Hormone Biochemistry Flashcards
Cell does not store hormone, but secretes it from secretory vesicles as it is synthesized.
Constitutive secretion
Cell stores hormone, it is the most commonly used pathway and secrete a large amount of hormone over a short period of time.
Regulated secretion
Hormones that are derived from amino acids?
Thyroid hormone
Catecholamines
This are amine
Example of protein hormones
Basta ni rerelease ng hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas at GIT.
Kasama din ang LH, FSH, TSH and Hcg
Example of steroid hormones
Adrenocortical hormones
Reproductive gland hormones
Active metabolite of vitamin D
Serves as direct precursor to catecholamines
L tyrosine
In synthesis of catecholamines, what is the rate limiting enzyme and which part of the cell do we find it?
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Cytoplasm
Example of polypeptide hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
A spectacular example of multiple hormones encoded by a single gene
Pro opiomelanocortin
Synthesis of aldosterone occurs in the?
Zona glomerulosa
Pregnenolone is converted to progesterone by the action of two smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Isomerase
Thyroid hormones are inactivated primarily by
Intracellular deiodinases
GH antagonizes many metabolic actions of insulin,
Stimulating gluconeogenesis
Promoting lipolysis
Major glucocorticoids in humans
Cortisol
Concern to supply fuels to the blood so that the energy can be produced to combat stress
Glucocorticoid
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids have anti inflammatory effects by inducing the synthesis of ___________, a protein that inhibits _____________, the rate limiting enzyme in synthesis of _________, _________, and __________
Lipocortin Phopholipase A2 Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukotrines
Function of glucocorticoid
Stressful situation
Anti inflammatory
Fuel metabolism
Epinephrine increases blood glucose by stimulating liver
Glycogenolysis
Also called antidiuretic hormone released in response to a decrease in blood volume or increased Na concentration
Vasopressin or ADH
Produces effects that include increased urine volume, excretion of sodium, and vasodilation.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle cells, causing vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure
Angiotensin 2
Absorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
Aldosterone
Major hormones responsible for the differentiation of mammary alveolar cells into secretory cells capable of producing milk
Prolactin
Glucocorticoid
Insulin
Inhibits milk protein production and secretion during pregnancy
Progesterone
Causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveolar cells causing milk ejection through the nipple
Oxytocin
Causes the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
GNRH
Acts on the follicle to promote maturation of the ovum
FSH
Midpoint of the menstrual cycle stimulates the ripe follicle to ovulate
LH
Causes the endometrium to continue to thicken and vascularize and increase in secretory capacity
Progesterone
Produced by oxidation of retinal and cannot be reduced
Retinoic acid
Transport form is stored as retinyl esters
Retinol
A functional part of the visual cycle
Retinal
Involved in grown and also in dedifferentiation and maintenance epithelial tissue
Retinoic acid
Produced in response to low calcium and act to increase the level of extracellular calcium
Parathyroid hormone
Acts with PTH in bone resorption and promotes theresorption of calcium
Cholecalciferol
Lowers the calcium level by inhibiting its release from bone and stimulating its excretion in urine
Calcitonin
Stimulate gastric acid and pepsin secretion
Gastrin
Stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and the secretion of pancreatic enzyme
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates the secretion of bicarbonates by the pancreas
Secretin
Enhances insulin release and inhibits secretion of gastric acid
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Relaxes smooth muscles and stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Insulin increase during
Fed state
Insulin effect on glucose
Stores glycogen and triacylglycerol
Pathway affected by insulin
Glycogenesis in liver and muscle TAG synthesis in liver Conversion to VLDL TAG storage in adipose tissue Glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissue Protein synthesis
Glucagon increase during
Fasting state
Glucagon effect on glucose
Increases availability of glucose and fatty acids in the blood
Pathway affected in glucagon
Glycogenolysis in liver but not in muscle
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Gluconeogenesis
