Immune System Flashcards
What are the two types of immunity?
Innate & Adaptive
Describe innate immunity
a. Anatomical and chemical barriers
b. Immune cells e.g. granulocytes, monocytes, NK
Describe adaptive immunity
a. Specific to the foreign pathogen
b. Previous exposure elicits a rapid response
i. Cell Mediated- cytotoxic t cells
ii. Humoral- antibodies produced by b cells
Role of…. Neutrophil
Phagocytosis
Role of…. Lymphocytes
Direct cell attack or antibodies
Role of…. Macrophages
Release histamine causing inflammation
Why do you get an increased number of leukocytes in the blood, following exercise
There is an increase in vascular pressure which decreases the adherence of the cells on the vessel walls. They undergo demargination so fall off the vessel walls.
Explain why the increased number of neutrophils in the blood doesn’t significantly improve immunity, following exercise.
The neutrophils exhibit less granulation, and so don’t work as well. This is due to a depletion of mature neutrophils, and an increased release of less effective naive cells.
Which specific cells produce antibodies A) Leukocytes B) T cells C) B Cells D) A Cells
C) B Cells
Which hormone temporarily reduces lymphocyte proliferation post-exercise? A) Testosterone B) Noradrenaline C) Cortisol D) Zymogen
C) Cortisol
What effect does cortisol have on T Cells A) Increases proliferation B) Increases maturation C) Decreases proliferation D) No effect
C) Decreases proliferation
Intense PA can suppress which type of adaptive immunity? A) Specific B) Humoral C) Innate D) Cell-Mediated
D) Cell-Mediated
Which interleukin is increased by PA
Il-6
Why, despite an increase in the th2 pathway, is there an increase in URTIs after prolonged exercise
Th2 pathway is favoured over the Th1, and produces antibodies from B cells. However, URTIs are viral infections. Th1 pathway activates T cells which are needed for viral infections. If the Th1 pathway is suppressed, less viral combatting cells are produced, and the URTIs can’t be reduced as fast.
Which immunoglobulin is suppressed by intensified training?
IgA
Which vitamin(s) or mineral(s) can effect our immune systems: A) Vitamin C B) Iron C) Zinc D) All the above
D) All the above
Give 3 effects vitamins and minerals can have on our immune system
Increased thymus weight Increased lymphocyte number Increased Il-2 and IF-gamma Increased cell-mediated immunity Increased Th2 pathway
When vitamin D is taken in, what compound is produced and what is this converted to?
25(OH)D –> 1,25(OH)2D
How can an increase in CHO aid immunity during exercise
CHO:
Prevents cortisol and adrenaline
Maintains blood glucose
Increases IFN-gamma from CD8 cells
Which 2 of the following vitamins reduce cortisol levels associated with exercise? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin D C) Vitamin E D) Vitamin K
A) V A
C) V E
What flavonol reduces URTI symptoms, Il-6 and lymphocyte number?
Quercetin
How does protein intake improve immunity?
It increases leukocyte number, CD8 number and granulocyte levels.
It may also disconnect the cortisol production pathway. It can also regulate efficient adhesion of lymphocytes in blood vessels
Give 3 other nutritional supplements which may improve immune function
Herbals Zinc Glutamine B-Glucan Bovine Colostrum
