Appetite and Weight Management Flashcards
Which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. A greater proportion of men than women in England are classified as overweight.
b. A greater proportion of women than men in
England are classified as overweight.
c. The prevalence of obesity in England is equally high in men and women.
d. The prevalence of obesity is higher in middle-aged women than in middle-aged men.
a. A greater proportion of men than women in England are classified as overweight.
Select the correct statement(s) about CCK Select one or more: a. promotes feelings of hunger b. Is a hormone c. is stimulated when protein is present d. Is an enzyme e. is stimulated when fat is present f. promotes feelings of fullness
b. Is a hormone
c. is stimulated when protein is present
e. is stimulated when fat is present
f. promotes feelings of fullness
What is the function of gastrin?
Select one:
a. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the stomach
b. stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate-rich juices to neutralise acid in the small intestine
c. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the small intestine
d. stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate-rich juices to neutralise acid in the stomach
a. stimulates glands to secrete hydrochloric acid + pepsinogen in the stomach
How and where do we store fat, protein and carbohydrate
Carbohydrate - mainly stored as glycogen in the muscle and liver
Fat - intramuscular triglycerides in muscle and adipose tissue
Protein - we have no storage area of protein all protein in the body is functional
How would alpha amylase inhibitors work to combat the ever growing obesity problem?
Alpha amylase is an enzyme which breaks down amylose
Potentially would impede digestion of dietary starch and therefore they would not be available for absorption.
What is CCK? Describe the role and regulation.
cholecystokinin is a hormone
gets the gall bladder to release bile
stimulated when fat is present
promotes feelings of fullness
Alli is an over the counter weight loss pill that acts on lipases. How does it work?
Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase
Reduces the hydrolysis of fat
Therefore decreased absorption so decreased caloric intake.
It inhibits absorption by about 30%.
BMI formula?
BMI= weight/(height)^2
Units: weight in kg, height in m
Categories for normal, overweight, obese?
- 18.5 = underweight
18. 5-24.9 = normal
25. 0-29.9 = overweight
30. 0 + = obese
Significance of Leptin in obesity?
Leptin conc usually higher in obese people due to higher % body fat.
These people usually show leptin resistance- elevated levels fail to control hunger.
Therefore, leptin injections are not effective.
Which type of diabetes is commonly triggered by obesity? Select one: a. type 1 b. type 2 c. gestational d. All of the above
b. type 2
Which of the following are diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes?
Select one:
a. fasting blood glucose < 7mmol/L and blood glucose >6.4mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
b. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >6.4mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
c. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >11mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
d. fasting blood glucose > 6mmol/L and blood glucose >12mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
c. fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L and blood glucose >11mmol/L 2h post ingestion of 75g glucose
Which 3 hormones increase appetite?
Glucocorticoids
Ghrelin
Neuropeptide y
Ghrelin:
- Released from?
- Stimulates?
- Effect?
- Stomach and Duodenum
- neuropeptide y
- orexigenic (stimulates appetite)
Leptin
- Released from?
- Stimulates?
- Effect?
- White adipose tissue
- MSH
- Reduces hunger
- Inhibits neuropeptide y
- Defective in obese patients
CCK:
- Released from?
- Stimulates?
- Effect?
- small intestine
- gall bladder to release bile
- Increases satiety
What does CCK decrease?
o Gastric emptying
o Feeding (central)
o Meal size (peripheral)
o Duration (peripheral)
Pancreatic polypeptide:
- Released from?
- Effect?
- small and large intestine + pancreas
- Acts on the hypothalamus to decrease food intake
Peptide YY:
- Released from?
- Effect?
- small and large intestine
- reduced food intake
Glucagon-like-Peptide 1:
- Released from?
- Effect?
- small intestine and colon
- promotes weight loss
Oxyntomodulin:
- Released from?
- Effect?
- small intestine and colon
- Co released with GLP-1
Describe the effects of adiponectin
o Energy homeostasis
o Derived from adipose tissue
o As weight is lost, it increases
o Protective effect against insulin resistance
Describe the effects of insulin as an appetite hormone
o Stimulates leptin release
o Suppress hunger
o Increases triglycerides stored in adipocytes
o May enter the brain and effect hypothalamus
Stop eating
Describe the effects of glucocorticoids
o Derived from adrenal glands o Deficiency = anorexia o Excess = hyperphagia Eating a lot Likely to occur if hypothalamus issues
How does HI exercise affect appetite
Lower appetite during and immediately post exercise
How does HI exercise affect energy intake
No difference in intake was observed between steady state and HI exercise
How does supramaximal exercise affect appetite
Increases appetite
How does supramaximal exercise affect energy intake
No effect
How does temperature affect energy intake
energy intake is greater after exercise in a cold environment
How does ghrelin react to exercise in the cold
Acylated ghrelin was increased post-exercise
How does the cold affect post-exercise energy intake?
Increases it in overweight men and women
What affect does short exposure to normobaric hypoxic conditions, whilst exercising have on appetite
Suppresses appetite
What affect does short exposure to normobaric hypoxic conditions, whilst exercising have on acylated ghrelin
Decreases them
Give three other factors which affect appetite levels
- Age
- Sex
- Body composition
- PA levels
- Environmental factors
- Duration of exercise
- Palatability of food
Define Metabolisable energy
energy actually supplied to tissue by each food
What % of BMR does the CV system account for
10%
What % of BMR does protein turnover account for
25%
