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Biochem Finals Fatima > Vitamins water soluble > Flashcards

Vitamins water soluble Flashcards

0
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Characteristics

A

Apolar
Hydrophobic
Non polar

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1
Q

Vitamins must be obtain from the diet because your cannot synthesize them except?

And this vitamin can synthesize from?

A

Vitamin D

Cholesterol

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Fat requirement

A

Must be present in the diet

Do not take vitamins on an empty stomach

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3
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Storage

A

Stored in the liver and adipose tissues

Cannot be taken in large doses it can cause toxicity

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4
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Transport

A

Requires lipoproteins

Proteins and fats needed in the transport of vitamin precursors.

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5
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Toxicity

A

More prone to toxicity

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6
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

Excretion

A

Stool

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7
Q

Water soluble vitamins

Characteristics

A

Polar

Hydrophilic

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8
Q

Water soluble vitamins

Storage

A

Not stored except B12 it can stored in the liver

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9
Q

Water soluble vitamins

Toxicity

A

Less prone kasi nga hindi sya na sstored

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10
Q

Water soluble vitamins

Excretion

A

Urine

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11
Q

For thiamine, the most active and the most important coenzyme form is

A

Thiamine pyro phosphate or TPP

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12
Q

Reaction used to determine the quantitative amount of thiamine in a particular solution.

A

Potassium ferricyanide

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13
Q

Pag naging blue that means the thiamine has been converted to

A

Thiochrome

Mas darker ang blue mas madami ang thiamine

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14
Q

The requirement for thiamine is directly proportional to your

A

Carbohydrate intake or to your caloric intake

0.5 mg of thiamine per 1000 calories

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15
Q

Functions of thiamine

A

Decarboxylation of pyruvate

Decarboxylation of alpha keto glutarate

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16
Q

Pathways na affected ng thiamine dahil ito ay energy releasing

A

Aerobic glycolysis na may product na 2 pyruvate..
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate converted to acetyl coa
Kreb cycle

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17
Q

What are the two shuttle if were going to have aerobic glycolysis

A

Mallate aspartate shuttle 10 and 8 atp

Glycerol phosphate shuttle 8 and 6 atp

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18
Q

What are you need in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction

A 
Thiamine Pyrophosphate
FAD
Coash vitamin B5
Lipoic acid
NAD to NADH

Will enter to ETCThat give you 3 ATP na magiging 6 kasi dalawa nga yung pyruvate

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19
Q

In krebs, how many ATP you get

A

12 ATP, at dahil dalawa ang acetylo coa magiging 24

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20
Q

So what is the total ATP production in aerobic glycolysis?

A

10+6+24= 40

40 gross
38 net

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21
Q

First manifestation of thiamine deficiency?

A

Severe muscle weakness.

Kasi nga kailangan ang thiamine para makapag produce ng energy. Because pyruvate cannot be converted to acetyl coa. No complete oxidation of glucose take place.

Muscle weakness not only affect skeletal but also cardiac. Thats why nakakamatay ang beri beri.

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22
Q

Disease you get when B1 is sufficient

A

Beriberi

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23
Q

Second manifestation of thiamine deficiency

A

Increase production of lactic acid.

Kasi nga hindi ma convert si pyruvate to acetyl coa so saan sya mapupunta eh di magiging lactic acid sya.

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24
Q

What step in krebs cycle na affected ng thiamine deficiency?

A

Alpha keto glutarate to succinyl coa.

Kasi kailangan mo parin dito ng TPP.

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25
Q

Any vitamin that is neede in a pathway that produces ATP/ energy is called

A

Energy releasing vitamin

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26
Q

You also need thiamine for the HMP shunt, so ano ba ang most important function ng HMp shunt?

A

Production of NADPH

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27
Q

Another function of HMP shunt is interconversion of sugars, there are two enzymes that are needed.

A

Transaldolase

Transketolase

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28
Q

HMP shunt, transfer three carbon

A

Transaldolase

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29
Q

Transfer two carbons

A

Transketolase

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30
Q

So kung wala kang thiamine wala kang transketolation kung wala kang tranketolation affected ang

A

Ribose and xylulose and it call them pentoses

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31
Q

3rd manifestation of thiamine deficiency

A

Pentosemia and pentosuria.

Dahil walang transketolation, nag accumulate yung ribose and xylulose.

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32
Q

Enzyme that you assay to be able to know whether you have adequate amounts of B1.

A

Transketolase

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33
Q

4th manifestation of thiamine deficiency

A

Neurological manifestation

Dahil sa thiamine triphoposphate involved in metabolism of nerve tissues.mkaya tinatwag din ang B1 as moral vitamin

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34
Q

Destroy thiamine

A

Thiaminase

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35
Q

Anti thiamine factors

A

Thiaminase, found in raw foods like fish and clams

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36
Q

Beri beri type,

Most common, with neurological manifestation, no heart failure

A

Chronic peripheral neuritis type

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37
Q

Beri beri type

Fatal
With heart failure
Metabolic abnormalities predominate

A

Fulminating/pernicious/shoshin

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38
Q

Commonly seen in alcoholism
Damages the i testinal mucosa
Defect in thiamine absorption

A

Wernickes korsakoff syndrome

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39
Q

Adult beri beri type

Most manifestation are neurological

A

Dry (neurological) type

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40
Q

Adult beri beri type

With cardiac failure edema

A

Wet type

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41
Q

Adult beri beri type

Combination of neurological and cardiac edema

A

Mixed type

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42
Q

Infantile Beriberi

With laryngeal paralysis
No production of sound
Cat cry sound

A

Aphonic type

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43
Q

Infantile Beriberi

Convulsion without fever

A

Pseudomeningitic tyoe

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44
Q

Infantile Beriberi

Cyanosis when baby cries

A

Cardiac type

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45
Q

Edema seen on beri beri

Accumulation of fluid in the foot

A

Pitting edema

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46
Q

Coenzyme forms of riboflavin are

A

FAD- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

FMN- Flavin Mono Nucleotide

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47
Q

Riboflavin also called

A

Lactoflavin, because the best source of riboflavin is milk

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48
Q

Most important function of your FAD and FMN

A

Coenzymes for hydrogen transfer reactions

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49
Q

Active form of FAD and FMN

A

Isoilioxacin ring or flavin ring, kto yung involved sa hydrogen transfer reactions

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50
Q

Function of Riboflavin

Uric acid synthesis

A

Hypoxanthine to xanthine by enzyme xanthine oxidase

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51
Q

Function of Riboflavin

Krebs cycle

A

Succinate dehydrogenase complex

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52
Q

Function of Riboflavin

Glyconeogenesis

A

Glycerolphophate to dihydroxyacetone PO4 reaction

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53
Q

Function of Riboflavin

Electron transport chain

A

Complex 2

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54
Q

Function of Riboflavin

Reduction of glutathione

A

Enzyme glutathione reductase co enzyme is FAD

Diagnosis of vitamin B2 deficiency is the reduced form of glutathione

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55
Q

Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency

A

Usually confined in the oral cavity

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56
Q

Lesions on the angle of the mouth

Can be seen in all B complex vitamin def.

A

Angular stomatitis

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57
Q

Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency

Secondary to Glossitis

A

Magenta tongue

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58
Q

Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency

Increased blood vessels formation in the cornea
Red eyes
No pain sensation in comparison with sore eyes

A

Corneal vascularization

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59
Q

Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency

Scaly and greasy eruptions around the nose and themouth

A

Seborrheic dermatitis

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60
Q

Manifestation of Riboflavin deficiency

Secondary to corneal vascularization
Inability to see under the sun

A

Photophobia

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61
Q

Other names of vitamin B3

A 
Niacin
Nicotinic acid
PP Factor
Nicotinamide
Niacinamide
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62
Q

PP Factor stands for

A

Pellagra Preventive Factor

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63
Q

Coenzyme forms of niacin

A

NAD and NADP for oxidized forms

NADH and NADPH for reduced forms

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64
Q

Reactions where niacin is involed

reactions that need Niacin in KREBS cycle

A

Malate Dehydrogenase
Alpha Keto Glutarate dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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65
Q

Reactions where niacin is involed

In gluconeogenesis

A

Lactate to pyruvate

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66
Q

Reactions where niacin is involed

In ketogenesis

A

Hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate

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67
Q

Reactions where niacin is involed

Involved in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin

A

Kynurenine anthranilate pathway

68
Q

Coenzyme needed in conversion of tryptophan to niacin

A

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B6

69
Q

Vitamin B2 and B6 deficiency

Because tryptophan not converted to Niacin

A

Pellagra

70
Q

Pellagra manifestations

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia

71
Q

If tryptophan not converted to niacin it will convert to?

A

Xanthurenic acid

72
Q

Used to check vitamin B6 deficiency

Measures xanthurenic acid

A

Tryptophan load test

73
Q

1st enzyme in Kynurenine Anthranilate Pathway

A

Tryptophan Pyrolase

74
Q

Deficiency in tryptophan pyrolase

A

Hartnup disease

75
Q

Overproduction of serotonin

No synthesis of NAD

A

Carcinoid syndrome

76
Q

If dermatitis is located in the neck

A

Cassals neckclase

77
Q

If dermatitis id located in extremeties

A

Gloves and stocking lesions

78
Q

Color of dermatitis

A

Dark brown to black in color

79
Q

First or early lesions of the skin in dermatitis

A

Mal dela rosa lesions

80
Q

Also referred as B6

A

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

81
Q

Other name of vitamin B6

A 
Amino acid metabolism vitamin
Rat acrodynia factor
Vitamin H
Rat antidermatitis factor
Rat antipellagra factor
82
Q

Coenzyme form of vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

Most important co enzyme

83
Q

Majority of function on protein metabolism

A

Amino acid metabolism vitamin

84
Q

Physiologic role or functions of vitamin B6

A

Coenzyme in protein metabolism
Heme synthesis
Energy production from amino acid
Conversion of homocysteine to cystein

85
Q

Vitamin B6 as coenzyme in protein metabolism ( pyridoxal phosphate)

A

Decarboxylation of glutamic acid to GABA
Conversion of 3 hydroxylynurenine to 3 hydroxyanthranillic acid
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin
Transamination

86
Q

Vitamin B6 in heme synthesis

Rate limiting step sa heme synthesis na kailangan ng pryridoxal phosphate as co enzyme

A

Glycine plus succinyl CoA to form delta levulinic acid

Using enzyme delta ala synthetase

87
Q

Pag wala kang pyridoxal phosphate wala kang heme, so anong manifestation ang makikita mo?

A

Microcytic hypochromic type of anemia,

88
Q

Energy releasing parin ang vitamin B6 kahit hindi sya kasali sa krebs cycle. Bakit?

A

Because when you want energy from amino acids, kailangan mo si B6

89
Q

When she discussed the metabolism of methionine, ano ba nag substance na makukuha mo?

A

SAM

90
Q

Active methyl donor of the body

A

SAM

91
Q

Methionine now will give you homocysteine and then homocysteine to?

A

Cysteine

92
Q

For you to convert homocysteine to cysteine you must have B6 as a coenzyme plus the enzyme?

A

Cystathionine synthetase

93
Q

So kung gusto mong mas mabilis ang conversion ng homocsytein to cysteine mag bigay ka ng high dose of B6, however karamihan sa mga tao na mataa ang homocysteine kulang ng enzyme na

A

Cystathionine synthetase

94
Q

Ngayun kung hindi ma convert ang homocysteine to cysteine meron pang isang paraan, at ito ang

A

Convertion of homocyteine back to methionine using vitamins B9 and B12

95
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

GABA not formed

A

Convulsive seizuress

96
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

Inability to convert tryptophan to niacin

A

Pellagra like symptoms

97
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

Inability to convert typrophan to serotonin

A

GIT symptoms

98
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

Decrease heme formation

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

99
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

Only in rats
Abnormal pigmentation

A

Acrodenia

100
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency

Oxalic acid accumulates
G
Glycine to glyxolate

A

Oxalate stone formation

101
Q

Besides B6 anothervitamins that gives oxalate stones

A

Vitamin C

102
Q

Aminotransferases

A

Pag madami ang B6 active naman ang transaminases and vice versa

103
Q

Panthotenic acid other name

A

Everywhere vitamin

Filtrate factor

104
Q

Why everywhere vitamin?

A

Found in all the food we intake, but deficiency can also happen because there are food with panthothenic acid inhibitor

105
Q

Source of panthothenic acid

A

Royal jelly from beehives

106
Q

Forms of panthothenic acid

A

Acetyl CoA
Succinyl CoA
Acyl carrier protein

107
Q

The most important function of panthothenic acid ay ang pagiging part nya sa?

A

Coenzyme A

108
Q

Reaction in krebs that need a panthothenic acid

A

First step, acetyl coa plus acetate equals to citrate

109
Q

The most prominent manifestation of panthotenic acid deficiency is

A

Easy fatiguability, because there is no ATP produce or less in KREB cycle

110
Q

Another manifestation of deficient in panthothenic acid.

A

Atrophy of adrenal gland. Bakit? You need acetyl CoA as a precursor for your cholesterol and steroid hormones and this is these are produced by adrenal gland.

111
Q

Panthothenic acid most important action

A

As acetyl CoA

112
Q

Panthothenic acid is a constituent of acetyl Coa. Enzyme used is

A

Co acetylase

113
Q

Reactions involving acetyl CoA

A

Krebs cyle- oxaloacetate + acetyl coa = citrate
Choline+ CoA = acetylcholine
Combines with sulfonamide drugs
Cholesterol and steroid formations

114
Q

Panthothenic acid deficiency lead to microlytic hypochromic anemia?

A

Because of heme synthesis, kasi kailangan ng succinyl coa at glycine to form heme.

115
Q

Panthothenic acid deficiency can lead to ______________ dahil wala kang energy at all kahit kain ka ng kain.

A

Cardiovascular disturbances + mental depression

116
Q

Vitamin B7 biotin

Other names

A

Anti egg white injury factor

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria

117
Q

Vitamin B7 biotin

Source

A

Egg yolk

118
Q

Found in egg white

Prevents the reabsorption of biotin

A

Avidin

119
Q

Biotin forms

A

Alpha biotin - abundant in egg yolk

Beta biotin - abundant in liver

120
Q

Physiologic role or function of Biotin

A

CO2 fixation or carboxylation

121
Q

Enzyme in biotin usually called

A

Carboxylases

122
Q

Reactions with carboxylation reactions

Lipid metabolism

A

Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

123
Q

Reactions with carboxylation reactions

Protein metabolism

A

Pyruvic acid to oxaloacetate
Enzyme : pyruvate carboxylase
Co factor: biotin
Biotin binds to a lysine residue

124
Q

Reactions with carboxylation reactions

Purine synthesis

A

Fixation of CO2 in the formation of 6 ring purine

Fixation of carbon number 6

125
Q

Reactions with carboxylation reactions

Urea cycle

A

Enzyme: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Co factor : biotin

126
Q

Manifestation of biotin deficiency

A

Losing of hair
Depression
Hallucination of grandeur

127
Q

A reaction that fills up the krebs

A

Major anaphlerotic reaction

128
Q

Vitamin with glutamic acid in structure?

A

Folic acid or B9

129
Q

Coenzyme that form in B9

A

Tetrahydrofolic acid or THFA or FH4n

130
Q

Formula for folic acid

A

Glutamic acid plus PABA ( para amino benzoic acid )

131
Q

The active prt of folic acid are

A

Nitrogen 5 and 10

These are the points you add one methyl group

132
Q

Most important function of folic acid is

A

Carrier of one carbon group

Example methyl CH3

133
Q

Activation of folic acid have 2 reduction step

1st reduction step

A

Folic acid to dihydrofolic acid
Reducing agent : NADPH
Co enzyme: Vitamin C
Enzyme: folic reductase

134
Q

Activation of folic acid have 2 reduction step

2 nd reduction step

A

Dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid

135
Q

Significance of nitrogen 5 and 10

Methyl group attached to nitrogen 5
Most abundant form in the body

A

N5 methyl folic acid

136
Q

Significance of nitrogen 5 and 10

Formyl group attached to Nitroge 10

A

N10 formyl folic acid

Name changes depending sa nakaattach

137
Q

Inhibits formation of folic acid
Inhibits activation of folic acid (acts in folic acid reductase)
Used in treatment of cancer

A

Folic acid antagonist
Methothrexate

Kasi affected nito ang purine and pyrimidine na kailangan sa DNA synthesis, kung walang DNA walang cell production

138
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

C2 of purine ring

A

N10 formyl THFA

139
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

C8 of purine ring

A

N5 N10 methenyl THFA

140
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

Histidine catabolism

A

N5 formimino THFA

Hustidine to uricanic acid to aminoglutamic acid or FIGLU

141
Q

To detect folic acid deficiency

A

Histidine load test or figlu excretion test

Kasi kapag walng folic acid hindi ma coconvert si figlu sa glutamic acid at ma eexcrete ito sa urine.

142
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

Thymine pyrimindine synthesis

A

N10 hydroxymethyl THFA

143
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

Methionine synthesis
Most prevalent form of folic acid transported in the blood

A

N5 methyl THFA

144
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

Methyl group transferred to vitamin B12

A

N5 methyl THFA

145
Q

Forms of tetra hydrofolic acid

Provides methyl group in the formation of thymicylate
Necessary precursor of DNA synthesis and formation

A

N5 N10 methylene THFA

146
Q

Folic acid physiologic role

A

Uridine synthesis

147
Q

Sources of folic acid

A

Food

148
Q

Folic acid major source of deficiency

A

Inadequate dietary intake
Impaired intestinal absorption
Pregnancy

149
Q

Drugs that interfere with folate metabolism

A

Anti convulsant drug- increase the catabolism of folic acid

Oral contraceptives - interfere with Folic Acid metabolism

150
Q

Major effect of deficiency of folic acid

A

DNA synthesis

151
Q

Manifestation of folic acid deficiency

Blood cells are big, did not mature

A

Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia

152
Q

Manifestation of folic acid deficiency

Low count of WBC, RBC, platelets
No cell maturation and cell growth
Increase bleeding tendency

A

Pancytopenia

153
Q

Manifestation of folic acid deficiency

Inhibition of DNA synthesis

A

Growth failure

154
Q

Manifestation of folic acid deficiency

Absence of the normal pigmentation of the hair of the rats

A

Achromotrichia

155
Q

Vitamin B12 other names

A

Anti pernicious anemia vitamin
Cobalamin
Extrinsic factor of cassel
Erythrocyte maturation factor

156
Q

Only one that do not find in fruits and vegetables

A

B12

157
Q

B12 as cobalamin

A

It indicates contains of cobalt

158
Q

B12 extrinsic factor of cassel

A

Because it requires intrinsic factor for its absorption. Na matatagpuan sa stomach, kaya oag nag grastectomy hindi ba maabsorb si B12

159
Q

Form of B12 that is injected once a month

Involved in maturation of RBC

A

Erythrocyte maturation factor

160
Q

B12 structure

A

Corine ring same as heme but instead of iron in the center its cobalt

161
Q

B12 forms

Cyanide attach to the cobalt

A

Cyanocabalomine

162
Q

B12 forms

Methyl group attached to cobalt
Most abundant

A

Methylcabalamin

163
Q

Coenzyme form of B12

A

5 prime deoxyadenosine cobalamine

Also called

Biologic linear reagent
Cobamide enzyme

164
Q

Physiologic role or functions of B12

A

Metabolism of Odd number fatty acids

Conversion of homocysteine back to methionine

165
Q

Relationship between B12, folic acid and homicysteine

A

Normal folic acid is in the methyl form.
Kailangan matanggal ang methyl group sa folic acid para magamit si folic acid sa purine pyrimidine synthesis.
Si B12 ang magtatanggal ng methyl kay folic, si methyl pag natanggal na pupunta kay homocysteine then si homocysteine magigibg methionine ulet

166
Q

Manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia

More severe megaloblastic anemia or macrocytic anemia. ( kaparehas ng folic acid deficiency pero mas malala ito kasi meron itong kasama na neurological manifestations and lesions in the nervous sytem)

167
Q

Usual manifestations of vitamin B complex deficiency

A

Glossitis
Stomatitis
Pharyngitis

168
Q

Causes of Vitamin B13 deficiency

A

Chronic dietary def
Impaired absorption due to lack of intrinsic factor
Pregnancy

Biochem Finals Fatima (6 decks)

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