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BIOCHEM 101 LECTURE > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

1
Q

It a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by their physical
properties rather than by their chemical properties.

A

LIPIDS

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2
Q

It contains long hydrocarbon chain (non polar portion) and a terminal carboxyl group (polar portion)

A

LIPIDS

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3
Q

Give the 7 functions refer to this B1-C1-F1-L1-P1-S1-T1

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Cell membrane components
  3. Steroid hormones are lipids
  4. Bile acids are lipids
  5. Prostaglandins are lipids
  6. The fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are lipids.
  7. Lipids can combine with carbohydrates or proteins to form glycolipids and lipoproteins.
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4
Q

3 steroid hormones

A

a. Sex hormones
b. Glucocorticoids
c. Mineralocorticoids

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5
Q

Lipids, particularly the phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol are important cell membrane components throughout the body. Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and gangliosides are particularly
important cell membrane constituents in the nervous system.

A

Cell membrane components

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6
Q

Fatty acids, on breakdown, form acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2, which are
important sources of energy. When attached to glycerol, fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides (fats).

A

FUEL

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7
Q

It is a substance that emulsify fats and increase their surface area for further breakdown in the gut for easy digestion

A

Bile acids

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8
Q

Lipids can combine with carbohydrates or proteins to form?

A

glycolipids and lipoproteins

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9
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins that are lipids?

A

vitamins (A, D, E, and K)

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10
Q

These are lipids with diverse hormone-like functions.

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

Lipids are relatively ______ in water.

A

INSOLUBLE

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12
Q

Lipids are soluble in non polar solvents such as

A

ether, chloroform and benzene

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13
Q

The colors of certain fats are
due to the _______________________________________?

A

pigments that are dissolved in them

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14
Q

What is the characteristic of lipid when brought contact with a substance like paper?

A

greasy feels

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15
Q

Lipids penetrate through paper producing???

A

transluscent spot

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16
Q

Lipid are non volatile and produce characteristic _____________________________________?

A

crystals with definite
melting point

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17
Q

Fat floats on water because?

A

It has lower density than the latter

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18
Q

Fats are readily ____________ by acids, enzymes or superheated steam with
the liberation of fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Hydrolyzed/ HYDROLYSIS

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19
Q

It is the process of forming soap from fats and alkali

A

Saponification

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20
Q

Fats are ______________to form smaller globules in order to increase the
surface area.

A

Emulsified / EMULSIFICATION

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21
Q

In emulsification greater surface area means ?

A

greater solubility and digestibility

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22
Q

Fats when exposed to oxidizing agents like air, moisture, dirt, heat, bacteria
and lipid oxidase will form odorous ketones and aldehydes which then alters the pH, color, taste, consistency, and nutritional value of the fat.

A

Rancidity

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23
Q

It damages the accessory food factors like carotene, tamin A, and vitamin E.

A

Rancidity

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24
Q

___________ fat aside from being unpalatable may even be toxic.

A

RANCID

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25
Q

It refers to the ability of fats to form bubbles which absorb dirt particles and are washed away by water

A

DETERGENCY

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26
Q

Temperature when fats soften

A

Melting point

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27
Q

Temperature at which the column of fat rises in the capillary tube

A

Softening point.

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28
Q

Temperature at which the fat rises in the cylinder

A

Slipping point

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29
Q

Temperature at which a small lead shot falls through a sample

A

Shot melting point

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30
Q

degree of deflection of light that occurs when it passes from one
transparent medium to another

A

Refractive index

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31
Q

temperature at which a fat or oil gives off a thin bluish smoke

A

Smoke point

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32
Q

temperature at which the mixtures of vapor and air will ignite

A

Flash point

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33
Q

temperature at which the substance will sustain continued combustion

A

Fire point

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34
Q

temperature at which turbidity is first detectable

A

Turbidity point

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35
Q

Number of milliliters of 0.1N alkali required to neutralize the
volatile water-soluble fatty acids in a 5-gram sample of fat

A

Reichert Meissl Number

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36
Q

A measure of the amount of fatty acids which are insoluble in water

A

Hehner Value

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37
Q

Number of milliliters of 0.1N alkali necessary to neutralize the
volatile water-insoluble fatty acids which are present in 5-gram sample of fat

A

Polenske Number

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38
Q

A measure of the potential amount of soluble silver salts in the
Reichert Meissl distillate

A

Kirschner Value

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39
Q

Number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 gram of fat or oil

A

Saponification Number

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40
Q

Number grams of iodine or iodine compound absorbed by 100 grams
of fat

A

Iodine number

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41
Q

A measure of the amount of hydroxyl fatty acids present in a fat

A

Acetyl Value

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42
Q

Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols

A

SIMPLE LIPIDS

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43
Q

It is a chemical reaction whereby an ester if formed by the elimination of
water and the bonding of an alcohol and an organic acid.

A

ESTERIFICATION

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44
Q

Triglyceride is an ________derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.

A

ester

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45
Q

a general term referring to esters (fats) of glycerol.

A

Triglyceride

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46
Q

esters of fatty acids with glycerol (hence called acylglycerols); fat in the liquid state is known as oil

A

NEUTRAL FATS

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47
Q

Example of fats that are visible

A

butter, lard, and margarine.

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48
Q

Example of fats that are invisible

A

dairy products, eggs, and meat.

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49
Q

It is also called acylglycerols

A

NEUTRAL FATS

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50
Q

It is also called glycerine

A

GLYCEROL

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51
Q

It is the simplest trihydric alcohol. It is an oily, colorless, heavy liquid having a sweet taste.

A

GLYCEROL

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52
Q

It is used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic
preparations.

A

GLYCEROL

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53
Q

______ esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols

A

WAXES

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54
Q

Example of waxes

A
  1. True waxes
  2. Cholesterol waxes
  3. Vitamin A esters
  4. Vitamin D esters
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55
Q

It is widely used as a base for ointments and as an emollient for the skin.

A

LANOLIN

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56
Q

It is secreted by the sperm whale and is used in the manufacture of
candles, cosmetics, ointments and in the pharmaceutical preparations known as
cerates to give them a firmer consistency than the usual ointments.

A

SPERMACETI

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57
Q

It is taken from the honeycomb and is used in shoe polishes, candles,
wax paper and the manufacture of artificial flowers.

A

BEESWAX

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58
Q

It is a very hard wax capable of producing a high polish; is obtained from the leaves of the Brazilian palm tree and is used in automobile and floor waxes and in deodorant sticks.

A

CARNAUBA WAX

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59
Q

It s a mixture of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons separated
during the fractionation of petroleum; used in the manufacture of candles

A

PARAFFIN WAX

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60
Q

_______________________________ esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an alcohol and a fatty acid

A

COMPOUND/COMPLEX LIPIDS

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61
Q

It is lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue; they frequently have nitrogen-containing bases and other substituents

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS/PHOSPHATIDS

62
Q

When freshly prepared it is waxlike in appearance but turns brown on
exposure to air due to oxidation.

A

LECITHIN

63
Q

It mobilizes cholesterol or simply, it prevents the deposition of cholesterol.

A

LECITHIN

64
Q

Its chemical structure is similar to lecithin but its nitrogenous base is cholamine (ethanolamine).

A

CEPHALIN

65
Q

On hydrolysis it yields 2 molecules of fatty acids
and 1 molecule each of phosphoric acid, glycerol and choline.

A

LECITHIN

66
Q

It is an enzyme present in cobra venom and poisonous spiders
which hydrolyzes lecithin

A

LECITHINASE

67
Q

It removes the unsaturated fatty acids from lecithin producing ____________?

A

LYSOLECITHIN

68
Q

It has a hemolyzing action on the red blood cell and this result into the poisonous effect of the venom.

A

LYSOLECITHIN

69
Q

It is a thromboplastic substance which means it initiates the process of blood coagulation.

A

CEPHALIN

70
Q

On hydrolysis it yields fatty acids, phosphoric acid and 2 nitrogenous bases (sphingosine and choline).

A

Sphingomyelin (phosphatidyl sphingosine choline)

71
Q

It is similar to lecithin-cephalin group except that the 2 OH of
glycerol which ordinarily would be esterified to fatty acids are instead bound in acetal linkage to fatty acid aldehyde.

A

PLASMALOGEN

72
Q

It is a phosphatid that do not
contain the glycerol component.

A

Sphingomyelin (phosphatidyl sphingosine choline)

73
Q

It was first discovered in acid-fast bacteria and later found also in soybeans and brain tissue.

A

Lipositol (phosphatidyl inositol)

74
Q

It is found in the brain and in small amounts in the blood.

A

Phosphatidyl serine

75
Q

It is a double phosphoglyceride found abundantly in the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial membranes.

A

CARDIOLIPIN

76
Q

Phospholipids are _______________(molecules having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups) with a polar portion (phosphate) and a nonpolar portion.

A

amphipathic molecules

77
Q

lipids containing a fatty acid, sphingosine
and carbohydrate

A

GLYCOLIPIDS/GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

78
Q

These are phosphatides containing inositol and play an important role in the transport mechanism of the cells

A

Phosphoinositides

79
Q

These molecules occur mostly in the medullary sheath of the
nerves and the white matter of the brain.

A

Cerebrosides

80
Q

Examples of CEREBROSIDES

A

kerasin, phrenosin, nervone, oxynervone.

81
Q

It is a sulfuric acid ester of cerebron.

A

SULFOLIPIDS

82
Q

Lipids that contain amino groups.

A

AMINOLIPIDS

83
Q

These are substances of fat and protein which provides the main transport form of fat substances in the bloodstream.

A

LIPOPROTEINS

84
Q

products of the hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids, but still exhibiting the general physical characteristics of lipids

A

PRECURSOR or DERIVED LIPIDS

85
Q

fatty acids with no double bonds

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

86
Q

These substances are liquid at ordinary room temperature and are volatile.

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

87
Q

Formic acid

A

(1) = ants and stinging nettles

88
Q

The end product of carbohydrate fermentation by rumen organisms

A

Formic acid (1)
Acetic acid (2)

89
Q

small amounts in many fats (including butter) especially those of plant origin (coconut,nut, and palm oil)

A

Valeric acid (5)
Caproic acid (6)
Caprylic acid (8)

90
Q

Lauric acid

A

(12) = spermaceti, cinnamon, palm kernel, coconut oils, laurels, butter

91
Q

Myristic acid

A

(14) nutmeg, palm kernel, coconut oils, myrtles, butter

92
Q

common in all animal and plant fats

A

Myristic acid (14)
Palmitic acid (16)
Stearic acid (18)

93
Q

Arachidic acid

A

(20) = peanut oil

94
Q

Behenic acid

A

(22) = seeds

95
Q

Lignoceric acid

A

(24) = cerebrosides, peanut oil

96
Q

Give the all the examples of saturated fatty acids and the number of carbon atoms

A

Formic acid (1)
Acetic acid (2)
Propionic acid (3)
Butyric acid (4)
Valeric acid (5)
Caproic acid (6)
Caprylic acid (8)
Capric acid (10)
Lauric acid (12)
Myristic acid (14)
Palmitic acid (16)
Stearic acid (18)
Arachidic acid (20)
Behenic acid (22)
Lignoceric acid (24)

97
Q

It is unstable and reactive due to the presence of the double bonds. These substances are liquid at ordinary room temperature and are non-volatile.

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

98
Q

Example of unsaturated fatty acids

A

a. Monoenoic acids
b. Dienoic acids
c. Trienoic acids
d. Tetraenoic acids
e. Pentaenoic acids
f. Hexaenoic acids

99
Q

Example of Monoenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. Palmitoleic acid (16:1;9) = nearly all fats
ii. Oleic acid [cis] (18:1;9) =possibly the most common fatty acid in natural
foods
iii. Elaidic acid [trans] (18:1;9) = hydrogenated and ruminant fats
iv. Erucic acid (22:1;13) = rape and mustard seed oils
v. Nervonic acid (24:1;15) = cerebrosides

100
Q

Example of Dienoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. Linoleic acid (18:2;9,12) = corn, peanut, cottonseed, soybean and many
plant oils

101
Q

Example of Trienoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. γ-Linolenic acid (18:3;6,9,12) = some plants (oil of primrose)
ii. α-Linolenic acid (18:3;9,12,15) = linseed oil

102
Q

Example of Tetraenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. Stearidonic acid (18:4;6,9,12,15) = cod liver oil
ii. Arachidonic acid (20:4;5,8,11,14) = peanut oil

103
Q

Example of Pentaenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. Timnodonic acid (20:5;5,8,11,14,17) = fish oils (cod liver oil)
ii. Clupanodonic acid (22:5;7,10,13,16,19) = fish oils

104
Q

Example of Hexaenoic acids and the number of carbon atom in each example

A

i. Cervonic acids (22:6;4,7,10,13,16,19) = fish oils

105
Q

What is the meaning of the number γ-Linolenic acid (18:3;6,9,12) in the parentheses?

A

18 carbon atoms, 3 double bonds located at carbons 6, 9, and 12.

106
Q

are fats that the body cannot manufacture from other fats, so these fatty acids must be obtained from food.

A

Omega-3 and omega-6

107
Q

Fats are healthful
because they help prevent clotting and swelling that increase the risk of heart
attacks and cancer.

A

Omega-e

108
Q

What are the fatty acids under Cyclic fatty acids

A

a. Hydnocarpic acid (plant origin)
b. Chaulmoogric acid (plant origin)
c. Phthioic acid (C26H52O2)

109
Q

It is a liquid at ordinary room temperature that was shown to produce proliferation of epitheloid and giant cells.

A

Phthioic acid

110
Q

It is probably the agent responsible for the
manifestation of tuberculosis.

A

Phthioic acid

111
Q

Example if saturated hydroxy fatty acids

A

Dihydroxystearic acid – C17H33(OH)2COOH = castor oil
Cerebronic acid – C23H46(OH)COOH = brain glycolipids
Lanoceric acid – C31H61(OH)2COOH = wool fat

112
Q

Example if unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids

A

Ricinoleic acid – C17H32(OH)COOH = castor oil
Oxynervonic acid / Hydroxynervonic acid – C23H44(OH)COOH = glycolipids

113
Q

It plays an important role in the digestion of fat; acts as detergents and emulsifying agents.

A

MONO- and DIGLYCERIDES

114
Q

It is either straight chain, those containing the b-ionone ring or sterols

A

ALCOHOLS

115
Q

It is the products of hydrolysis of waxes

A

Straight chain

116
Q

It contains vitamin A and some carotenols

A

Alcohols containing b-ionone ring

117
Q

It is an aromatic alcohols which are derivatives of a simple steroid nucleus
known as ______________?

A

STEROLS
CYCLOPENTANOPERHYDROPHENANTHRENE

118
Q

It is the representative member of sterols

A

CHOLESTEROL`

119
Q

What are the other steroids in the body

A
  1. corticosteroids
  2. sex hormones
  3. bile acids
  4. vitamin D
120
Q

It is an unsaturated alcohol that forms
colorless rhombic crystals with notches at the corner

A

CHOLESTEROL

121
Q

It is the precursor of a
large number of equally important steroids. It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma lipoproteins.

A

CHOLESTEROL

122
Q

It is a major constituent of gallstones and can be derived from diet or from biosynthesis.

A

CHOLESTEROL

123
Q

Give the 5 stages involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol

A
  1. MEVALONATE
  2. ISOPRENOID
  3. SQUALENE.
  4. LANOSTEROL.
  5. CHOLESTEROL
124
Q

It is formed from lanosterol after several further steps, including the loss of three methyl groups.

A

CHOLESTEROL

125
Q

Squalene cyclises to give rise to the parent steroid

A

LANOSTEROL

126
Q

Six isoprenoid units condense to form the intermediate

A

SQUALENE

127
Q

units are formed from mevalonate by loss of CO2.

A

ISOPRENOID

128
Q

a six-carbon compound, is synthesized from acetyl CoA.

A

MEVALONATE

129
Q

It was discovered by Tanret from ergot.

A

ERGOSTEROL

130
Q

Who discovered Ergosterol

A

TANRET

131
Q

It is isolated from yeasts and certain mushrooms and is important as a precursor of vitamin D.

A

ERGOSTEROL

132
Q

4 Precursor or derived lipids

A

A. FATTY ACIDS
B. MONO - and DIGLYCERIDES
C. ALCOHOLS
D. MISCELLANEOUS

133
Q

Give the components of miscellaneous

A
  1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
  2. Vitamin D, E, and K
  3. Squalene – a hydrocarbon found in shark liver and human sebum
  4. Carotenoids
134
Q

It occurs in the mitochondria and involves the oxidation of fatty acids

A

KETOGENESIS

135
Q

ketone body production in the liver, in the form of:

A
  1. acetoacetate
  2. D-3-hydroxybutyrate
  3. acetone
136
Q

It is formed by the bonding of arachidonate and some other C20 fatty acids with methylene; physiologically and pharmacologically active compounds

A

EICOSANOIDS

137
Q

What are the pharmacologically active compounds in the eicosanoids?

A
  1. prostaglandins (PG)
  2. thromboxanes (TX)
  3. leukotrienes (LT)
  4. lipoxins (LX)
138
Q

It is the molecule that makes fats or burns them. It is the key precursor in the
biosynthesis of many lipids. It is used in the synthesis of isoprenoid molecules, esters, and amides.

A

Acetyl-Coenzyme A

139
Q

It is a fatty precursor that is very important in the body’s regulation of fatty
acid metabolism (it provides growing fatty acids chains with two units of carbon)

A

Malonyl-Coenzyme A

140
Q

It was first e first discovered and isolated from human semen in the 1930’s

A

Prostaglandins

141
Q

Who discovered prostaglandins?

A

Ulf von Euler of Sweden

142
Q

Where does prostaglandin name came from ?

A

Prostate

143
Q

It is a lipid tissue hormone synthesized from long-chain fatty acids.

A

prostaglandins

144
Q

It can cause smooth muscle contraction or relaxation, vasodilation, stimulation of blood clotting, activation of inflammatory response, production of pain and fever, induction of labor, and other reproductive processes.

A

prostaglandins

145
Q

It is an intermediate product in the oxidation of fatty acids.

A

Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A (C25H41O18N7P3S)

146
Q

It is an intermediate product in the biosynthesis of steroids.

A

Hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A

147
Q

It is a natural substance from plant of the family Annonaceae

A

Acetogenins

148
Q

These compounds are very potent inhibitors of the NAD-ubiquinone reductase activity of the mammalian
mitochondria.

A

Acetogenins

149
Q

They are a class of molecules that contain either ten to fifteen carbon atoms built from the
five-carbon building block isoprene. These substances are responsible for the odor and
color of certain plants

A

Terpenes

150
Q

Terpenes are found in a variety of spices and flavorings such as:?

A
  1. menthol in mint
  2. citral in lemon
  3. selinene in celery
  4. zingiberene in ginger
  5. β-carotene in carrots and other plants

BIOCHEM 101 LECTURE (4 decks)

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