Vitamins, Minerals, Electrolytes

Question 1

EAR

RDA

UL

Answer 1

estimated average requirement

recommended daily allowance

tolerable upper limit

Question 2

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 2

KADE

Question 3

Vitamin A absorption into enterocyte

Answer 3

removed from lipids

formed into micelle

moves through brush border

Question 4

Vit A leaves enterocyte in this form

Answer 4

retinoic acid

Question 5

Liver role in Vit A

Answer 5

storage in Stellate cells

Question 6

Vit A transcription factor roles

Answer 6

keratinization

differentiation of goblet cells

maturation of DC and recruitment of B-cells to small intestine

Question 7

Vit A immunology role

Answer 7

maturation of DC

recuitment of B-cells to small intestine

Question 8

Carotene structure

Answer 8

2 Vit A molecules

tail to tail

Question 9

Enzyme that cleaves

carotene → 2 Vit A

Answer 9

monooxygenases

Question 10

Uncut carotenes act as

Answer 10

antioxidants

structure stabilizes free radicals

Question 11

Dx of Vit A deficiency

Answer 11

relative dose response

Question 12

Tox of Vit A

Answer 12

isotretinoin

teratogen

used in acne treatment

Question 13

Function of Vit E

Answer 13

antiox (stabilize single e- transfers)

inhibits vit K absorption and metabolism

Question 14

Deficiency of Vit E

Answer 14

myopathy, hemolytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia

rare

not toxic

Question 15

Phyloquinone

Answer 15

dietary vit K form

Question 16

Function of vit K

Answer 16

vit K

carboxylation

Vit K-dependent carboxylases in clotting factor synthesis

Question 17

Warfarin inhibits

Answer 17

Vit K epoxide reductase

prevent quinone form of vit K regeneration

Question 18

Vit K deficiency

Answer 18

infants, absorbative disorders

coagulation disorders

no tox

Question 19

Vitamin D synthesis

Answer 19

de novo from cholesterol with sunlight

from diet

7-dehydrocholesterol (cholesterol) →

UV light

cholecalciferol → liver

25-cholecalciferol → kidney

1,25-OH D3 (active)

Question 20

1,25-OH D3

calcium homeostasis

Answer 20

low Ca2+ releases PTH

PTH activates vit D in kidney

releases Ca2+ from bone

(also phosphorus, hyperphosphatemia)

increases Ca2+ absorption from gut

Question 21

Most toxic vitamin

Answer 21

vit D

calcificaiton of soft tissues

hyperphosphatemia (bone)

HTN

Question 22

Vit D

cancer

Answer 22

vit D receptor physically interacts with b-catenin

preventing transactivation of genes that promote cellular proliferation

decreases risk of colon cancer

Question 23

TRPV6

TRPM6

Answer 23

V6: calcium

M6: magnesium

Question 24

Acute Ca2+ tox

Answer 24

constipation, bloating

Question 25

Mg tox from what source

Answer 25

epsom salts

Question 26

Chloride function

Answer 26

HCO₃^- buffer

Question 27

Refeeding syndrome

path

avoidance

Answer 27

too much food too fast

too much insulin

K⁺ rushes into cells with insulin

cardiac arrest

**need to have slow calories and replenish electrolytes