparehas ng folic acid deficiency pero mas malala ito kasi meron itong kasama na neurological manifestations and lesions in the nervous sytem)
167
Usual manifestations of vitamin B complex deficiency
Glossitis
Stomatitis
Pharyngitis
168
Causes of Vitamin B13 deficiency
Chronic dietary def
Impaired absorption due to lack of intrinsic factor
Pregnancy
