Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal & Nutrition > Vitamins (Mixed Deck) > Flashcards

Vitamins (Mixed Deck) Flashcards

1
Q

Name fat soluble vitamins.

A

A, D, E, K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Malabsorption syndromes with steatorrhea include which vitamins, and which conditions may cause this?

A
  • Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

- Cystic Fibrosis, Celiac Disease, Biliary stenosis, pancreatic insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function and vitamin derivation of Retinal.

A

Visual processes (deficiency leads to night blindness). Vitamin A.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function and vitamin derivation of Retinoic Acid.

A

Vitamin A.
Regulation of genes involved in growth and differentiation as well as differentiation and maintenance of mucus-secreting cells.
Relevant for SKIN (acne) and membranes of EYES (cornea and conjunctiva)
*Teratogenic– cannot be used during pregnancy or lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin cause of xeropthalmia.

A

Vitamin A deficiency –> causes pathological dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea, which can lead to corneal ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin cause of foamy appearance on the conjunctiva.

A

Vitamin A deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Night blindness

A

Vitamin A deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Papilledema and headaches

A

Hypervitaminosis A (vitamin A toxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Potential cause of osteoporosis or joint pain

A

Hypervitaminosis A (vitamin A toxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Active form of vitamin D, and where is it formed?

A

Calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Predominant form of vitamin D in circulation, and where is it formed?

A

Calcidiol or 25-hydroxy Vitamin D

Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary function of vitamin D

A

regulation of plasma Calcium homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency (in children)

Due to incomplete mineralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency (in adults)
Due to demineralization

**Not to be confused with osteoporosis!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms: loss of appetite, stupor. Lab tests show hypercalcemina and hypercalciuria.

A

Vitamin D EXCESS/toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
Lab results:
Ca2+ = normal
PO4^2- = low
PTH = high
calcitriol = low
calcidiol = low
1-hydroxylase = high
alkaline phosphatase = high
A

Changes associated with Vitamin D deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vitamin E function

A

antioxidant (protects cell membranes from free radicals)

18
Q

Who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency?

A

fat-malabsorption syndrome
fat-free diet
abetalipoproteinemia
defective a-tocopherol transfer protein

19
Q

Majority of plasma Vitamin E form…

A

a-tocopherol

20
Q

dicumarol

A

anti-vitamin K compound

21
Q

warfarin

A

anti-vitamin K compound

22
Q

Function of Vitamin K

A 
hemostasis (e.g. prothrombin)
bone metabolism (e.g. osteocalcin)
23
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

RARE, newborns more likely

symptoms: bleeding, hypothrombinemia, increased prothrombin time(***)

24
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

hemolytic anemia, jaundice

toxic effect on RBC membrane

25
Q

Name the vitamin that is absorbed in the ileum and form it is absorbed as.

A

B12/Cobalamin
Absorbed as IF-Cobalamin
(intrinsic factor)

26
Q

In the absorption of Cobalamin (B12), where and by what is intrinsic factor secreted?

A

Stomach, by parietal cells

27
Q

Cyanide poisoning can be remedied by administration of what vitamin (and in what form)?

A

Cobalamin (B12), as Hydroxy-Cobalamin

28
Q

Vitamin B9 also called….

A

Folate/Folic Acid

29
Q

Predominant circulating form of folate?

A

N5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N5-methyl-THF)

30
Q

Most direct function of folate…

A

Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines

31
Q

Folate overlaps with which other vitamins?

A

B12 (cobalamin) and B6 (pyridoxine)

32
Q

Folate deficiency in adult causes…

A

Decreased synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, leading to….
Megaloblastic anemia
Hyperhomocysteinemia (which increases risk for cardiovascular symptoms)

33
Q

What would you see on a peripheral blood smear in someone who has a folate deficiency?

A
  • oval/orb-shaped RBCs
  • Hyper-segmented WBCs (more than 3)
  • Excess reticulocytes
34
Q

Folate deficiency during pregnancy causes…

A

Neural tube defects in babies…

Can result in spina bifida, encephalies, etc

35
Q

Cofactor for Methionine Synthase (homocysteine methyltransferase)

A

B12 (cobalamin) as methylcobalamin

36
Q

Cofactor for Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

A

B12 (cobalamin) as 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

37
Q

Cobalamin (B12) is a cofactor for 2 reactions which produce what two products?

A
  1. Methionine

2. Succinyl-CoA

38
Q

Why would chronic proton-pump inhibitor cause B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?

A

Cobalamin can’t dissociate from protein after ingestion due to decreased acid in stomach, which causes release of Cobalamin from protein, and allows subsequent binding of Cobalamin to Haptocorrin.

39
Q

B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency also causes what secondary deficiency? How can the two deficiencies be differentiated?

A
  • B9 (folate)
  • Both will cause hyperhomocysteinemia and megaloblastic anemia, but Cobalamin deficiency will also cause accumulation of methylmalonate and proprionate
40
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A

severe vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency due to autoimmunity against gastric parietal cells or intrinsic factor

Gastrointestinal & Nutrition (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions