Minerals for Calcified Structures Flashcards
What is mineralization?
Deposition of inorganic elements/minerals on an organic matrix which is made of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids
Bone strength is adjusted in proportion to what?
The degree of stress on the bone
What are calcified structures in the body made of?
A matrix of organic and inorganic substances
What is present throughout the periodontium as primary connective tissue fiber in the gingiva?
Collagen
The organic matrix of bone is made up of what percentage of collagen fibers?
90-95%
What 5 things does collagen need to form?
- Protein
- Vitamin C
- Iron
- Copper
- Zinc
What percentage of dentin is organic material?
30%
What percentage of cementum is organic material?
50%
What percentage of the alveolar bone is organic material?
35%
What are the three calcified structures of teeth?
Enamel, dentin, and cementum
What part of the tooth contains the same constitutes as bone but its structure is more dense?
Dentin
What part of the tooth is another bone-like substance but it is softer than bone because it contains fewer minerals?
Cementum
What is the most abundant mineral in the body and where is it stored?
Calcium, 99% of the body’s calcium is in the skeleton and teeth
What are the functions of calcium?
- Forms and maintains bone and teeth
- Aids in blood clotting
- Nerve impulses
- Muscle contraction and relaxation
- Membrane permeability
- Activate certain enzymes
- Salivary calcium acts as a buffer to inhibit caries formation
How does calcium in saliva act as a buffer?
Saliva is supersaturated with calcium, making it a source of calcium to mineralize an immature or demineralize enamel surface and reduce susceptibility to caries
Levels of calcium and what other mineral are inversely related? What does this mean?
- Phosphorus
- If calcium is increased, phosphorus levels decrease
What is hypocalcemia?
Deficiency in calcium
What four diseases can a deficiency in calcium cause?
- Rickets
- Hypocalcemia
- Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
What is an excess serum level of calcium called?
Hypercalcemia
What are the sources of calcium?
- Dairy products
- Fortified soy, fortified drinks like orange juice
- Supplements
What is the second most abundant mineral in the body, and where is it stored?
Phosphorus, 85% of body’s phosphorus is in the skeleton and teeth
What are the 5 functions of phosphorus?
- Formation of bones and teeth
- Muscle contraction and nerve activity
- Components of phospholipids in cell membranes, DNA, and RNA
- Energy metabolism: ADP
- Helps regulate the acid-base balance in the body
A long term ingestion of antacids can cause a deficiency of what mineral?
Phosphorus
What intestional conditions can cause a deficiency in phosphorus?
Celiac
How can a deficiency in phosphorus affect the teeth?
- Incomplete calcification of teeth
- Failure of dentin formation
- Increased susceptibility to caries
Hyperphosphatemia, an excess of phosphorus, can cause what?
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Renal insufficiency
What are the sources of phosphorus?
- Animal products
- Milk products
- Food additives in baked goods, cheese, processed meats, and soft drinks
The bones contain how much of the body’s magnesium?
2/3
What is the third most abundant mineral in the teeth?
Magnesium
What are the 6 functions of magnesium?
- Maintain calcium homeostasis
- Prevent skeletal abnormalities
- Cofactor for more than 300 enzymes
- Necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis
- Regulates transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
- Blood pressure regulation and preventing stroke
Magnesium deficiency is rare but can often be seen in…
Chronic alcoholics
What are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency?
- Fragility of alveolar bone and gingival hypertrophy
- Cardiac dysrhythmias
- Neuromuscular hyperexcitability
There is no evidence to suggest overcomsumption of magnesium from food sources, but if it occurs it can cause what?
Kidney failure
What are the sources of magnesium?
- Dark leafy green vegetables
- Whole grains and nuts
- Chocolate
- Bananas
In strict nutrition, what mineral is not a nutrient essential for health because it has no metabolic function?
Fluoride
What are the 6 functions of fluoride?
- Maintains dental and bone health
- Forms fluorapatite
- Systemic fluoride can change tooth structure
- In saliva to interferes with demineralization
- Higher concentration of fluoride inhibits bacteria that causes caries
- Stimulates osteoblast proliferation and increases new mineral depositions in cancellous bone
What can a deficiency in fluoride cause?
Dental caries
What can an excess of fluoride cause?
- Dental fluorosis
- Adverse effects on skeletal tissue and kidney disfunction
What are the benefits of fluoridated water and how much of the US has access to it?
- Contributes to fluoride intake and is practical and cost effective
- 73% has access
What are the food sources of fluoride?
- Seafood
- Brewed tea
- Carbonated beverages, if water in bottling process is fluoridated
