Vitamins + Minerals Flashcards
Name the 2 ways in which Vitamins are categorized
- Water-soluble
- Fat-soluble
Name the 2 types of Water-soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin C
Name the 4 types of Fat-soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
What’s the difference between Water-soluble + Fat-soluble vitamins?
Water-soluble vitamins are found in food + supplements + are dissolved in water.
Fat-soluble vitamins are found in high-fat foods and similar to oil + do not dissolve in water.
What is the name given to Vitamin A?
Retinol
How many vitamin B’s are in the Vitamin B Complex?
8
Name all 8 vitamins in the Vitamin B complex
- B1
- B2
- B3
- B5
- B6
- B7
- B9
- B12
What is the name given to B1?
Thiamine
What is the name given to B2?
Riboflavin
What is the name given to B3?
Niacin
What is the name given to B5?
Pantothenic acid
What is the name given to B6?
Pyridoxine
What is the name given to B7?
Biotin
What is the name given to B9?
Folic acid
What is the name given to B12?
Cobalamin
What is the name given to Vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
What are the 4 main functions of the Vitamin B complex?
- Plays a role in many (biochemical) enzyme reactions in the metabolism
- Helps maintain nervous system
- Maintain blood cell production in bone marrow
- Important in normal cardiovascular functions
What is the specific function of Vitamins B1, B2 + B3?
Play a huge role in digestion!
Name the 8 sources of Vitamin B
- Fish
- Most muscle meat
- Organ meat
- Eggs
- Legumes
- Pulses
- Nuts
- Seeds
What is another way in which B2 is produced in Dogs + Cats?
Bacteria in the intestine of Dogs + Cats
What are the 4 Vitamin B’s which can (rarely) cause:
* Nausea
* V+
* Nerve damage
If fed in excess?
- B1(Thiamine)
- B3 (Niacin)
- B5 (Pantothenic acid)
- B6 (Pyridoxine)
What can an excess of Vitamins B2, B7, B9 + B12 cause?
Trick question!
Did you fall for it?
No problems can occur! As excess is filtered out through the Glomeruli of the kidney + excreted in urination!
What Vitamins can cause the following deficiencies?
* Dermatitis
* Skin lesions
* Slow wound healing
* Anaemia
* Lethargy, fatigue
* V+ + nausea
* Mouth ulceration
* Poor coat condition
* GI upset
* Loss of appeitie
The Vitamin B complex!
What are the 5 functions of vitamin C?
- Hold cells together through collagen synthesis
- Aids in bone + tooth formation
- Wound healing
- Strengthens blood vessel walls
- Functioning of immune system
What can an excess of Ascorbic acid cause?
Nothing - as it is water soluble!
Name 2 main sources of Ascorbic acid
- All fruit (especially Citrus)
- All veg (especially Potatoes, Green leafy veg)
What Vitamin causes the following - if - there is a deficency?
* Struggle to stand (due to bone + joint pain)
* Susceptability to infection
* Delayed wound healing
* Anorexia
* Muscle/joint pain
* Haemorrhaging
* Scurvy..
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)!
Name the Fat-soluble Vitamins
- A
- D
- E
- K
Name the 4 functions of Retinol
- Essential for night vision - used within the eye to adapt to changes in light
- Regulation of the immune system
- Appetite
- Maintainance of skin + coat
Name 4 sources of Vitamin A?
- Dark leafy greens
- Carrots
- Fish liver oil
- Liver
What vitamin deficiencies leads to these issues?
- Poor skin + coat condition
- Night blindness
- Bone + Teeth abnormalities
- Weakened immunity
Vitamin A
Name the 4 consequences of Hypervitaminosis A
- Abnormal bone formation
- Bone fusion (Particularly of the spine)
- Skin changes
- Joint problems
What is the name given to the state of excess Vitamin A?
Hypervitaminosis A
What species is Hypervitaminosis A commonly seen with + Why?
- Normally seen in Cats
- Because some clients/owners may feed exccessive amounts of liver in their diet
True or False.
Cats can synthesis Vitamin A.
False.
They are unable to so must recieve dietary supplementation.
What vitamin can Cats not naturally synthesise?
Vitamin A/Retinol
What is the dietary precursor for Vitamin A?
Carotene
Where is pre-formed Vitamin A naturally found?
- Meats!
- Because most animals naturally synthesis Vitamin A from the precursor Carotene
Apart from the requirement of Taurine, making Cats Obligate Carnivores, name the other dietary requirement that confirms this?
The need for Vitamin A, which they cannot synthesize!
Which vitamin influences Calcium + Phosphorous absorption in the GI tract?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E
C) Vit D
What mineral if given in excess, is associated with FLUTD?
Magnesium
What mineral if found in excess can be seen as a result of Kidney Failure?
Potassium
What 3 conditions can Calcium deficiency cause?
- Rickets
- Osteomalaciia
- Eclampsia
What mineral is required for:
* Health bones + teeth
* Normal functioning fo heart, skeletal muscle + nervous tissue
* Na + K metabolism
* Enzyme reactionis with energy metabolism
Magnesium
What can a deficiencies in Magnesium cause?
- Convulsions
- Muscular weakness (if severe)
What mineral is rarely seen to be in excess of within the body?
Sodium
What mineral is found in:
* Seafood
* Nuts
* Legumes
* Green leafy vegetables
Copper
What mineral deficiency is this?
I result in…
* Poor growth
* Skin lesions
* Anorexia
* Poor coat condition
* Testicular atrophy
* Emaciation
Zinc
True or False.
Zinc is relatively non-toxic if seen in excess
True
What mineral deficiency am I?
I result in..
* Anaemia
* Poor growth
* De-pigmentation of hair
* Potential infertility
Copper
Name 6 sources of Potassium in the diet
- Peas
- Lentils
- Dried beans
- Peanuts
- Milk
- Lean meat
Where can K be found in the body?
- High concentrations within the cells
- In nerve transmission
- Fluid
- In muscle metabolism
Where can Copper accumilate in the body if given in excess?
In the Liver
What may cause anaemia if given in excess, due to its competition with Iron for the absorption sites within the intestine?
Copper!
What 3 breeds are most susceptable to Copper toxicity?
- Bedlington terriers
- WHWTs
- Dobermanns
What breed has a high inherited susceptability to Copper toxicity in particular, causing Hepatitis + Cirrhosis?
Bedlington terriers
What mineral if given in excess leads to anorexia + weight loss in dogs?
Iron
What is Zinc involved in within the body?
- Immune system + Electrolyte balance
- Maintaining healthy coat + skin
- Production, storage + secretion of hormones
- Cell replication + differentiation
- In enzymes related to carbohydrate + protein metabolism
What are the 3 main functions of Copper in the body?
- Formation + activity of RBCs
- Co-factor in many enzyme systems
- Role in normal pigmentation of skin + hair
What mineral, if deficient results in:
* Anaemia
* Weakness
* Fatigue
Iron
What is Iron’s role within the body?
- Essential component of o2
- Carrying pigment for blood (haemaglobin) + muscle (myoglobin)
- Component of many enzymes, involved in cell respiration
What mineral can be found in…
* Animal products
* Marine products
* Rock salt?
Sodium!
What is the role of Sodium within the body?
- Acid-base balance
- Osmotic regulation of body fluids
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Absorption of sugars + AAs from the digestive tract
What can a deficiency of Sodium cause?
- Dehydration (due to decreased osmotic pressure, resulting in fluid not being retained by the body)
- Poor growth
- Dry skin
- Hair loss
- Decreased utilisation of digested proteins + energy
What mineral in Rats has been known to cause the following issues?
* Eye lesions
* Reproductive distrubances
* Death
Sodium
Where can the main sources of Phosphorus be found in the diet?
- Milk
- Eggs
- Meat
- Vegetables
What are the 7 main functions of the mineral Phosphorus within the body?
- Structure of bones + teeth
- Present as phospholipids within the cell membranes
- Component of many enzymes
- Vital role in energy metabolism (Storage + transfer of energy)
- Involved in nearlty all metabolic processes
4 conditions…
What can a high level of Ca + P in the diet or a high ratio of either cause in the body?
- Hip dysplasia
- Osteochondrosis syndrome
- Wobbler’s syndrome
- Enostosis
What is the syndrome called, caused by an exccess of Ca + P that results in the abnormal growth of cartilage, resulting in a sequelea + causes lameness?
Osteochondrosis syndrome
What is the condition called, caused by an exccess of Ca + P that results in a bony growth within a bone cavity or an internal surface of the bone cortex?
Enostosis
What is the syndrome called, caused by an exccess of Ca + P that results in compreession of the spinal cord in the neck, due to vertebral malformation, malarticulation + instability, resulting in ataxia?
And can be seen in 2 species… what are these?
- Wobbler’s syndrome
- Horses + Dogs (Great Danes + Dobermanns)
What condition if caused by a deficiency of Ca + found in young growing animals, causing mishapen bones, enlargement of the joints + lameness and stiffness?
Rickets
What condition if caused by a deficiency of Ca + found in adult animals, resulting in the weakening and breakage of bones?
Osteomalacia
What condition if caused by a deficiency of Ca + can cause low circulating Ca levels in the blood shortly before or after birth, resulting in muscular spasms, paralysis, unconsciousness + death?
Eclampsia
Otherwise known as,
Hypocalcaemia!
What is the other name given to Hypocalcaemia?
Eclampsia
What mineral deficiency can cause;
* Rickets
* Osteomalacia
* Develop Pica
* Have a detrimental effect on fertility
* Cause poor growth in young animals
Pica foods can be - wood, bones, rags etc
Phosphorus!
What are the dietary sources of Calcium?
- Green leafy vegetables
- Legumes
- Bone meal
- Fish meal
