Exam Revision.. Flashcards
Explain what biological value of a protein is a measure of
Biological value of a protein is a measure of how:
1. Digestible
1. Utilisable
1. Acceptable
Explain what it means if a protein has a high biological value
- Proteins with a high biological value usually have high proportions of essential amino acids within them
- They closely resemble the requirements of the animal
- High biological value proteins are highly digestible
- Leave fewer waste products to be excreted from the body
Explain what factors affect the relative requireements for fats are in the diet of companion animals
- Fat is an essential nutrient
- Plays a role in many vital functions
- Relative proportion of fat required in the diet is dependent on the energy needs of the animal
- Since fat supplies the highest volume of calories per gram
-
Energy requirements vary according to factors like:
* Lifestage
* BW
* Exercise levels
* Reproductive status
Explain the role of Carbohydrates in the diets of Dogs + Cats
- Dogs + Cats have no absloute requirement for carbohydrates
- They can synthesise glucose precursors from fat + proteins
- Cheap source of energy
- Provision of carbs is required during pregnancy + lactation in dogs (particulary)
- As the demand for glucose is higher at this time
Describe 4 functions of Fibre in the diets formulated for Dogs
- Provides bulk in diet of obese px
- Adds bulk to faeces
- Regulates GI transit time
- Helps prevent constipation or D+
- Used to improve glycaemic control in dogs w/DM
- Helps maintain structural integrity of gut mucosa
- Alters nutrient:
* Absorption
* Adsorption
* Metabolism
Explain the difference between digestible energy + metabolisable energy
Digestable energy
1. Energy avaliable from food when it has been absorbed
2. After digestion In digestive tract
4. Calculated as = Digestable energy - faecal losses
Metabolisable energy
1. Energy utilized by the tissues
2. Calculated as = Digestable energy - Urinary losses
Describe the role of Vitamin D in regulating Calcium + Phosphorus levels in the body
- Vit D influences the ax of minerals absorbed from the GI tract + their deposition into the bone tissue
- It stimulates synthesis of Ca-binding-protein which is required for absorption of Ca + Phosphorus
- Mobilses parathormone - to mobilise Ca from bone
- Causes phosphate reabsorption from kidneys
- Results in plasma levels of Ca + Phosphorus increased to levels required for normal mineralisation of the bone
Explain the possible implications of feeding a diet that is deficient in Iodine
- Dietary deficiency is unlikely
- Can rersult in:
* Goiter
* Growth retardation
* Reproductive failure
What % of moisture is in a dry diet?
< 10%
True or False.
Rabbits are adpated to eating high fibre diets
True
True of False.
Typically a dog diet has a lower protein + fat content than a rabbit diet
False.
Typically a dog diet has a higher protein + fat content than a rabbit diet
Why are Rabbits adapted to eating high fibre diets?
Because they..
1. Have a high fibre diet, due to being prey species + most advantageous for them
2. Have a caecam, where bacterial fermentation takes place
3. Before caecatrophes are eaten again + nutrients are absorbed from the SI
Why do dogs not digest fibre?
- They have a simple/monogastric stomach
- System is adapted to higher-quality:
* Proteins
* Fats
* Carbohydrates - Digested by enzymes within the GI tract
What 2 things are Rabbits also known as?
- FIbrevores
or - Mini Horses/hindgut fermentors
Why are cats more suited to high protein diets?
Obligate carnivores
What species requires additional:
* Taurine
* Arachidonic acid
* Preformed Vitamin A
Cats
Explain what a non-essential amino acid is?
- Can be synthesised from excess amino acids in the body
- Does not have to be supplied in the diet
Give 2 examples of EAAs required by dogs
- Leucine
- Methionine
3..
What affects the quality of a protein?
+
Give 1 example of a protein with a biological value of 100%
- Acceptability, digestability + utilisability
- Egg!
State 10 functions of protein in the diet
- Growth
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
- Repair of damaged tissues
- Dietary source of energy
- Regulation of metabolism (Enzymes + Hormones)
- Involved in transport + storage of 02 in muscles (Myoglobin)
- Transport of nutrients (Lipids + lipoproteins)
- Protection of body against infections (Antibodies)
- Part of structure + flexibilty in:
* Ligaments
* Tendons
* Cartilage
3..
What are carbohydrates composed of?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
Give 2 examples of a monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
Name 3 sources of carbohydrates found commonly in pet foods
Cereals
1. Wheat
2. Maize
3. Potatoes
Name the 3 EFAs
- Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3)
- Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
- Arachidonic acid (Omega 6)
Name 6 ways in which water can be lost from the body
- Tears
- Haemorrhage
- V+
- D+
- Urine
- Milk
Define the term Metabolisable energy
- Ultimately utilized by tissues
- Calculated as Digestable energy - Urinary losses
State the 4 main functions of Vitamin A
- Otherwise known as Retinol
1. Component of visual pigments in eye (Rhodopsin)
2. Involved in regulation of cell membranes
3. Req for normal development of bones + teeth
3. Essential to epithelial tissue required for healthy: - Skin
- Coat
- Mm
Name 4 conditions related to a deficiency of Vitamin E in the diet
- Pansteatitis
- Skeletal muscle dystrophy
- Reproductive failure
- Impaired immune response in dogs
Why is Vitamin K used as an antidote to Warfarin poisoning?
- Promotes blood clotting
- K-factor
- Warfin thins the blood
- Causes swelling
Name the water-soluble Vitamins
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin C
State 5 functions of Ca in the diet
- Formation of bones + teeth
- Involved in blood clotting
- Transmission of nerve impulses
- Contraction of the muscles
- Component of milk
Which other mineral has to be considered when adding Ca into the diet?
Phosphorus
Name the function of Copper in the diet
- Involved in formation + activity of RBCs
- Co-factor in many enzyme systems
- Role in normal pigmentation of skin + hair
Which mineral has functions closely related to those of Vitamin E?
Selenium
Name the 5 stages of digestion
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Metabolism
- Excretion
What is Defecation?
Removal of waste products by the body
What is Secretion?
- Removal of waste products
- From the cell
What is Ingestion?
- Process of taking food into the body
- Brought about by use of:
* Lips
* Teeth
* Tongue
What is Deglutition?
- Swallowing
- Process of masticated food enters the oesophagus
- Occurs in the pharynx
What is Digestion?
- Process of large food molecules broken down
- Into small soluble units
- Occurs in stomach + SI
What is Absorption?
- Process of small soluble chemical units pass through mm of SI
- Enter blood steam
What is Metabolism?
- Process of small soluble units are converted
- By cells
- To provide energy
- For all organs
What is Excretion?
- Alters process of digestion
- Any remaining food passes through
- Final part of GI tract
- Referrred to as LI
- Leaves body as faeces
What are the 7 parts of the digetsive system?
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- SI
- LI
- Anus
Name the 4 accessory glands which contribute to the digestive systems
- Salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gall bladder
Name the 3 main classifications of diets
- Carnivores
- Herbivores
- Omnivores
What part of the digestive tract in Herbivores breaks down cellulose from their plant diets?
- Caudal digestive tract
- Also known as Caudal fermenters
Name the 3 parts of the SI
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What does the Ileum lead to?
Large blind-ending caecum
3 ..
What does the caecum lead to?
- LI
- Colon
- Rectum
What is within the caecum of herbivores that produce the enzyme Cellulase, to break down the cellulose cell walls of plant material?
Micro-organisms
What does the fermentation process in herbivores release + add?
- Releases nutrients
- Adds Vitamin B to food material
Where is water absorbed in the GI tract of herbivores?
- Colon
- Rectum
What species has faeces that are:
1. Rich in nutrients
2. Vitamin B produced as a byproduct of fermentation
Herbivores - Rabbits + Horses
What behaviour pattern do caudal fermenters typically undertake?
Coprophagia
Why do caudal fermenters perform coprophagia?
- Nutrients are lost in their faeces
- Require reabsorption to utilise
What 2 groups are herbivores split into?
- Cranial fermenters
- Caudal fermenters
What does the upper lip of the Rabbit do?
- Split into philtrum
- So they can graze close to the ground
What dietary classification of species has..
- Flattened rigid teeth
- Long digestive tracts
- Large fermentation chamber
- Adapted to breakdown fibrous material
Herbivores
What is the 3 functions of LI?
Absorb:
1. Water
2. Vitamins
3. Electrolytes
* From remaining food material after digetsion + absorption in SI
What cell in found in the mucosal lining, to aid the passage of faeces out of the rectum + anus?
Goblet cells
What is the function of Goblet cells in the LI?
- Found in the mucosal lining
- Aid the passage of faeces out
- Of rectum + anus
What type of bacteria are found in the the LI?
Commensal
What type of bacteria contributes to the smell of faeces?
Commensal bacteria in LI
What pigment is found in the anal glands?
+
Gives it it’s characteristic colour?
- Stercoblin
- Derived from bile
What do normal faeces contain?
- Water
- Fibre
- Dead + Living cells
- Mucus
- Dead intestinal cells (fallen into faeces)
What is faecal matter pushed along by?
Strong mass movements
What are the 2 characteristics of strong mass movements in the LI?
- Less frequent than true peristalsis
- Involuntary
When does stretching of the rectal wall stimulate voluntary straining?
- When faeces enter the rectum
- Are within the pelvis
As the faeces get closer toward the anal spincter, what contributes to the movement of faeces?
Abdominal muscles
What does the anal spincter do, in order to push the faeces out?
Relaxes
How may the process of moving faeces through the GI tract + defecation be impared?
- Requires nervous control
- Any condition affects the normal nervous pathway in the spinal cord
- Defecation will be affected
Give 3 examples of trauma that can result in impaired defecation?
- RTA
- Prolapsed IV disc
- Damaged spine
3..
What characterises diarrhoea?
- Unformed faecal matter
- Soft
- Abnormally coloured
What are the 2 types of D+?
- Acute
- Chronic
What is D+ generally an indication of?
GI/Intestinal disease
Identify 3 possible reasons for D+?
- Failure to digest
- Failure to absorb food normally
- Increased peristalsis
What is the most common cause of D+?
Dietary mismanagement
If a dog has a bout of D+, what advice should you give an owner?
- If mild
- Starve for 24hs
- Then provide bland diet of; fish, chicken or rice for 24hrs
- If continues - see VS
What 2 cells within the Pancreas result in enzyme secretion, in response to food in the duodenum?
- Cholecystokinin cells (CKK or I cells)
- Acinar cells
What 2 cells within the Pancreas result in Bicarbonate secretion, in response to food in the duodenum?
- Secretin cells (S-cells)
- Centroacinar cells
What enzyme within the Pancreas converts Maltose?
Amylase
What does Lipase require to break down Fatty acids into Glycerol in the Pancreas?
Bile
(From the liver)
What does Trypsinogen do in the Pancreas?
Converts in Enterokinase (mucosal cells) into Trypsin
Where does this occur?
Pancreas
When enzymes attack fat, what do they become?
Fat droplets
Where are Disacchaidases found in the body?
Intestines
Name 3 Disacchaidases
- Maltase
- Sucrase
- Lactase
Name 2 Monosaccharides
- Glucose
- Fructose
What do Disacchardiases break down disaccharides into?
Monosaccharides
What do Peptidases break down?
Proteins
What do Peptidases break down proteins into?
Amino Acids
What transports absorbed nutrients into the liver?
Hepatic Portal vein
Fill in the blanks.
- ……………………
> - Thoracic duct
> - Vena Cava
> - ………..
-
Cysterna Chyli
> - Thoracic duct
> - Vena Cava
> - Liver
What is this?
LI
How formed are faeces in the descending colon of the LI?
Semi-solid
What are the 2 sphincters that control defecation?
+
What are their functions?
-
Internal sphincter
* Smooth muscle
* Maintains faecal contience -
External sphincter
* Striated muscle
What does faecal material entering the rectum trigger?
+
What does it do?
Rectosphincteric reflex
2. Causes relaxation of Internal sphincter
3. Perstaltic contractions of rectum
What is the volume of faecal matter influenced by?
Diet
What is the requirement of water in animals?
50ml/kg per BW p/day
What are the 8 functions of Water?
- Regulation of osmotic pressure
- Helps maintain body shape
- Major component of blood + lymph
- Transport medium for nutrients
- Removal of waste
- Electrolyte balance
- Req for chemical reactions involving hydrolysis
-
Temperature regulation:
* Transport heat from organs > skin
* Evaporate from sweat produced
What is the structure of water?
- H20
- 2x hydrogen atoms
- 1x oxygen atom
What are the sources of water?
- Drinking
-
Metabolic water:
* Produced during catabolism of:
* Carbs
* Fat
* Protein
*»_space; Into CO2 - Water presents as moisture in different food ingrefients
Explain what may happen to a patient who has excessive volumes of water?
- Oedema
- PU
- Water intoxication
- Hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels)
Explain what may happen to a px who has a water deficiency?
- Dehydration
- Shock
- Death - after few days
Explain the structure of a protein
- Complex molecules
- Composed of long chains of AAs
- Bound together by peptide links
- 2= Dipeptide
- 3 = Tripeptide
- 4 or more = Polypeptide (multi)
Give 10 examples of Essential AAs
- Arginine
- Histidine
- Isoleucine
- Lysine
- Methione
- Phenylanine
- Threononine
- Tryptophan
- Valine
- Taurine (Cats)
What are the 7 functions of dietary protein
- Tissue growth + repair
- Manufacture of hormones + enzymes
- Source of energy (3.5 kcal/g)
- Protection against infections
- Transport of 02
- Regulation of metabolism
- Structural role in cell walls
What are 6 food sources of protein?
- High BV have high proportions of Essential AAs
- High BV food:
1. Egg
2. Beef
3. Lamb
4. Pork
5. Chicken
6. Liver
What are 2 symptoms of excess protein in an animals diet?
- Obesity
- Contributes to progression of same clinical conditions (Hip dysplasia)
What are 3 symptoms of deficiency protein in an animals diet?
- Weight loss
- Poor skin + hair
- Increased susceptibility to disease
Essays Q..
Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of a protein
Mouth:
1. Mechanical digestion starts with
2. Mastication
Stomach:
1. Mechanical/physical breakdown continues.
1. Chemical digestion starts:
1. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
1. They becomes active pepsin in the presence of HLC which is secreted by Parietal cells)
1. Protein broken down > polypeptides
1. By enzyme pepsin
1. Renin starts to coagulate milk proteins
Small Intestine:
1. Eterokinase from the intestine acts of trypsinogen produced by the pancreas
1. To form active trypsin.
1. Trypsin breaks down peptides into other proteins and amino acids
1. Peptidases from the pancreas break down polypeptides into **free amino acids. **
1. AA absorbed through intestinal wall
1. Into blood
1. Blood flows from SI to **liver via hepatic portal vein
**
Liver:
* Synthesis of tissue:
1.Proteins
1. Enzymes
1. Albumin
1. Hormones etc..
* Surplus used as energy
Explain the structure of Lipids
- Consist of Triglycerides
- Where each 1 is a combo of 3x FAs joined by
- 1 unit of Glycerol
Fats defined according to different FAs in each:
1. Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3)
2. Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
3. Arachidonic acid (Omega 6) - Cats
Explain the 7 function of Lipids
- Provision + Storage of energy (8.5 kcal/g)
- Essential Fatty Acids
- Aid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E + K
- Metabolic + Structural functions
- Insulation
- Enhances food palatability
- Synthesis of hormones (esp Steroids)
List food sources of Lipids
- Oils!
- Soyabean oil
- Canola oil
- Flaxseed oil
What can happen if an animal recieves excess lipids in their diet?
- Obese
- Leads to further health conditions