Vitamins Required for Calcified Structures Flashcards
What are the four functions of vitamins?
- Catalyst for metabolic reactions
- Catalyst for using proteins, fats, and carbs for energy
- Growth
- Cell maintenance
What are the four fat soluble vitamins required for calcified structures?
A, D, E, K
What is the one water soluble vitamins required for calcified structures?
C
What is a deficiency?
Result when adequate amounts of a nutrient are ot available to sustain biochemical functions
What is a primary deficiency?
Nutritional deficiencies as a result of decreased intake
What is a secondary deficiency?
Caused by inadequate absorption or use, increased requirements, excretion, or destruction
What are a few examples of groups of people at risk for deficiencies?
- Patients with periods of rapid growth
- Medically compromised patients
- Patients with substance abuse issues
- Psychological and physical stress
- Vegans
What type of vitamins specifically are needed in increased amounts during periods of stress because of increased metabolic activity?
Water soluble
Water or fat soluble: Fairly stable in heat/when cooking?
Fat soluble
Water or fat soluble: Organic substances
Both
Water or fat soluble: Absorbed in intestine along with fats/lipids in food?
Fat soluble
Water or fat soluble: Requires bile for absorption?
Fat soluble
Water or fat soluble: Transported via the lymphatic system?
Fat soluble
Water or fat soluble: Stored in the liver and adipose tissue?
Fat soluble
What vitamin’s chemistry is organized into retinoids and carotenoids?
A
What are retinoids?
Vitamin A sources found in animal products, such as beef liver, egg yokes, and fish
What are carotenoids?
Vitamin A sources found in fruit and veggie products, such as carrots, squash, and broccoli
What are the 5 functions of vitamin A?
- Vision in dim light
- Growth: Cell differentiation AKA DNA/RNA synthesis, bone and tooth development
- Integrity of skin and mucous membranes
- Maintenance of immune system functions
- Cancer prevention
What are 5 symptoms of a vitamin A deficiency?
- Night time blindness
- Growth failure
- Dry skin, dry mucosal membranes
- Keratomalacia: Eye disorder
- Enamel hypoplasia and defective dentin formation in developing teeth
What is hypercarotenemia?
Excess vitamin A causes the skin to turn deep yellow, especially on palms and soles of feet
Which vitamin should be classified as a hormone based on it’s chemical composition?
D
What are the two functions of vitamin D?
- Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus
- Mineralization of bone and teeth
What are two diseases that are caused by a vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets and osteomalacia
What is rickets?
- Infancy and childhood
- Disturbances in normal bone formation
- Most visible lower ends of radius and ulna
- Characteristics of deformities result from bone bending at the cartilage-shaft junction, bowlegs or knock-knees
- Enamel hypoplasia and dental decay
- Periodontitis
What is osteomalacia?
- Softening of bones in adults
- Decreases bone mineralization or softening
- Leads to deformities of limbs, spine, thorax, and pelvis
- Symptoms are skeletal pain and muscle weakness
- Loss of the lamina dura
- At risk for osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular issues
When can excess vitamin D occur?
When synthetic vitamin D supplements are taken orally in large amounts for 6 weeks, toxicity may occur
What are symptoms of a vitamin D toxicity?
Nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, constipation, dizziness, weakness, tingling sensation in the mouth
What are three sources of vitamin D?
- Sunlight
- Fortified foods: Orange juice, milk, soy milk
- Fish, meat
How many different compounds are collectively called vitamin E?
8
What are the three functions of vitamin E?
- Protects integrity of normal cell membranes
- Prevents hemolysis of red blood cells, acts as an anticoagulant
- Preserves fats, antioxidant
Vitamin E may reduce the risk of what?
Cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases
What can an excess in vitamin E cause?
- Higher doses may disturb the balance of beneficial naturally occurring antioxidants
- Supplements may be of concern for patients with vitamin K deficiency or for patients that are receiving anticoagulation therapy that interferes with vitamin K activity. Increases the risk of hemorrhaging
What are a few sources of vitamin E?
- Vegetable oils, soybean oil
- Unprocessed cereal grains or fortified cereals
- Nuts and seeds
- Apples apricots, peaches
- Dark green leafy vegetables
What is K1 and where is it found?
Phylloquinone, in green plants
What is K2 and where is it found?
Menaquinone, formed by E. coli bacteria in large intestine
Vitamin K absorption decreases with higher levels of what vitamin supplementation?
E
Bacterial flora in what part of the GI system synthesize vitamin K and provide about half of the body’s requirement?
Jejunum and ileum
What are the three functions of vitamin K?
- Aid in the formation of blood-clotting
- Helps decrease bone density
- Coenzyme for proteins involved in bone crystalline formation
What blood clotting factor does vitamin K help produce?
Prothrombin
Newborns are usually given a single dose of what vitamin intramuscularly immediately after birth to prevent hemorrhaging?
K
How can a vitamin K deficiency occur?
- No toxicity symptoms have been documented from oral intake
- Disease or drug therapy could cause deficiency: Conditions blocking bite flow, such as celiac disease and spruce
What is a symptoms of a vitamin K deficiency?
Defective blood clotting
What are the sources of vitamin K?
- Dark green leafy veggies
- Egg yokes
- Meats
Water or fat soluble: Act as coenzymes?
Water soluble
Water or fat soluble: Readily absorbed in jejunum?
Water soluble
Water or fat soluble: Body stores small very amounts, daily intake is necessary?
Water soluble
What type of vitamins contain nitrogen?
B vitamins
Water or fat soluble: Vitamin C and B vitamins?
Water soluble
What is the only water soluble vitamin needed for calcified structures?
C
Why do smokers need more vitamin C?
Blood vessels are constricted, makes absorption harder
What vitamin is a coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline for hydroxyproline in collagen formation?
Vitamin C
What vitamin enhances iron absorption?
C
What are the 6 functions of vitamin C?
- Coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline for hydroxyproline in collagen formation
- Protects soft oral tissues caused by bacterial toxins and antigens
- Enhances iron absorption
- Aids in utilization of folic acid and vitamin B12
- Coenzyme function in metabolism of amino acids and biosynthesis of bile acids, thyroxine, epinephrine, and steroid hormones
- Antioxidant: Improves immune system
What disease does a deficiency in vitamin C cause?
Scurvy
What is scurvy?
- Depression, fatigue, diarrhea, cessation of bone growth
- Red, swollen gingiva,
- Sore, burning mouth
- Gingival friability, spontaneous bleeding
- Periodontal destruction and tooth mobility
- Increased risk of candidiasis and susceptibility to infection
- Malformed enamel and inadequate dentin
What are other symptoms of a vitamin C deficiency?
- Delayed would healing
- Poor bone and tooth development
What are sources of vitamin C?
- Citrus fruits, tomatoes, strawberries
- Raw, leafy veggies
- Potatoes and sweet potatoes
