VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND BODY FLUIDS Flashcards
It is a substance that counteracts the action of another substance. The antagonist prevents the normal action because its molecular structure is
so like the first substance.
Antagonist or Anti-metabolite
It is any substance that inhibits oxidation. Oxidation is a catabolic chemical
process that breaks down or changes a substance by the introduction of oxygen.
Antioxidant
It refers to the amount of energy needed by the body for the maintenance of life when the person is at digestive, physical and emotional rest.
Basal Metabolism
It is a yellow pigment that occurs in plants. It is the natural precursor which the animal body converts to vitamin A.
Carotene or Provitamin A
It is the protein in connective tissues and bones which helps to develop structure
and cohesiveness of the whole body.
Collagen
It is a substance required by some enzymes to produce their reactions. They are diffusible, heat stable substances of low molecular weights that combine with inactive proteins called apoenzymes.
Coenzyme
These are particles of fat appearing in the lymph and blood after a fatty meal. Made up of triglycerides with phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
Chylomicrons
These are complex organic substances capable of producing certain changes in
other substances without being changed in the process.
Enzymes
It is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fat to produce solid, saturated fat.
Hydrogenation
It is a toxic condition that results from intake of excessive quantities of certain vitamins.
Hypervitaminosis
It refers to the sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism by which it maintains itself and produce energy for its functions.
Metabolism
It is a substance that precedes and is converted to a second substance.
Precursor
It is a protein circulating in the plasma essential to the clotting of blood. It is synthesized in the liver requiring vitamin K.
Prothrombin
It is any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism, found in minute amounts in natural foodstuffs, sometimes produced synthetically. They do not furnish energy, but are essential for energy transformation and regulation of metabolism
Vitamin
Who introduced the term vitamin?
Casimir Funk in 1912
The word came from the words?
vital and amine because it is an important substance to health and the first vitamin to be discovered belongs to a class of organic compounds known as amine (nitrogen containing)
Important for eyesight. Also strengthens immune system and keeps skin and linings of parts of the body healthy
Vitamin A
An active form in mammalian tissues(vitA)
RETINOL
It helps make some brain chemicals; needed for normal brain function. also helps make red blood cells and immune system cells.
Vitamin B
Persons who classified vitamins (1915)
- Thomas Osborne
- Lafayette Mendel
- Elmer McCollum
- Marguerite Davis
These are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
These include vitamin C and B complexes
Water-Soluble Vitamins
It is a pale, yellow viscous oil that is soluble in fat and fat solvents.
Vitamin A, retinol
It is the natural form and is found only in animal sources like liver, or salt and freshwater fishes
Preformed vitamin A
It is the ultimate source of vitamin A in plants; form part of the pigments of green and yellow vegetables and fruits like carrots, squash, sweet
potatoes and cabbage
Provitamin A (carotenes)
3 Manifestations of deficiency patterns
- Eyes
- Epithelium
- Bone
Eyes Manifestation deficiency
a. Nyctalopia - night blindness
b. Xerophthalmia - drying of eyes
c. Photophobia - avoidance of bright glaring light
d. Keratomalacia - accumulation of keratin debris on conjunctival mucosa as white foamy-looking plaques
Night blindness
Nyctalopia
drying of eyes
Xerophthalmia
Photophobia
avoidance of bright glaring light
accumulation of keratin debris on conjunctival mucosa as white foamy-looking plaques.
Keratomalacia
Epithelium
Squamous metaplasia
replacement of normal epithelium by inappropriate
keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous metaplasia
Bone
retardation of growth
It is a food fluid that mixes with food in the mouth during chewing by teeth
SALIVA
It acts as a digestive juice and softens the food, allowing for an easier digestion process.
SALIVA
The human mouth excretes ________ liters of fluid every day.
one to two liters
It is dark, colorless, opalescent
fluid found in the mouths of humans and other vertebrates at all times.
SALIVA
Air, mucus, proteins,
mineral salts, and amylase make up this fluid.
SALIVA
Three major pairs of salivary glands and many smaller glands scattered in the surface
tissue of the ______, ________, AND _________ contribute to the total amount of saliva
contribute to the total amount of saliva
There are three pairs of major salivary glands: ???/
the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands.
The________________are the largest salivary glands.
parotid glands
the ______________are located below the jaw.
submandibular glands
8 Functions of SALIVA?
- Lubrication of food
- Solvent action
- Cleansing action
- Digestive function
- Excretory function
- Helps in speech
- Role in regulating water content in the body
- Buffering function
the smallest of the major salivary glands.
sublingual glands
T OR F
Antibacterial activity is provided by immunoglobulins, proteins, and enzymes
T
Assisted by chewing, saliva gets mixed with food in the mouth; the mucin which is a sticky substance helps to form bolus. Saliva prepares the food for
swallowing forming a slippery coat over the bolus
Lubrication of food
The moistening action of saliva in the mouth helps in articulation of speech. Those who speak for a long time sip a little water in between to facilitate
articulation of speech
Helps in speech
The continuous flow of saliva keeps the mouth clean, free from food particles; shed epithelial cells and foreign bodies. Moreover, the lysozyme present in saliva helps to kill certain bacteria. The evidence of this action is obvious during fever. In
most of the fevers, the salivary secretion is diminished.
Cleansing action
Taste is a chemical sense. Any substance, the taste of which has to be perceived, has to be in dissolved state to stimulate the taste receptors present in taste buds thorough-out the oral cavity. Saliva acts as the solvent and thereby helps for
perception of taste.
Solvent action
Several substances can be excreted in saliva, e.g. heavy metals like mercury, lead, iodides, alkaloids like morphine, antibiotics like penicillin, streptomycin, microorganisms like viruses causing mumps, measles, polio, etc. But most of the times,
the saliva formed is being swallowed. Thus it may not serve much of excretory functio
Excretory function
Since saliva contains 99.5% water and daily
secretion of saliva is 1 liter or more, decrease in body water content decreases salivary
secretion and results in thirst sensation.
Role in regulating water content in body
Saliva contains bicarbonate, phosphate, proteins, etc. They act as buffers to keep the salivary pH within the normal limits. Decreased pH predisposes to caries whereas increase in pH will be responsible for tartar material and destroys the alveogingival margin.
Buffering function
T OR F
Calcium, phosphate, and proteins function together to modulate demineralization and
remineralization by acting as an anti-solubility factor.
T
These almond shaped structures are located under the floor of the mouth and below either side of the tongue.
sublingual glands
The saliva produced in these glands is secreted into the mouth from under the tongue.
submandibular glands
T OR F
Mucins and macromolecule proteins help to purify, accumulate, and/or bind oral
microorganisms, as well as lead to plaque metabolism.
T
They are located just in front of the
ears
parotid glands
normal urine is clear and transparent when freshly voided
TRANSPARENCY
What are the factors that affect the specific gravity?
a. the amount of solid and fluid intake
b. time of the day – night urine has a higher specific gravity
c. pathological conditions
freshly voided urine has an aromatic odor;when it is strongly ammoniacal or putrid, it is indicative that some putrefaction has taken place
ODOR
It ives fruity aroma
Acetone bodies
It gives the odor of oil wintergreen
Methyl salicylate rubs
It gives the unpleasant odor of methyl mercaptan
Asparagus
It acidify urine due to increased rate of oxidation
Fibrile conditions
It alkalinize urine due to the presence of large amounts of alkaline ash
Fruits and vegetables
It produces acidic urine due to the formation of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) and H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
Protein foods
Normal pH is about ______
4.8 to 8 /// REACTION
when urine is centrifuged or allowed to stand for some time, sediments are deposited at the bottom of the container
URINARY SEDIMENTS
FUNCTIONS OF URINE
- Urine is just a method of excreting harmful metabolites and removing excess water from
the body - Remove salts in the blood
- Excretion of toxic substances filtered by the liver and kidneys
- Clean cuts if there is nothing else to use (urine is very sterile)
Foods and Drugs Influence the Color of Urine:
a. santonin – yellow
b. senna, rhubarb, cascara, strawberry – brown red
c. methylene blue, green and phenol – brown black
Brown black urine color
methylene blue, green and phenol
Brown red urine color
senna, rhubarb, cascara, strawberry
Yellow urine color
santonin
ormally, amber yellow due to the presence of a pigment ___________ (a
compound of a polypeptide with urobilin), derived from pyrrole metabolism;sometimes reddish yellow due to the presence of uroerythryn derived from melanin
urochrome
It increases urine output due to increased production of urea (diuretic)
Rich protein diet
Example of beverages that have diuretic effect
Beer, coffee, and tea
during hot weather and strenuous physical exertion, the volume becomes less, due to excessive perspiration
Temperature and humidity
_________________________ increases the urine output
mental excitement
__________and ___________ markedly diminish the volume output of the urine
diarrhea and excessive vomiting
the average adult output in 24 hours is from _______ to _______ mL
1000 to 1500 mL //// VOLUME
________ and _________ there is marked increase in the volume output
diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF URINE: refer to this : F-R-Ex
- Filtration through the glomerular capillaries
- Reabsorption of fluid and threshold substances
- Excretion of the waste products of metabolism into the lumen of the distal tubules
It is the aqueous fluid formed by the excretory organs of animals for the removal of metabolic waste products.
URINE
COMPOSITION OF URINE: refer to this : W-N2-In
- Water
- Nitrogenous organic substances – uric acid, creatinine, hippuric acid, indicant, purines, amino acids
- Non-nitrogenous organic substances – glucose, glucoronic acid, acetone bodies, oxalate, organic acids and organic sulfur compounds
- Inorganic salts – Na, K, Mg, NH4, and traces of iron, copper, zinc, chlorides, phosphates, sulfates, traces of nitrates, silicates, and fluorides
urine is produced by the ________, stored in the _________, and excreted through the _______ or ______
kidneys
bladder
urethra or cloaca
These are the major constituents of the urine and the end products of nitrogen metabolism
ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
a test for compatibility before receiving blood transfusion. The blood types (A, AB, B, and O) are determined by the protein markers (antigens) present on the surface of red blood cells.
BLOOD TYPE
an analysis of the concentration of red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets in the blood.
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
drops of blood are smeared across a microscope slide to be examined and can be used to identify blood conditions such as leukemia, anemia, malaria, and others
BLOOD SMEAR
a thick needle is inserted into a large bone (usually in the hip) and bone marrow is drawn out for tests. It can identify blood conditions that simple blood
tests cannot.
BONE MARROW BIOPSY
a blood test looking for antibodies that could bind to and destroy red blood cells.
COOMBS TEST
a blood test looking for infection present in the bloodstream. If bacteria or other microorganisms are present, they may multiply in the tested blood.
BLOOD CULTURE
a blood test to identify the reason for blood being “too thin” (abnormally resistant to clotting)
MIXING STUDY
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
- BLOOD VOLUME – 6 to 8% or about 1/13 of the total body weight
- COLOR – varies according to the side of the circulation in which it is found
(a) Arterial blood – bright red (due to the abundance of oxyhemoglobin)
(b) Venous blood – dull purplish blood (due to the predominance of the reduced hemoglobin) - SLIGHTLY ALKALINE – pH of 7.4 to 7.45 (Filipinos); 7.35 to 7.4 (Westerns)
- SPECIFIC GRAVITY – 1.045 to 1.075
- VISCOSITY – 4.4 to 4.7
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
- Transport the products of digestion from the intestines to the different tissues for utilization
- Transport the waste products of tissue metabolism to the kidneys and other excretory organs for elimination
- Transport oxygen (in the form of oxyhemoglobin) from the lungs to the different tissues.
Thus providing oxygen for the oxidation of foods and the production of energy. Corollary to this function is its capacity to collect carbon dioxide for elimination through the lungs. - Transport endocrine secretions (hormones) to those tissues needing them for their activities.
- Regulate the acid-base balance through its efficient buffer system and to allow only limited variations. Thus maintaining the pH more or less constant.
- Regulate the fluid balance between the blood and the tissues.
- Regulate the body temperature. Due to the high specific heat of water, the circulating blood is efficient in maintaining the body temperature between 36.5 to 37.5oC.
- Protect the body against infection. This is brought about by the presence of the phagocytic leukocytes which have the capacity to engulf and digest the invading organisms and the property to produce antibodies.
(a) Agglutinins – cause the clumping of bacteria
(b) Hemolysins or cytolysins – cause the hemolysis of the red blood cells and other tissue cells
(c) Precipitins – precipitate the antigenic protein
(d) Antitoxins – counteract the toxins of certain pathogenic bacteria - Prevent hemorrhage. This is brought about by its capacity to coagulate and seal off the leak in the injured vessel.
This is brought about by its capacity to coagulate and seal off the leak in the injured vessel
PREVENT HEMORRHAGE
cause the clumping of bacteria
AGGLUTININS
cause the hemolysis of the red blood cells and other tissue cells
Hemolysins or cytolysins
precipitate the antigenic protein
PRECIPITINS
counteract the toxins of certain pathogenic bacteria
ANTITOXINS
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD: PLASMA
50-60% by volume (90-92% water and 8-10% solids)
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD: UNDER PLASMA
A. Nutrients
1. Plasma proteins
a. albumin
b. globulin
c. fibrinogen
2. Glucose
3. Amino acids
4. Lipids
B. Waste products of metabolism
1. Nitrogenous waste products
2. Lactic acid
3. Ketone bodies
C. Inorganic salts – Na+
, K+, Ca2+, Cl.,, HCO3-, PO4 3-, so42- D. Enzymes, hormones, and vitamins
PLASMA// Inorganic salts
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl.,, HCO3-, PO43-, so42-
PLASMA// Waste products of metabolism
- Nitrogenous waste products
- Lactic acid
- Ketone bodies
PLASMA// Nutrients
- Plasma proteins
a. albumin
b. globulin
c. fibrinogen - Glucose
- Amino acids
- Lipids
It is the circulating tissue of the body
BLOOD
It consists of water containing a large number of dissolved substances, including proteins, salts (especially sodium and potassium chlorides and bicarbonates), food materials (glucose, amino acids, fats), hormones, vitamins, and excretory materials.
BLOOD PLASMA
It is blood plasma from which fibrin and clotting factors have been removed by centrifugation or vigorous stirring, so that it cannot clot. Serum containing a specific
antibody or antitoxin may be used in the treatment or prevention of certain infections.
BLOOD SERUM
It is any of the cells that are normally found in the blood
plasma. These include red cells (erythrocyte) and white cells (leukocyte).
BLOOD CELLS OR BLOOD CORPUSCLE
It is the most numerous type of blood cell, which contains the red pigment hemoglobin and is responsible for oxygen transport.
Erythrocyte
It is a type of white blood cell that contains granules in their cytoplasm.
GRANULOCYTE
These are cell components formed from pieces of cells found in the
bone marrow called megakaryocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes)
According to their staining property, the granulocytes are divided into 3
- EOSINOPHILS
- BASOPHILS
- NEUTROPHILS
nucleus is two lobed; granules take acidic stain
eosinophils
nucleus is usually three lobed; granules take basic stain
BASOPHILS
nucleus has many lobes; stain weakly with both acidic and basic stains.
NEUTROPHILS
These are cell components formed from pieces of cells found in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
a cell that is able to break down foreign particles, cell debris, and disease-producing microorganisms; important element in the natural defense mechanism of most animals
PHAGOCYTE
It is the largest form of white blood cell in vertebrates. It has a kidney-shaped nucleus and is actively phagocytic, ingesting bacteria and cell debris
MONOCYTE
It is a protein produced by certain white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response to entry into the body of a foreign substances
ANTIBODY
any substance that the body regards as foreign and that elicits an immune response; it may be formed in, or introduced into, the body; they are usually proteins)
ANTIGEN
It is a type of white blood cell that has a large nucleus and little cytoplasm.
LYMPHOCYTE
These are formed in lymph nodes and red bone marrow and are capable of amoeboid movement.
LEUKOCYTE
It is a soft tissue contained within the central cavity and internal spaces of a bone.
BONE MARROW
it contains myeloid tissue and is known as red marrow.
BONE MARROW
It is a colorless liquid within the lymphatic system, into which it drains from the
spaces between the cells.
LYMPH
It is a colorless cell with a nucleus, found in blood and lymph
LEUKOCYTES
2 MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKOCYTE
lymphocytes and monocytes
granular cytoplasm .
granulocytes
It is the most numerous type of blood cell, which contains the red pigment hemoglobin and is responsible for oxygen transport.
ERYTHROCYTE
It is any of the cells in the myeloid tissue of the red bone marrow that
develop into erythrocytes.
ERYTHROBLAST
It is an inorganic elements having the same functions as vitamins.
MINERALS
2 Classification of minerals
- Bulk or Macrominerals – required in excess of 100 mg per day
- Trace or Microminerals – required in amounts no greater than a few mg per day
Bulk or Macrominerals – required in excess of _______
100 mg per day
Trace or Microminerals – required in amounts _______________________
no greater than a few mg per day
For bone and teeth formation; blood
clotting; muscle contraction and
relaxation; nerve transmission;
cell wall permeability; enzyme
activation.
CALCIUM
Essential factor in the formation of
red blood cells and therefore
prevents anemia.
COBALT
Maintain the function of numerous
cellular pumps and in the
production of hydrochloric acid in
the stomach; fluid-electrolyte
balance as well as acid-base
balance.
CHLORINE
Involved in the formation of red blood
cells, the synthesis of hemoglobin,
and the formation of bone; for
energy production, wound
healing, taste sensation, skin and
hair color; proper processing of
collagen (thus important in skin,
bone and connective tissue
production).
COPPER
Helps in the recovery of malnutrition;
controls blood sugar and
cholesterol levels
CHROMIUM
Involved in reactions of protein and
fat metabolism, promotes a
healthy nervous system,
necessary for digestive function,
bone growth, and immune function; for the proper function of
superoxide dismutase which is an
enzyme required for preventing
superoxide anions from damaging
cells
MANGANESE
For the synthesis of the thyroid
hormones and thus plays an
important role in the regulation of
energy metabolism and
reproduction
IODINE
For the hardening of bones and
teeth; helps prevent dental caries
FLUORINE
For bone mineralization as well as
for the proper functioning of ATP;
carbohydrate and protein
metabolism.
MAGNESIUM
Involved as a cofactor in several
oxidases such as xanthine
oxidase (nucleotide catabolism),
aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite
oxidase
MOLYBDENUM
For the transport of oxygen;
component of hemoglobin
IRON
Serves as a modifier of the activity of
glutathione peroxidase through its
incorporation into the protein in
the form of selenocysteine
SELENIUM
A cofactor in over 300 different
enzymes and thus involved in a
wide variety of biochemical
processes; regulation of blood
glucose levels; promotes wound
healing; necessary for protein
synthesis and the processing of
collagen.
ZINC
Key circulating electrolyte as well as
being involved in the regulation of
ATP-dependent channels along
with potassium; also in the
transmission of nerve impulses in
the brain; cell permeability and
normal muscle irritability; fluidelectrolyte balance as well as
acid-base balance
SODIUM
Stabilizes the structure of nucleic
acids and cell membranes.
NICKEL
Involved in amino acid metabolism
and for the modification of
complex carbohydrates present in
proteins and lipids; detoxifying
agent; enzyme activator.
SULFUR
Associated with many
mucopolysaccharides and may be
important in the structuring of
connective tissues; contributes to
resistance to dental decay.
SILICON
For bone and teeth development;
lipid metabolism.
VANADIUM
Most important systemic electrolyte
acting as a significant buffer in the
blood in the form of phosphate
ion; for bone mineralization, and
for energy utilization.
PHOSPHORUS
Contributes to the structure of
proteins; oxidation-reduction
reactions in the cells.
TIN
Key circulating electrolyte as well as
being involved in the regulation of
ATP-dependent channels along
with sodium; also in the
transmission of nerve impulses in
the brain; muscle activity; fluidelectrolyte balance as well as
acid-base balance; carbohydrate
metabolism and protein synthesis
Potassium
Sunshine vitamin
VITAMIN D
RDA of vitamin A
1,500 IU for infants
1,000 IU for pre-school children
4,000-5,000 IU for adults
Other name of VITAMIN D
CALCIFEROL
Forms of VITAMIN D
- Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol) -
- Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
It is found in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis of the skin, upon exposure to the sun, it is converted to cholecalciferol by the action of the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun
Dehydrocholesterol
rows of beadlike swelling at rib j
Rachitic rosary beads
improper mineralization during the development of the bones
resulting in soft bones
Rickets (children)
demineralization of previously formed bone leading to
increased softness and susceptibility to fracture
Osteomalacia (adult)
Functions of vitamin D
- It increases synthesis of calcium
- It acts in conjunction with parathormone to increase the reabsorption of calcium in
the kidneys - It acts on bones to increase the mobilization of calcium and phosphate in conjunction
with parathyroid hormones - To regulate serum calcium and phosphorus levels
Effects oof hypervitaminosis
- Includes nausea, polyuria, headache, diarrhea and vomiting, hypercalcemia
- Increased calcium in serum predisposing toward stone formation in the kidneys
RDA OF VIT.D
300-400 IU for children and pregnant and lactating women
General exposure to sunlight is sufficient for healthy adults
Important for brain function and mental health. Aids production of DNA and RNA . Important when tissues are growing quickly
VITAMIN B9
the subscript K came from the Swedish word “Koagulations”; also known as the
naphthoquinones
Vitamin K
low levels of vitamin K in newborn infants
Hemorrhagic disease
Forms of vitamin K
- Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) - C31H46O2 - yellow oil; isolated from alfalfa leaves; also
found in green leafy vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower and spinach - Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) - C31H40O2 - yellow crystalline solid; isolated from animal
sources particularly putrefied fish; produced from bacterial synthesis of normal
intestinal flora - Vitamin K3 (Menadione) - C11H8O2 - synthetic vitamin K
synthetic vitamin K
Vitamin K3 (Menadione)
yellow crystalline solid; isolated from animal sources particularly putrefied fish; produced from bacterial synthesis of normal intestinal flora
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)
yellow oil; isolated from alfalfa leaves; also
found in green leafy vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower and spinach
Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)
Ascorbic acid/Cevitamic acid
Vitamin C
white or slightly yellow, odorless,
crystalline substance, which gradually darkens on exposure to light due to oxidation; found
in fresh fruits and vegetables like oranges, calamansi, lemon, guava, papaya, mango,
tomato, raw cabbage
VITAMIN C
MANIFESTATION OF VITAMIN C
- Scurvy
- Hyperemia
- Swelling
- Sponginess and bleeding of the gums
- Edema
- Pallor
- Anemia
- Delayed healing of wounds
- Falling teeth
Bioflavonoids
VITAMIN P
natural pigment found in many fruits, vegetables, and grains, one of the most abundant antioxidant
QUERCETIN
yellow, crystalline substance is very slightly soluble in water and unstable to light, oxidizing agents and alkalis; found in cured tobacco, leaves and tops of greenbuck-wheat
RUTIN
Substances found to lower capillary permeability and fragility
VITAMIN P
Functions of vitamin C
- Prevents scurvy
- Develops and maintains the normal intercellular substances
- A reducing agent and an antioxidant
- Serves as cofactor for general metabolism reactions
Tocopherol
VITAMIN E
Light yellow, viscous, odorless oil that is soluble in fat
and fat solvents; it is stable to heat, acid, and alkali, but is slowly oxidized, and destroyed by
ultraviolet rays
VITAMIN E
the name is derived from a Greek word which means “childbirth” or to “bring forth” and from its chemical nature as an alcohol
VITAMIN E
It is found in corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, wheat germ oil, meat, butter, milk, eggs and
fish liver oil
VITAMIN E
Manifestations of Vitamin E Deficiency
- Reticulocytosis
- Thrombocytosis
- Hemolytic anemia
