Microminerals and Ultra Trace Minerals in Calcified Structures Flashcards
Are upper intake levels established for micronutrients and ultra-trace minerals?
No
What is the third largest trace element in the body?
Copper
Where is copper located in teeth?
- Readily incorporated in tooth enamel
- Increased concentration of copper in caries
What are the 6 functions of copper?
- Formation of red blood cells and connective tissue
- Catalyst in formation of collagen
- Component of many enzymes that function in oxidative reactions
- Copper-containing enzymes encourage production of neurotransmitters
- Nutrient metabolism
- Immune function
What are the neurotransmitters that copper encourages the production of?
Norepinephrine and dopamine
What deficiency may occur due to zinc supplementation?
Copper deficiency
What are 3 symptoms of a copper deficiency?
- Decreased hair and skin pigmentation
- Hematological abnormalities, low WBC count
- Abnormal functions of cross-linkages in collagen and elastin
Toxicity of copper is associated with what?
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Myocardial infarction
- Conditions requiring estrogen
- Pregnancy
What micronutrient toxicity causes Wilson’s disease and what is it?
Copper, metabolic disorder in which large amounts of copper accumulate in liver, kidney, brain, and cornea
What is a Kayser-Fleischer ring?
Brown ring in eyes that occurs during Wilson’s disease, due to copper toxicity
What are 6 sources of copper?
- Seafood
- Liver
- Nuts
- Soy products
- Legumes
- Cocoa
What micronutrient works with vitamin E as an antioxidant?
Selenium
What are the four functions of selenium?
- Cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids from oxidative damage
- Impact of skeletal integrity and contributes to maintenance of normal immune function
- Works with vitamin E as an antioxidant
- Present in tooth enamel and dentin
A deficiency in selenium causes what type of cardiomyopathy disease?
Keshan disease
What can a selenium toxicity cause?
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- May promote dental caries when given pre-eruptive
What are symptoms of a selenium toxicity?
Nausea and vomiting, weakness, dermatitis, hair loss, white blotchy nails, garlicky breath odor
What are sources of selenium?
- Animal products: Seafood, liver, kidney, etc.
- Dairy products and eggs: More readily absorbed
- Whole grain products, nuts, and mushrooms
What are the two functions of chromium?
- Most important in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
- Potentiates the action of insulin
What deficiency can cause decreased insulin sensitivity, glucose intolerance, and increased risk of diabetes?
Chromium
What can a chromium toxicity cause?
Liver damage
Lung cancer
What are sources of chromium?
- Meats
- Whole-grain cereals, wheat germ
- Nuts
- Mushrooms
What are the 5 functions of manganese?
- Essential in several enzyme systems
- Important for optimal bone matrix development
- Prevention of osteoporosis
- Insulin production
- Amino acid, cholesterol, and carbohydrate metabolism
What is a similar syndrome to Parkinson disease that is caused by manganese toxicity?
Manganese madness
Elevated levels of manganese in the salivary plaque and enamel are associated with…
Caries
