INFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES Flashcards
It refer to substances that carry genetic materials that are handed from parent to offspring
Information macromolecules
It is more familiarly called nucleic acids
Informational macromolecules
Just like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, these
molecules are also built from repeating units
Informational macromolecules
They are polymeric molecules composed of only four types of monomeric units (nucleotides) joined by phosphodiester linkage.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
What is the composition of nucleic acid?
NUCLEIC ACID
-Nucleotides
NUCLEOTIDES
-Phosporic acid
- Nucleosides
NUCLEOSIDES
- Purine bases
- Pyrimidine bases
- Sugar
What are the components of nucleic acid?
- Nitrogenous bases
- Sugar units
- Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
Example of Nitrogenous bases
Purine
Pyrimidine
It is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring
(hexagon) fused to an imidazole ring (pentagon)
Purine
The are the most widely distributed kind of nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature
Purine
These are structural isomers that are interconvertible by
the simple movement of electrons and atoms, just like aldehydes and ketones
tautomers
These compounds may also function directly as
neurotransmitters that act upon purinergic receptors
ATP, GTP, cyclic AMP, NADH and coenzyme A
6-aminopurine
Adenine
Guanine
2-amino-6-oxypurine
Give the other notable purines
hypoxanthine, xanthine, theobromine, caffeine, uric acid, and isoguanine.
It is a cyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine. It
contains two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the hexagon ring.
Pyrimidine
It contains two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the hexagon ring.
Pyrimidine
It is isomeric to two other forms of diazine, namely pyridazine, with
nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 2, and pyrazine, with the nitrogen atoms in
positions 1 and 4.
Pyrimidine
4-amino-2-oxypyrimidine
Cytosine
Thymine
2,4-dioxy-5-methylpyrimidine
Uracil
2,4-dioxypyrimidine
it is a five carbon sugar that exists in the furanose form
Sugar Unit
Example of sugar unit
A. Ribose
B. Deoxyribose
It refer to the backbone of nucleic acids. They are composed of sugar linked to a purine or pyrimidine base.
NUCLEOSIDES or GLYCOSIDES
Under the Ribose nucleoside
- Adenosine
- Guanosine
- Cytidine
- Uridine
Under the Deoxyribose Nucleosides
- Adenine deoxyriboside/deoxyadenosine
- Guanine deoxyriboside/deoxyguanosine
- Cytosine deoxyriboside/deoxycytidine
- Thymine deoxyriboside/thymidine
These are phosphoric esters of nucleosides and are strongly acidic.
NUCLEOTIDES
Under Nucleotides
- Adenylic acid
- Guanylic acid
- Thymidylic acid – found in RNA but not in DNA
- Cytidylic acid
- Uridylic acid – found in DNA but not in RNA
T or F
Some nucleotide constituents are important nutritive elements like vitamins
T
T or F
Nucleotides act as hydrogen carriers and aid in the metabolic processes occurring in the body
T
T or F
Nucleotides, in the form of polynucleotide is injected intramuscularly to stimulate the bone marrow production of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils
T
These are the fundamental units of genetic information. They control the synthesis of various types of RNA. Their replication and function are controlled by various gene products.
GENES
What are the 6 forms
a. A form = favored by an environment that is slightly less hydrous and richer in Na+ and K+
ions
b. B form = dominant form of DNA under physiologic conditions
c. C form
d. D form right-handed
e. E form
f. Z form = left-handed
What form are right handed?
B,C,D,E Form
What for is a. favored by an environment that is slightly less hydrous and richer in Na+ and K+ ions
A form
What form is dominant form of DNA under physiologic conditions
B form
What form is left handed?
Z form
What are the pairing rule of DNA
A bonded to T
G bonded to
It exist as a single strand
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
It is much shorter but more
abundant than DNA.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
It is the most heterogeneous in size and stability.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
These are smaller than DNA’s (20,000 – 40,000 amu) and are found mostly in the cytoplasm.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
A simple cell may
contain around _________ different mRNA molecules.
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It is used by the ribosomes for the
translation of the genetic information, in the form of purine and pyrimidine base
triplets called CODONS, into amino acid sequences of proteins.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
It refers to a three-base polynucleotide sequence of mRNA corresponding to
an amino acid or protein synthesis directive
CODON
It serves as an adapter for translating genetic code words of mRNA into an amino acid sequence called ANTICODON, which is complementary to a codon.
Transfer/Soluble RNA (tRNA)
It is the major component of ribosomes. It accomplishes the synthesis of proteins because it is on the ribosome that mRNA and tRNA molecules interact to translate into specific protein molecules the information transcribed from the gene.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) i
Pairing rule of RNA
A bonded to U
G bonded to C
It is the process whereby each strand of parental DNA duplex is copied precisely by base pairing with complementary
nucleotides for the formation of new cells.
is the process whereby each strand of parental DNA duplex is
copied precisely by base pairing with complementary nucleotides for the formation of new
cells.
It is the process in which the information contained in DNA is copied by base
pairing to form a complementary sequence of ribonucleotides.
TRANSCRIPTION
It is the strand that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.
Template Strand
It is the other strand that is not transcribed. It corresponds to the nucleotide sequence of an RNA transcript except that T is replaced by U.
Coding Strand
It is the portion of DNA and mRNA that is transcribed and translated into protein.
EXON (Expressed Sequence)
It is the portion of DNA and mRNA that is not transcribed and translated into protein
INTRON (Intervening Sequence)
It refers to the first DNA-directed mRNA product containing both introns and exons.
Primary Transcript
It is a complex process by which the information transcribed from DNA into a special type of RNA (mRNA) directs the ordered polymerization of specific amino acids for protein synthesis
TRANSLATION
It occurs due to a change in the base sequence of DNA
MUTATION
This may result from faulty replication, movement or repair of DNA and occur with a frequency of about1 in every 1,000,000 cell divisions
MUTATION
Factors that Increase the Rate of Mutation:
- Viruses
- Chemicals
- Ultraviolet light
- Ionizing radiation
It often affects somatic cells and so passed on to successive generations of cells
MUTATION
These are infective agents responsible for many ailments, such as smallpox, chicken
pox, yellow fever, influenza, mumps, poliomyelitis, common colds, etc.
VIRUSES
They are unique in
that they are mainly nucleic acid with a few enzymes and a protein capsule and coat.
VIRUSES
It is an enzyme that can incorporate a virus RNA code into host DNA. It takes the RNA message and puts its complement into the host cell’s DNA.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
It is caused by the retrovirus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
AIDS
This condition of
immune collapse is passed mainly through blood and semen.
AIDS
Cancer un AIDS/ HIV
Kaposi’s sarcoma. (Article taken from Los Angeles Times, March 1, 1992)
These are genes connected with cancer, that is, they are related to the
uncontrolled growth of cells.
ONCOGENES
One of the first oncogenes to be discovered and studied extensively
p53 tumor suppression gene located on human chromosome 17.
p53 tumor suppression gene is associated with the most types of cancers such as;
Breast cancer to brain tumor
These are substances not naturally associated with cell metabolism that have a profound effect on cell metabolism including that of the brain and nervous system
DRUGS
It is a substances that produce temporary increase of the functional activity of a
tissue
Stimulants
drugs that relieves pain
painkillers
drugs that are used to reduce anxiety and tension states or mental
disturbances
Tranquilizers
substances used to inhibit or kill microorganisms
Antibiotics
substances that render loss of sensation with or without loss of
consciousness
Anaesthetics
substances that cause perception of objects with no reality
Hallucinogens
class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals that disrupt
mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs
Nerve poisons
substances that render insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness
Analgesics
agents that relieve congestion, clogging, or accumulation as of mucous
membrane
Decongestants
agents that reduce fever
. Antipyretics
substances that are widely used as over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic
Paracetamols
substances that hydrolyze mucopolysaccharides
Mucolytics
It prevents wall construction in bacteria, presumably by interrupting enzyme
and coenzyme reactions responsible for the construction
Penicillin
It interfere with the uptake of a coenzyme essential to growth and cell
division of certain types of organisms.
Sulfa drugs
They form compounds with the metal ions that are parts of enzyme systems in humans, thereby blocking their functions.
Carbon monoxide and cyanides
It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an
active site of the enzyme
nerve poison diisopropyl fluorophosphates
It is due to the inhibition
of enzyme action in many cases.
The effectiveness of insecticides and herbicides
