Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
Which one of the following is the most powerful vitamin antioxidant? Select one: a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin B12 d. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin E
Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, vertigo and blurry vision are indicative of which acute vitamin toxicity? Select one: a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin E d. Vitamin K
a. Vitamin D
Which of the following statements is true about vitamin E?
Select one:
a. It serves as an antioxidant and facilitates selenium metabolism
b. It regulates immune response by activating T-cells.
c. It facilitates cytochrome P450 enzyme function
d. It stimulates blood clotting and wound healing.
a. It serves as an antioxidant and facilitates selenium metabolism
Thiamin deficiency can result in a condition known as- Select one: a. None of the answers b. Beriberi c. Rickets d. Scurvy
b. Beriberi
Which of the following is true regarding vitamins:
Select one:
a. Vitamins act as substrates in several energy yielding redox reactions.
b. All vitamins contain iron.
c. Vitamins are inorganic compounds
d. Vitamins act as catalysts in chemical reactions
a. Vitamins act as substrates in several energy yielding redox reactions.
Vitamin B12 is Select one: a. required for DNA synthesis. b. fat soluble c. essential for blood coagulation. d. found in high concentrations in grapefruit and other citrus fruit.
a. required for DNA synthesis.
How much fibre is recommended for consumption per day? Select one: a. 20 – 40 g b. 50 – 80 g c. 70 – 100 g d. 10 – 15 g
a. 20 – 40 g
Vitamin E is also known as: Select one: a. Echinacea b. Niacin c. Tocopherol d. Calcitriol
c. Tocopherol
Ascorbic acid - Select one: a. Is an enzyme that facilities the action of B complex vitamins. b. Is buffered against by vitamin C. c. Is a water soluble vitamin d. Is a precursor of vitamin A.
c. Is a water soluble vitamin
Which vitamin plays a key role in the collagen production of teeth, bones, cartilage, tendons, and connective tissue? Select one: a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin E c. B complex vitamins d. Vitamin A
d. Vitamin A
Which vitamin deficiency can result in a condition known as beriberi? Select one: a. Thiamine b. niacin c. riboflavin d. pyridoxine
a. Thiamine
The adult form of rickets is also known as- Select one: a. Osteocytosis b. Hypocalcaemia c. Osteomalacia d. Osteoporosis
c. Osteomalacia
Blurred vision and night-blindness are associated with deficiency in which of the following vitamins? Select one: a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B6 c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin B12
a. Vitamin A
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. B complex vitamins facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA
b. B complex vitamins facilitate the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue.
c. B complex vitamins catalyse the creatine kinase reaction.
d. B complex vitamins cannot be produced by the body and therefore must be obtained through diet.
a. B complex vitamins facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coA
Pellagra is –
Select one:
a. a disease that can develop as a consequence of severe deficiency of niacin.
b. another name for scurvy.
c. a disease that can develop as a consequence of severe deficiency of tocopherol.
d. a disease that can develop as a consequence of severe deficiency of ascorbic acid.
a. a disease that can develop as a consequence of severe deficiency of niacin.
What is the name of the active form of Vitamin D?
Select one:
a. Calcitonin
b. Calcitriol
c. Tocopherol
d. Calcitrinium
b. Calcitriol
Which vitamin deficiency are megaloblastic red blood cells symptomatic of? Select one: a. B6 b. B3 c. B12 d. C
c. B12
Which vitamin deficiency syndrome are symptoms such as diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia, and in extreme cases death, associated with? Select one: a. Osteoamalacia. b. Scurvy c. Beriberi. d. Pellagra
d. Pellagra
Precursor for formation of visual pigment retinal
VItamin A
Forms calcitriol, increasing calcium absorption from GI tract
Vitamin D
Helps stabilize and prevent damage of cell membranes.
Vitamin E
Required for synthesis of specific blood clotting proteins.
Vitamin K
Essential vitamins
Vitamins that must be provided in diet. If not provided, deficiencies may form. Basically all “letter vitamins”. (A, B, C, D, E, and K)
Non-essential vitamins
Cofactors the body produces and recycles as needed.
Minerals
Inorganic ions obtained from diet.
A mineral present in hemoglobin and binds to oxygen. Also present in the mitochondria in electron transport system.
Iron
Required mineral for the formation and maintenance of the skeleton as well as for blood clotting and neurotransmitters.
Calcium
Two minerals that maintain resting membrane potential to make an action potential.
Sodium and Potassium
A mineral needed to produce thyroid hormone.
Iodine
A mineral that plays roles in protein synthesis and wound healing.
Zinc
Which vitamins are water soluble, and which are fat soluble?
WATER SOLUBLE:
B group, C
>not stored extensively, so regular intake needed
>not toxic in excess (within reason)
FAT SOLUBLE: A, D, E, K >stored >not absorbed easily- need sufficient fat in diet for them to be absorbed >not excreted easily >may be toxic in excess (A, D)
What is a common feature of all B vitamins?
All act as coenzymes in metabolic pathways.
Vitamin B1:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Thiamine
2) Involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Needed for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (link reaction). Deficiency therefore causes lactate accumulation.
B1: Examples of deficiency?
Beriberi
Vitamin B2:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Riboflavin
2) As FAD in redox reactions
B2: Examples of deficiency?
Deficiency rare, except in alcoholics. Protein bound, so diets adequate in protein will be adequate in B2.
Vitamin B3:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Niacin
2) As NAD and NADP in redox reactions
B3: Examples of deficiency
Deficiency = pellagra Symptoms: >dermatitis >diarrhoea >dementia
Vitamin B5:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Pantothenic acid
2) Needed for synthesis of coenzyme A
B5: Examples of deficiency
Rare…
Vitamin B6:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Pyridoxine
2) Essential for amino acid metabolism i.e. transaminations, deaminations. Also needed for haem synthesis.
Vitamin B7:
1) Name?
2) Function?
1) Biotin
2) Biotin is a prosthetic group for carboxylase enzymes. E.g. involved in conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
B7: Examples of deficiency
4) Deficiency are on normal diet, unless eating raw egg white (binds biotin). Most common cause of deficiency is long term antibiotic use, resulting in sterilisation of GI tract, preventing biotin production by intestinal flora.
Vitamin B9:
1) Name
2) Function
1) B9 (folate/folic acid)
2) Active form of folate= tetrahydrofolate (THF). It is a carrier of 1C groups, allowing interconversion between AAs (for purine & pyrimidine synthesis, and AA metabolism).
Vitamin B12:
1) Name
2) Function
1) Cobalamin
2) Methylation of methionine
B9 + 12: Deficiency?
When you are deficient in B12, you also become deficient in folate. These deficiencies mean DNA synthesis will be impaired. Causes megaloblastosis, and neurological symptoms due to inadequate myelin synthesis. Folate deficiency can cause neural tube defects (NTDs), which is why pregnant women take folate supplements.
Vitamin C:
1) Name?
2) Functions?
1) Ascorbic acid
2) Anti-oxidant. Also involved in collagen formation, and absorption of dietary iron.
Vitamin C Deficiencies
Deficiency = scurvy. Well-fed human body has a 6 month store of vitamin C; signs of scurvy begin to show after 3 months. Causes impaired wound healing, haemorrhages, anaemia.
Vitamin A:
1) Two forms?
2) Functions?
1) Retinol and carotenoids (mainly beta-carotene).
2) Retinoic acid acts in a similar way to steroid hormones- affects protein synthesis.
Retinal involved in scotopic vision i.e. at low light intensity.
Beta carotene is an antioxidant.
Vitamin A Deficiency
Deficiency more common in developing countries. Usually associated with inadequate protein diets. Also affects synthesis of retinol binding protein meaning it cannot be transported to tissues, so vitamin A supplements alone do not help- also need increase in dietary protein.
Vitamin E:
1) Functions?
Antioxidant. Prevents oxidation of PUFAs in cell membranes & lipoproteins.
Vitamin E deficiency
Deficiency virtually unknown, except premature, low birth weight babies. Vitamin E does not cross placenta easily, & human milk not good source. Now included in baby formula. Vitamin E deficiency causes heameolytic anaemia due to fragility of RBC membranes.
Vitamin D:
1) Names
2) Functions
1) Cholecalciferol/D3 produced in skin using UV light, and ergocalciferol/D2 found in fungi.
Vitamin D Toxicity?
Excessive consumption is toxic. Causes hypercalcaemia, GI tract problems, calcification of soft tissues. Can be fatal.
Vitamin D Deficiency?
Maintain correct levels of calcium and phosphate in blood, to aid bone mineralisation.
Vitamin K:
1) Functions?
Needed for blood clotting.
