CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
It the main energy source for the human body?
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are bonded together with organic molecules what are this 3 organic molecules?
CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN —- Cx(H2O)y1
It is Nonbiologic systems use heat to perform work while biologic systems are isothermic
(temperature does not change or constant temperature) and use chemical energy to power
the living system.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
It is the principal high-energy intermediate or carrier compound in the
cell. It plays a central role in energy capture and transfer.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
It is able to act as a donor of highenergy phosphate to form other compounds.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is the chemical metabolism of the sugar glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Animals obtain carbohydrates by?
eating foods that contain them, for example rice,
breads, potatoes, and so on.
These carbohydrates are manufactured by plants during the
process of????
photosynthesis.
Plants harvest energy from sunlight to run the reaction just
described in reverse:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
The term carbohydrate was derived from?
carbon and hydrate
Carbohydrates however are polyhydroxy what?
aldehydes or ketones.
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy because?
the structure shows that the number of hydroxyl groups is one less that the number
of carbon atoms of the sugar unit
The sugar is an aldehyde if the carbonyl group is at a what position?
Terminal position
The sugar is a ketone if the carbonyl group is within the??
Chain
What are the 10 functions of carbohydrates refer to this A2-F2-P1-S2-T3
- Furnishes energy necessary to carry on the work of the body
- They are important structural components
- They may be transformed into other, totally different kinds of molecules, like amino acids,
lipids and nucleic acids - Provider of bulk roughage in the diet
- They attach to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids
- For the storage and generation of energy – excess carbohydrates are manufactured into
fatty tissue and serve as source of future fuel - Aids in the better functioning of the liver since a well starched liver with glycogen
functions more efficiently - Serves as the body’s most useful emergency fuel and is the food most frequently
introduced into the vein when all other venues for feeding are closed - Sole energy source for the brain and nerve tissues – brain and nerve tissues utilize only
glucose for energy. There must be a constant supply of glucose that reaches these
tissues to prevent irreversible damage to the brain. - A protein sparer – energy needs of the body is given first priority over body-building
needs. The supply of carbohydrates must be sufficient so that protein will not be
catabolized to provide heat and energy.
What are the physical properties of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides?
They are white crystalline substances; starches are
amorphous powder, while the most complex cellulose is fibrous.
What are taste of Mono-, di- ,oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
Mono-, di- and oligosaccharides are sweet.
Polysaccharides are tasteless.
It is the most complex cellulose
Fibrous
T or F
Both monosaccharides and disaccharides are readily dissolved in water.
T
T or F
Cellulose is insoluble?
T
T or F
The more complex carbohydrates is the more soluble it is.
F
the more complex carbohydrates like starch dissolve only slightly.
What is the sweetness ratings of SUCROSE?
100
What is the sweetness ratings of MALTOSE?
33
What is the sweetness ratings of GLUCOSE?
74
What is the sweetness ratings of FRUCTOSE?
173
What is the sweetness ratings of LACTOSE?
16
What sugar is the standard for sweetness?
SUCROSE
Give the 9 chemical properties of carbohydrates?
- Reducing power
- Osazone formation
- Action of alkalies
- Action of acids
- Reactions of pentoses
- Reactions of pentoses
- Fermentation
- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Esterification
sugars contain the primary alcohol group (-CH2OH) in which make
these substances react with an acid to form esters
ESTERIFICATION
It is the process of producing ethyl alcohol from carbohydrates.
FERMENTATION
It is the process which is caused by living cells (yeast) as proven by Louis Pasteur?
FERMENTATION
It is readily seen as the browning reaction of some foods.
OXIDATION
Sugars are fermented to produce ethyl alcohol
FERMENTATION
4 Tests under action of acids
a. Molisch test
b. Anthrone test
c. Seliwanoff’s test
d. Tollen’s test
2 Test under Reactions of pentoses
a. Bial’s Orcinol-HCl test
b. Tauber’s benzidine test
reducing sugars when treated with excess phenylhydrazine
(C6H5NHNH2) forms characteristic crystals
Osazone formation
All monosaccharides and disaccharides that contain the free aldehyde or ketone group can reduce alkaline metals (this is the reason why these sugars are called reducing sugars) and these sugars are converted into organic acids
Reducing power
3 Test under Reducing power
a. Fehling’s test
b. Benedict’s test
c. Nylander’s test
when a solution of reducing sugar is heated with an alkali it turns yellow then orange and finally brown
Action of alkalies
disaccharides and more complex carbohydrates are readily decomposed in the presence of an acid
Action of acids
positive result: violet ring at the junction
Molisch test
positive result: red color or silver mirror
Tollen’s test
positive result: yellow to brick red precipitate
Fehling’s test/ Benedict’s test
positive result: violet color
Tauber’s benzidine test
positive result: green solution with precipitate
Bial’s Orcinol-HCl test
positive result: red color
Seliwanoff’s test
positive result: blue or green color
Anthrone test
positive result: black precipitate
Nylander’s test
All sugars undergo reduction except?
SUCROSE
The reaction involves the
absorption of energy and the formation of substances that are convertible into fats.
REDUCTION
Those carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler
carbohydrates.
MONOSACCHARIDES
Those carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates.
DISACCHARIDES
Those carbohydrates that yield from three to ten
monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
A trisaccharide (C18H32O16) of glucose.
MALTOTRIOSE
It occurs in some plants and in
the blood of some arthropods (insects and crustaceans).
MALTOTRIOSE
A trisaccharide (C18H32O16) of glucose, fructose, and galactose.
RAFFINOSE
It is found in sugar beets, cottonseed meal and molasses.
RAFFINOSE
It is a sweet crystalline tetrasacchharide (C24H42O21) of glucose, fructose and
2 galactose units
STACHYOSE
It is found in tubers and legumes.
STACHYOSE
Those carbohydrates that yield more than ten monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
POLYSACCHARIDES
It is a polymer made up of a single type of monosaccharide
Homopolysaccharide
It is a polymer made up of two or more different
monosaccharides.
Heteropolysaccharide
Give the 2 example of Homopolysaccharide the are made of glucose
starch
glycogen
Give the 2 example of Heteropolysaccharide
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
An example of heteropolysaccharide that is abundant in the skin and soft tissue and can be isolated from umbical cord.
Hyaluronic acid
An example of heteropolysaccharide that is a polysaccharide which is a powerful inhibitor of blood clotting
thus preventing intravascular coagulation
Heparin.
Chemical formula and example of Pentosans
(C5H8O4)x + H2O
xylan (pentose is xylose), araban (pentose is arabinose)
Chemical formula and example of Hexosans
(C6H10O5)x + H2O
a. Glucosans (hexose is glucose)
b. Fructosans (pentose is fructose)
c. Mannosans (hexose is mannose)
These are the Number of Carbon Atoms of the Saccharide:
- Pentosans
- Hexosans
- Mixed
Example of Mixed carbon atoms of the saccharide
Gums, hemicellulose, compound cellulose
It is the structures differ due to the location of –H and –OH around the
carbon atom adjacent to the terminal primary alcohol carbon (CH2OH)
D- and L- isomerism
L stands for levorotatory which means
the rotation is to the ?
LEFT
D stands for dextrorotatory WHICH MEANS THE ROTATORY IS TO THE?
RIGHT
the structures vary due to the number of carbon atoms in the ring
Pyranose and furanose ring structures
The corners of the polygons are carbon atoms except
where O (oxygen) is located.
Pyran has ___carbon atoms while furan has ___
5
4
the structures vary due to the location of –H and –OH on carbon #1 of the ring structures
Alpha and beta anomers
For alpha-D-glucopyranose, the OH group is below the
plane
For beta-D-glucopyranose, the OH group is ______ the plane
above
the differ due to the position of the carbonyl (C=O) group
Aldose-ketose isomerism
For D-glycerose, the carbonyl group is on carbon #1 making it?
An ALDOSE
it is in carbon #2 for dihydroxyacetone, which makes it?
A KETONE
the structures vary due to the configuration of the –H and –OH on carbon atoms which are not located at a terminal position nor the carbon adjacent to the primary alcohol group.
EPIMERS
also called dextrose or grape sugar
GLUCOSE
It is synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk and formed
by the hydrolysis of lactose.
GALACTOSE
It is also called levulose or fruit sugar
FRUCTOSE
It is commercially prepared by the hydrolysis of inulin and
difficult to crystallize due to its property of absorbing moisture.
FRUCTOSE
It is found in the urine of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
FRUCTOSE
It is also called saccharose, table sugar or cane sugar
SUCROSE
It is also made of glucose and fructose just like sucrose.
INVERT SUGAR
It is the most important carbohydrate because it is as glucose that the bulk of
dietary carbohydrate is absorbed into the bloodstream or into which it is converted in the liver, and it is from glucose that all other carbohydrates in the body can be formed.
GLUCOSE
It can be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized. It is a constituent of glycoproteins and glycolipids and found in plants as a constituent of pectin.
GALACTOSE
It aids in the breakdown of foodstuff by acting as catalyst or as promoter of oxidation.
SUCROSE
It is also called Milk sugar
LACTOSE
iT IS ALSO CALLED MALT SUGAR OR BREWER’S SUGAR
MALTOSE
It is found in milk but otherwise does not occur in nature.
LACTOSE
It is considered as the most complete single food found in nature
MILK
It is the first milk that is produced by the mammary gland.
COLOSTRUM
It has high vitamin A
and carotene content than ordinary milk.
COLOSTRUM
It contains proteins,
carbohydrates, fats and inorganic salts (calcium and phosphorus).
MILK
It is about 4.5% of _______ milk
COW’S
It is about 6.7% of ______ milk
HUMAN’S
It is a homopolymer called glucan or glucosan and is the most important food
source of carbohydrate that is found in cereals, potatoes, legumes and other vegetables.
Starch
It is also called animal starch
Glycogen
It is is the storage polysaccharide of the animal body (liver and muscle).
GLYCOGEN
It is hydrolysable to fructose, and hence it is a fructosan.
INULIN
It is a starch found in
tubers and roots of dahlias, artichokes and dandelions and in bulbs of onions and garlic
inulin
It is a a group of carbohydrates that appears as amorphous, white powder.
Dextrins
These compounds are used in
making infant food to prevent the formation of large, heavy curds of milk to facilitate
digestion.
DEXTRINS
It occurs in the form of granules (made up of 98% amylase).
starch
It is easily digested
which makes it an essential ingredient of food preparations for babies.
MALTOSE
It is an important structural polysaccharide of invertebrates. It is found in the
exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects.
CHITIN
It is the chief constituent of the framework of plants. It is an important source of “bulk” in the diet. It is insoluble and indigestible to many mammals, including humans, because of the absence of a hydrolase that attacks the β linkage. It forms part of dietary fiber and the purest source is cotton.
CELLULOSE
it is sweeter than sucrose due to the predominance of fructose.
invert sugar
Give the important pathways that
stems from glucose-6-phosphate
a. Glycolysis (anaerobic) in the Embden Meyerhof Pathway
b. Kreb’s Cycle (aerobic)
c. Hexose monophosphate shunt
d. Conversion to glycogen
e. Conversion to fat
f. Excretion through the urine
It is the major pathway for the utilization of glucose and is found in the cytosol
of all cells. It is a unique pathway because it may use oxygen (aerobic) or it can proceed without oxygen (anaerobic).
Glycolysis
There are major steps involved in anerobic glycolysis also called
Embden Meyerhof Pathway
There are major steps involved in anerobic glycolysis. The first step involves the
Phosphorylation and the cleavage of glucose
There are major steps involved in anerobic glycolysis. The second step is the conversion of
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into lactic acid.
aerobic process called???
Kreb’s Cycle (also known as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
A series of reactions that takes place in the mitochondria to bring about the
catabolism of acetyl residues.
Kreb’s Cycle (also known as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
It releases hydrogen residues when catabolized and when oxidized it leads to the release and capture of ATP
Acetyl residues
The acetyl residues used in the cycle may be derived not only from carbohydrates but also from
lipids, and amino acids.
It is the process used in the conversion of non glucose hexose (fructose, galactose, etc) into glucose so that it can participate in glycolysis
Glucogenesis
It is the process used in the formation of glycogen from glucose units.
Glucose undergoes phosphorylation with uridine diphosphate. Uridine diphosphate
molecules unite to form glycogen.
Glycogenesis
It is the process used to break down stored glycogen into glucose units
to provide energy.
Glycogenolysis
It is the process of converting non-carbohydrate substances (Esp proteins or amino acids) into carbohydrates substrates.
GLYCONEOGENESIS
Principal high-energy intermediate or carrier compounds in the cell?
ATP
A condition that refers to constant temperature?
ISOTHERMIC
Chemical formula of the products formed in glucose + oxygen?
CO2 & H2O
The sweetest of all sugars?
SUCROSE
The test when an acid acts on dissacharides to form a silver mirror?
Tollen’s test
The end product in the fermentation of cane sugar??
Ethyl alcohol
All sugars undergo reduction except for??
SUCROSE
A disaccharide formed when glucose combines with fructose?
SUCROSE
The molecular formula of disaccharide?
C12H22O11
The 3 monosaccharides that joins together to form raffinose?
GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE
A carbohydrates found in tubers and legumes?
STACHYOSE
The molecular formula in tubers and legumes
C24H42O21
The sugars found in stachyose?
2 GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE
