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Nutrition Yr2 > Exam Revision.. > Flashcards

Exam Revision.. Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what biological value of a protein is a measure of

A

Biological value of a protein is a measure of how:
1. Digestible
1. Utilisable
1. Acceptable

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2
Q

Explain what it means if a protein has a high biological value

A
  1. Proteins with a high biological value usually have high proportions of essential amino acids within them
  2. They closely resemble the requirements of the animal
  3. High biological value proteins are highly digestible
  4. Leave fewer waste products to be excreted from the body
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3
Q

Explain what factors affect the relative requireements for fats are in the diet of companion animals

A
  1. Fat is an essential nutrient
  2. Plays a role in many vital functions
  3. Relative proportion of fat required in the diet is dependent on the energy needs of the animal
  4. Since fat supplies the highest volume of calories per gram
  5. Energy requirements vary according to factors like:
    * Lifestage
    * BW
    * Exercise levels
    * Reproductive status
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4
Q

Explain the role of Carbohydrates in the diets of Dogs + Cats

A
  1. Dogs + Cats have no absloute requirement for carbohydrates
  2. They can synthesise glucose precursors from fat + proteins
  3. Cheap source of energy
  4. Provision of carbs is required during pregnancy + lactation in dogs (particulary)
  5. As the demand for glucose is higher at this time
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5
Q

Describe 4 functions of Fibre in the diets formulated for Dogs

A
  1. Provides bulk in diet of obese px
  2. Adds bulk to faeces
  3. Regulates GI transit time
  4. Helps prevent constipation or D+
  5. Used to improve glycaemic control in dogs w/DM
  6. Helps maintain structural integrity of gut mucosa
  7. Alters nutrient:
    * Absorption
    * Adsorption
    * Metabolism
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6
Q

Explain the difference between digestible energy + metabolisable energy

A

Digestable energy
1. Energy avaliable from food when it has been absorbed
2. After digestion In digestive tract
4. Calculated as = Digestable energy - faecal losses

Metabolisable energy
1. Energy utilized by the tissues
2. Calculated as = Digestable energy - Urinary losses

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7
Q

Describe the role of Vitamin D in regulating Calcium + Phosphorus levels in the body

A
  1. Vit D influences the ax of minerals absorbed from the GI tract + their deposition into the bone tissue
  2. It stimulates synthesis of Ca-binding-protein which is required for absorption of Ca + Phosphorus
  3. Mobilses parathormone - to mobilise Ca from bone
  4. Causes phosphate reabsorption from kidneys
  5. Results in plasma levels of Ca + Phosphorus increased to levels required for normal mineralisation of the bone
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8
Q

Explain the possible implications of feeding a diet that is deficient in Iodine

A
  1. Dietary deficiency is unlikely
  2. Can rersult in:
    * Goiter
    * Growth retardation
    * Reproductive failure
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9
Q

What % of moisture is in a dry diet?

A

< 10%

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10
Q

True or False.

Rabbits are adpated to eating high fibre diets

A

True

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11
Q

True of False.

Typically a dog diet has a lower protein + fat content than a rabbit diet

A

False.

Typically a dog diet has a higher protein + fat content than a rabbit diet

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12
Q

Why are Rabbits adapted to eating high fibre diets?

A

Because they..
1. Have a high fibre diet, due to being prey species + most advantageous for them
2. Have a caecam, where bacterial fermentation takes place
3. Before caecatrophes are eaten again + nutrients are absorbed from the SI

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13
Q

Why do dogs not digest fibre?

A
  1. They have a simple/monogastric stomach
  2. System is adapted to higher-quality:
    * Proteins
    * Fats
    * Carbohydrates
  3. Digested by enzymes within the GI tract
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14
Q

What 2 things are Rabbits also known as?

A
  1. FIbrevores
    or
  2. Mini Horses/hindgut fermentors
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15
Q

Why are cats more suited to high protein diets?

A

Obligate carnivores

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16
Q

What species requires additional:
* Taurine
* Arachidonic acid
* Preformed Vitamin A

A

Cats

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17
Q

Explain what a non-essential amino acid is?

A
  1. Can be synthesised from excess amino acids in the body
  2. Does not have to be supplied in the diet
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18
Q

Give 2 examples of EAAs required by dogs

A
  1. Leucine
  2. Methionine
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19
Q

3..

What affects the quality of a protein?
+
Give 1 example of a protein with a biological value of 100%

A
  1. Acceptability, digestability + utilisability
  2. Egg!
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20
Q

State 10 functions of protein in the diet

A
  1. Growth
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Lactation
  4. Repair of damaged tissues
  5. Dietary source of energy
  6. Regulation of metabolism (Enzymes + Hormones)
  7. Involved in transport + storage of 02 in muscles (Myoglobin)
  8. Transport of nutrients (Lipids + lipoproteins)
  9. Protection of body against infections (Antibodies)
  10. Part of structure + flexibilty in:
    * Ligaments
    * Tendons
    * Cartilage
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21
Q

3..

What are carbohydrates composed of?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
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22
Q

Give 2 examples of a monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
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23
Q

Name 3 sources of carbohydrates found commonly in pet foods

A

Cereals
1. Wheat
2. Maize
3. Potatoes

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24
Q

Name the 3 EFAs

A
  1. Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3)
  2. Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
  3. Arachidonic acid (Omega 6)
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25
Q

Name 6 ways in which water can be lost from the body

A
  1. Tears
  2. Haemorrhage
  3. V+
  4. D+
  5. Urine
  6. Milk
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26
Q

Define the term Metabolisable energy

A
  1. Ultimately utilized by tissues
  2. Calculated as Digestable energy - Urinary losses
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27
Q

State the 4 main functions of Vitamin A

A
  • Otherwise known as Retinol
    1. Component of visual pigments in eye (Rhodopsin)
    2. Involved in regulation of cell membranes
    3. Req for normal development of bones + teeth
    3. Essential to epithelial tissue required for healthy:
  • Skin
  • Coat
  • Mm
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28
Q

Name 4 conditions related to a deficiency of Vitamin E in the diet

A
  1. Pansteatitis
  2. Skeletal muscle dystrophy
  3. Reproductive failure
  4. Impaired immune response in dogs
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29
Q

Why is Vitamin K used as an antidote to Warfarin poisoning?

A
  • Promotes blood clotting
  • K-factor
  • Warfin thins the blood
  • Causes swelling
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30
Q

Name the water-soluble Vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin B
  2. Vitamin C
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31
Q

State 5 functions of Ca in the diet

A
  1. Formation of bones + teeth
  2. Involved in blood clotting
  3. Transmission of nerve impulses
  4. Contraction of the muscles
  5. Component of milk
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32
Q

Which other mineral has to be considered when adding Ca into the diet?

A

Phosphorus

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33
Q

Name the function of Copper in the diet

A
  1. Involved in formation + activity of RBCs
  2. Co-factor in many enzyme systems
  3. Role in normal pigmentation of skin + hair
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34
Q

Which mineral has functions closely related to those of Vitamin E?

A

Selenium

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35
Q

Name the 5 stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Metabolism
  5. Excretion
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36
Q

What is Defecation?

A

Removal of waste products by the body

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37
Q

What is Secretion?

A
  • Removal of waste products
  • From the cell
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38
Q

What is Ingestion?

A
  1. Process of taking food into the body
  2. Brought about by use of:
    * Lips
    * Teeth
    * Tongue
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39
Q

What is Deglutition?

A
  • Swallowing
  • Process of masticated food enters the oesophagus
  • Occurs in the pharynx
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40
Q

What is Digestion?

A
  • Process of large food molecules broken down
  • Into small soluble units
  • Occurs in stomach + SI
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41
Q

What is Absorption?

A
  • Process of small soluble chemical units pass through mm of SI
  • Enter blood steam
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42
Q

What is Metabolism?

A
  • Process of small soluble units are converted
  • By cells
  • To provide energy
  • For all organs
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43
Q

What is Excretion?

A
  • Alters process of digestion
  • Any remaining food passes through
  • Final part of GI tract
  • Referrred to as LI
  • Leaves body as faeces
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44
Q

What are the 7 parts of the digetsive system?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. SI
  6. LI
  7. Anus
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45
Q

Name the 4 accessory glands which contribute to the digestive systems

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gall bladder
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46
Q

Name the 3 main classifications of diets

A
  1. Carnivores
  2. Herbivores
  3. Omnivores
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47
Q

What part of the digestive tract in Herbivores breaks down cellulose from their plant diets?

A
  • Caudal digestive tract
  • Also known as Caudal fermenters
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48
Q

Name the 3 parts of the SI

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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49
Q

What does the Ileum lead to?

A

Large blind-ending caecum

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50
Q

3 ..

What does the caecum lead to?

A
  1. LI
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
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51
Q

What is within the caecum of herbivores that produce the enzyme Cellulase, to break down the cellulose cell walls of plant material?

A

Micro-organisms

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52
Q

What does the fermentation process in herbivores release + add?

A
  1. Releases nutrients
  2. Adds Vitamin B to food material
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53
Q

Where is water absorbed in the GI tract of herbivores?

A
  1. Colon
  2. Rectum
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54
Q

What species has faeces that are:
1. Rich in nutrients
2. Vitamin B produced as a byproduct of fermentation

A

Herbivores - Rabbits + Horses

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55
Q

What behaviour pattern do caudal fermenters typically undertake?

A

Coprophagia

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56
Q

Why do caudal fermenters perform coprophagia?

A
  • Nutrients are lost in their faeces
  • Require reabsorption to utilise
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57
Q

What 2 groups are herbivores split into?

A
  1. Cranial fermenters
  2. Caudal fermenters
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58
Q

What does the upper lip of the Rabbit do?

A
  • Split into philtrum
  • So they can graze close to the ground
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59
Q

What dietary classification of species has..

  • Flattened rigid teeth
  • Long digestive tracts
  • Large fermentation chamber
  • Adapted to breakdown fibrous material
A

Herbivores

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60
Q

What is the 3 functions of LI?

A

Absorb:
1. Water
2. Vitamins
3. Electrolytes
* From remaining food material after digetsion + absorption in SI

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61
Q

What cell in found in the mucosal lining, to aid the passage of faeces out of the rectum + anus?

A

Goblet cells

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62
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells in the LI?

A
  1. Found in the mucosal lining
  2. Aid the passage of faeces out
  3. Of rectum + anus
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63
Q

What type of bacteria are found in the the LI?

A

Commensal

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64
Q

What type of bacteria contributes to the smell of faeces?

A

Commensal bacteria in LI

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65
Q

What pigment is found in the anal glands?
+
Gives it it’s characteristic colour?

A
  • Stercoblin
  • Derived from bile
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66
Q

What do normal faeces contain?

A
  1. Water
  2. Fibre
  3. Dead + Living cells
  4. Mucus
  5. Dead intestinal cells (fallen into faeces)
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67
Q

What is faecal matter pushed along by?

A

Strong mass movements

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68
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of strong mass movements in the LI?

A
  1. Less frequent than true peristalsis
  2. Involuntary
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69
Q

When does stretching of the rectal wall stimulate voluntary straining?

A
  1. When faeces enter the rectum
  2. Are within the pelvis
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70
Q

As the faeces get closer toward the anal spincter, what contributes to the movement of faeces?

A

Abdominal muscles

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71
Q

What does the anal spincter do, in order to push the faeces out?

A

Relaxes

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72
Q

How may the process of moving faeces through the GI tract + defecation be impared?

A
  • Requires nervous control
  • Any condition affects the normal nervous pathway in the spinal cord
  • Defecation will be affected
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73
Q

Give 3 examples of trauma that can result in impaired defecation?

A
  1. RTA
  2. Prolapsed IV disc
  3. Damaged spine
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74
Q

3..

What characterises diarrhoea?

A
  • Unformed faecal matter
  • Soft
  • Abnormally coloured
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75
Q

What are the 2 types of D+?

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
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76
Q

What is D+ generally an indication of?

A

GI/Intestinal disease

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77
Q

Identify 3 possible reasons for D+?

A
  1. Failure to digest
  2. Failure to absorb food normally
  3. Increased peristalsis
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78
Q

What is the most common cause of D+?

A

Dietary mismanagement

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79
Q

If a dog has a bout of D+, what advice should you give an owner?

A
  1. If mild
  2. Starve for 24hs
  3. Then provide bland diet of; fish, chicken or rice for 24hrs
  4. If continues - see VS
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80
Q

What 2 cells within the Pancreas result in enzyme secretion, in response to food in the duodenum?

A
  1. Cholecystokinin cells (CKK or I cells)
  2. Acinar cells
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81
Q

What 2 cells within the Pancreas result in Bicarbonate secretion, in response to food in the duodenum?

A
  1. Secretin cells (S-cells)
  2. Centroacinar cells
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82
Q

What enzyme within the Pancreas converts Maltose?

A

Amylase

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83
Q

What does Lipase require to break down Fatty acids into Glycerol in the Pancreas?

A

Bile
(From the liver)

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84
Q

What does Trypsinogen do in the Pancreas?

A

Converts in Enterokinase (mucosal cells) into Trypsin

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85
Q

Where does this occur?

A

Pancreas

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86
Q

When enzymes attack fat, what do they become?

A

Fat droplets

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87
Q

Where are Disacchaidases found in the body?

A

Intestines

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88
Q

Name 3 Disacchaidases

A
  1. Maltase
  2. Sucrase
  3. Lactase
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89
Q

Name 2 Monosaccharides

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Fructose
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90
Q

What do Disacchardiases break down disaccharides into?

A

Monosaccharides

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91
Q

What do Peptidases break down?

A

Proteins

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92
Q

What do Peptidases break down proteins into?

A

Amino Acids

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93
Q

What transports absorbed nutrients into the liver?

A

Hepatic Portal vein

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94
Q

Fill in the blanks.

  1. ……………………
    >
  2. Thoracic duct
    >
  3. Vena Cava
    >
  4. ………..
A
  1. Cysterna Chyli
    >
  2. Thoracic duct
    >
  3. Vena Cava
    >
  4. Liver
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95
Q

What is this?

A

LI

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96
Q

How formed are faeces in the descending colon of the LI?

A

Semi-solid

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97
Q

What are the 2 sphincters that control defecation?
+
What are their functions?

A
  1. Internal sphincter
    * Smooth muscle
    * Maintains faecal contience
  2. External sphincter
    * Striated muscle
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98
Q

What does faecal material entering the rectum trigger?
+
What does it do?

A

Rectosphincteric reflex
2. Causes relaxation of Internal sphincter
3. Perstaltic contractions of rectum

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99
Q

What is the volume of faecal matter influenced by?

A

Diet

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100
Q

What is the requirement of water in animals?

A

50ml/kg per BW p/day

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101
Q

What are the 8 functions of Water?

A
  1. Regulation of osmotic pressure
  2. Helps maintain body shape
  3. Major component of blood + lymph
  4. Transport medium for nutrients
  5. Removal of waste
  6. Electrolyte balance
  7. Req for chemical reactions involving hydrolysis
  8. Temperature regulation:
    * Transport heat from organs > skin
    * Evaporate from sweat produced
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102
Q

What is the structure of water?

A
  • H20
  • 2x hydrogen atoms
  • 1x oxygen atom
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103
Q

What are the sources of water?

A
  1. Drinking
  2. Metabolic water:
    * Produced during catabolism of:
    * Carbs
    * Fat
    * Protein
    *&raquo_space; Into CO2
  3. Water presents as moisture in different food ingrefients
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104
Q

Explain what may happen to a patient who has excessive volumes of water?

A
  1. Oedema
  2. PU
  3. Water intoxication
  4. Hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels)
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105
Q

Explain what may happen to a px who has a water deficiency?

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Shock
  3. Death - after few days
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106
Q

Explain the structure of a protein

A
  1. Complex molecules
  2. Composed of long chains of AAs
  3. Bound together by peptide links
  4. 2= Dipeptide
  5. 3 = Tripeptide
  6. 4 or more = Polypeptide (multi)
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107
Q

Give 10 examples of Essential AAs

A
  1. Arginine
  2. Histidine
  3. Isoleucine
  4. Lysine
  5. Methione
  6. Phenylanine
  7. Threononine
  8. Tryptophan
  9. Valine
  10. Taurine (Cats)
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108
Q

What are the 7 functions of dietary protein

A
  1. Tissue growth + repair
  2. Manufacture of hormones + enzymes
  3. Source of energy (3.5 kcal/g)
  4. Protection against infections
  5. Transport of 02
  6. Regulation of metabolism
  7. Structural role in cell walls
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109
Q

What are 6 food sources of protein?

A
  • High BV have high proportions of Essential AAs
  • High BV food:
    1. Egg
    2. Beef
    3. Lamb
    4. Pork
    5. Chicken
    6. Liver
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110
Q

What are 2 symptoms of excess protein in an animals diet?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Contributes to progression of same clinical conditions (Hip dysplasia)
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111
Q

What are 3 symptoms of deficiency protein in an animals diet?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Poor skin + hair
  3. Increased susceptibility to disease
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112
Q

Essays Q..

Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of a protein

A

Mouth:
1. Mechanical digestion starts with
2. Mastication

Stomach:
1. Mechanical/physical breakdown continues.
1. Chemical digestion starts:
1. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
1. They becomes active pepsin in the presence of HLC which is secreted by Parietal cells)
1. Protein broken down > polypeptides
1. By enzyme pepsin
1. Renin starts to coagulate milk proteins

Small Intestine:
1. Eterokinase from the intestine acts of trypsinogen produced by the pancreas
1. To form active trypsin.
1. Trypsin breaks down peptides into other proteins and amino acids
1. Peptidases from the pancreas break down polypeptides into **free amino acids. **
1. AA absorbed through intestinal wall
1. Into blood
1. Blood flows from SI to **liver via hepatic portal vein
**

Liver:
* Synthesis of tissue:
1.Proteins
1. Enzymes
1. Albumin
1. Hormones etc..
* Surplus used as energy

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113
Q

Explain the structure of Lipids

A
  • Consist of Triglycerides
  • Where each 1 is a combo of 3x FAs joined by
  • 1 unit of Glycerol

Fats defined according to different FAs in each:
1. Alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3)
2. Linoleic acid (Omega 6)
3. Arachidonic acid (Omega 6) - Cats

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114
Q

Explain the 7 function of Lipids

A
  1. Provision + Storage of energy (8.5 kcal/g)
  2. Essential Fatty Acids
  3. Aid absorption of fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E + K
  4. Metabolic + Structural functions
  5. Insulation
  6. Enhances food palatability
  7. Synthesis of hormones (esp Steroids)
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115
Q

List food sources of Lipids

A
  1. Oils!
  2. Soyabean oil
  3. Canola oil
  4. Flaxseed oil
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116
Q

What can happen if an animal recieves excess lipids in their diet?

A
  1. Obese
  2. Leads to further health conditions
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117
Q

8 ..

What can happen if an animal has a deficiency of lipids in their diet?

A
  1. Poor wound healing
  2. Dry coat
  3. Scaly skin
  4. Alopecia
  5. Pyoderma
  6. Oedema
  7. Moist dermatitis
  8. Reduced repro function
118
Q

Essay Qs …

Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of Fats in an animal

A

Small intestine;
1. Pancreatic juice
1. Contains pancreatic lipase
1. Which breaks down fats > fatty acids + glycerol

Bile;
1. Bile salts act as detergents
1. I.e. break the surface tension between fats + water
1. So the fats are broken down > small droplets
1. Making it easier for lipase to reach + break down fat
1. Longer FAs are harder to break down
1. So higher the proportion of long chain FAs = longer it takes lipase to break down
1. Fats absorbed via lymphatic system
1. I.e. into the lacteals > Cysterna Chyli > Thoracic Duct
1. Where carried into blood > liver

Liver;
1. Fat metabolism takes place
1. Lipids req by body are synthesised in liver
1. FAs are metabolised to produce energy
1. Fatty acids enter cells but must reach mitochondrion in order to be used
1. L-Carnitine helps transport FAs to mitochondrion so can be used for energy

119
Q

Explain the structure of Carbohydrates

A
  • Composed of:
    1. Carbon
    1. Hydrogen
    1. Oxygen
  • Formula = CH20
  • 3 main groups:
    1. Monosaccharides = simple sugars (glucose or diasaccharrdies = lactose)
    1. Oligosaccharides (Raffinose)
    1. Polysaccharides = Complex carbs (Startches, fibre)
120
Q

What are the 3 function of carbohydrates

A
  1. Source of fibre
  2. Provision of energy
  3. Synthesis of other essential body compounds (RNA, DNA)
121
Q

What are the requirements of Carbohydrates for Dogs + Cats?

A

Dogs
1. 30 - 60% in dry diets
2. Req for glucose increases during pregnancy + lactation

Cats
1. Up to 35% on dry matter basis

122
Q

What are 3 issues if an animal recieves excess carbohydrate in their diet?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Insulin resistance
  3. Dental issues
123
Q

What are 3 issues if an animal has a carbohydrate deficiency?

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Weight loss
  3. Poor coat quality
124
Q

Essay Qs …

Explain the digestion, absorption + utilisation of Carbohydrates

A

Mechanical
1. In the mouth
1. Chewing + Chemical
1. Ptyalin secreted by parotid gland (dogs and herbivores)
1. Starts break down of carbs

Enzymatic
1. Stomach - some mechanical digestion continues

Small intestine
1. Enzymes from SI + Pancreas result in most digestion of carbohydrates
1. I.e. Amylase (from pancreas) breaks down carbohydrates > starches > maltose
1. Disaccharidases (maltase, sucrose and lactase from Small intestinal secretions) breakdown disaccharides > monosaccharides
1. I.e. Maltase > maltose > glucose
1. Sucrase > sucrose > glucose + fructose
1. Lactase > lactose > glucose
1. Galactose > Glucose etc.
1. Is absorbed > blood stream + carried via the hepatic portal vein to the liver
1. Where it is stored
1. Glycogen + release into circulation as req for energy

Microbial (rabbits ect.)
1. LI - intestinal microbes (bacteria) produce enzymes
1. Digestion of fibre
1. Fermentation i.e. Carbs broken down in anaerobic environment
1. In such a way as to release energy
1. Microbes in LI = anaerobes (i.e.no oxygen)
1. Microbes only use part of energy they release
2. Rest can benefit from mucosal lining of the LI
1. Some fibres are more rapidly fermented than others.
1. More rapid the fermentation = More gases + short chain fatty acids released in short time
2. I.e. More flatulent!

125
Q

Explain the subdivision of Vitamins

A
  • Vitamins can be subdivided into those that are:
  • Fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E and K)
  • Water-soluble (vitamins B and C)

Fat-soluble
1. Req bile for absorption
1. Stored in body fat
1. Making them less prone to deficiencies
1. But more prone to toxicity

Water-soluble
1. Absorbed via active transport.
1. Not stored
1. Results in the body can become depleted in situations
1. Such as Polyuric Renal Failure

126
Q

What are the 5 basic characteristics of Vitamins

A
  1. Organic compounds distinct from macronutrients
  2. Components of diet
  3. Essential for normal physiological function
  4. Absence cause deficiency syndrome
  5. Not synthesized in body, due to degree that supports normal function
127
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Fish oils
  2. Liver
  3. Eggs
  4. Dairy products.
  5. Plant sources:
    * Carotenes (Provitamin that req activation in body)
    * Cats unable to convert beta-carotene > vitamin A
    * Require the vitamin in their diet.
128
Q

What are the 5 functions of Vitamin A?

A

Necessary for:
1. Vision
2. Reproduction
3. Immunity
4. Bone
5. Muscle growth

129
Q

Explain the absorption of Vitamin A

A
  1. Absorbed vitamin is transported
  2. + Stored in the liver
  3. Then transported in blood
  4. In a form of an Ester
130
Q

What is the name of excess Vitamin A?
+
Describe 3 symptoms

A
  1. Hypervitaminosis A

Can cause:
1. Abnormal bone formation + bone fusion (Particularly in the spine)
1. Skin changes
1. Joint issues

131
Q

5 …

Explain what deficiency of Vitamin A in an animal’s diet can cause

A
  1. Poor skin + coat
  2. Night blindness
  3. Bone + teeth abnormalities
  4. Weakened immunity
132
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin D?

A
  1. Marine fish
  2. Fish oils
  3. Plants
    * Also contain Vit D in the form of Ergocalciform
    * Rather than form found in animals
  4. Cholecalcierol
    * Produced in the skin of mammals by
    * UV (sun) light activation of the provitamin
    * Not efficient in dogs + cats though
133
Q

What is the function of Vitamin D?

A
  1. Essential for calcium + phosphorus metabolism
  2. In particular it enhances absorption from intestine
  3. Protects against loss of these elements from bone
134
Q

Explain the absorption of Vitamin D

A
  1. Vitamin D is absorbed from SI
  2. By passive, non-saturable process that is dependent on bile
  3. Absorbed vitamin D is transported in blood in combo w/vitamin D-binding protein
  4. That facilitates distribution of vitamin to > peripheral tissues
135
Q

What 4 issues can arise when an animal is deficient in Vitamin D?

A
  1. Poor bone mineralisation (I.e. rickets in young animals and osteomalacia in adults)
  2. Weakened softer bones (Not enough calcium + phosphorus absorbed)
  3. Osteoporosis (loss of bone mass)
  4. Weakened muscles
136
Q

What 6 issues may arise if a px recieves excess Vitamin D in their diet?

A
  1. Bone + tooth malformation
  2. Slowed growth
  3. Decreased appetite
  4. Severe ossification problems
  5. Osteochondritis
  6. Renal failure
137
Q

What are 3 good sources of Vitamin E?

A
  • Only found in plants
  • High concentrations in:
    1. Vegetable oils
    1. Seeds
    1. Leafy green vegetables
138
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Vitamin E?

A

1.Protection of cell membranes
2.Regulation of immune system
3.Act as antioxidant
(Helps to protect cells from unstable molecules also known as ‘free radicals’)

139
Q

Explain how animals absorb Vitamin E

A
  1. Absorbed by a passive + non-saturable process
  2. In the intestine
  3. Enhanced by simultaneous absorption of fat
  4. Vitamin circulates in the blood
  5. Bound to lipoproteins
  6. Deposited equally in all tissues
140
Q

What issues may arise when an animal recieves a deficiency of Vitamin E in their diet?

A

In Dogs:
1. Degenerative skeletal muscle disease
1. Impaired male reproductive function
1. Failure of gestation

In Cats
1. Steatitis
1. Myositis

141
Q

What are 5 good sources of Vitamin K in a diet?

A
  • Produced by bacteria in a healthy GI tract
    1. Dark leafy green vegetables
    1. Soyabean
    1. Canola oil
    1. Liver
    1. Meat
142
Q

Explain the absorption of Vitamin K in animals

A
  1. The vegetable forms of the vitamin (phylloquinone + menaquinone) + absorbed in the SI
  2. Then transported > liver
  3. Where they are concentrated
  4. Vitamin is produced by bacteria in the colon
  5. Absorbed by passive diffusion across the colonic wall
143
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin K in an animal?

A

Activation of several blood clotting factors

144
Q

What 2 issues may arise if an animal receives excess Vitamin K in the diet?

A
  • Rare but it would cause:
    1. Break down of RBCs
    1. Liver damage
145
Q

What 5 potential issues may arise if an animal has a Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Haemorrhaging
  3. Bleeding from bowel
  4. Blood cannot clot
  5. Increased clotting time
146
Q

What are 4 good food sources of Vitamin C?

A
  1. All fruit and vegetables
    * Especially:
  2. Citrus fruits
  3. Potatoes
  4. Green leafy veg
147
Q

What are the 5 functions of Vitamin C?

A
  1. Holds cells together through collagen synthesis
  2. Aids bone + tooth formation
  3. Wound healing
  4. Strengthens blood vessel walls
  5. Functioning of the immune system
148
Q

What issues may arise from an animal receiving a diet deficient in Vitamin C?

A
  1. Scurvy
  2. Haemorrhages
  3. Muscle/joint pain
  4. Anorexia
  5. Struggle standing
  6. Bone
  7. Susceptible to infection
149
Q

Explain the types of Vitamin B

A
  • There are 8 types of vitamin B:
    1. Thiamine (B1)
    1. Riboflavin (B2)
    1. Niacin (B3)
    1. Pyridoxine (B6)
    1. Pantothenic acid
    1. Folate
    1. Biotin
    1. Cobalamin (B12)
150
Q

What are 7 good sources of Vitamin B?

A
  1. Fish
  2. Most muscle + organ meat
  3. Eggs
  4. Legumes
  5. Pulses
  6. Nuts
  7. Seeds
151
Q

How many kcals p/g in Fat?

A

8.5 kcal/g

152
Q

How many kcals p/g in Carbs + Protein?

A

3.5 kcal/g

153
Q

How do you work out the carbohydrates from Pet Food Analysis?

A
  1. Read food anaylsis on tin label (Protein, Oil, Ash, Fibre + Moisture) - Carbohydrates not normally given
  2. Add all values together
  3. % = total of those values - 100
154
Q

How do you convert % of nutrients to calorie content?

A
  1. Energy from Fat = 8.5 kcal/g
    * Energy from Protein = 3.5 kcal/g
    * Energy from Carbs = 3.5 kcal/g
  2. Kcal from Fat (oil) per 100g of food = Value given on tin x 8.5 = kcals
    * Kcal from Protein p/100g of food = Value given on tin x 3.5 kcals
    * Kcal from Carbs p/100g of food = Value given on tin x 3.5 kcal
  3. Total energy density = Add all F + P + C kcals = kcals p/100g
  4. Energy of each nutrient as a % of Total Energy Density = kcal/total energy density x 100 (for each one)
155
Q

What is the digestability of a nutrient?

A
  • Amount eaten - amount lost in faeces
  • Only some is avaliable to be used by the tissues
  • Remainder lost in urine + gas
  • What’s left is = Metabolizable energy (ME)
156
Q

What is produced following the intake of a meal as a result of digestion + absorption?
+
What is this known as?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Thermogenesis or heat increment
157
Q

What is Net energy?

A

1.Metabolizable energy - thermogenesis
* Used primarily for:
1. Maintenance
1. Production
1. Growth
1. Lactation

158
Q

What determines how much food an animal consumes?

A
  1. Energy requirements
  2. Energy density of the food
159
Q

Why does an animal consume food?

A
  1. To maintain energy requirements
  2. Maintain health + metabolic systems
  3. Growth + repair
160
Q

What units are nutrient requirements usually expressed as?

A
  • ME concentration
  • Mg per 100 kcals
161
Q

What is energy density of a diet?

A

Their energy content!

The more energy (kcals) they have = the more dense it is = the more energy is consumed!

162
Q

Why is energy density important in a diet?

A

Because it ensure the ax recieves enough nutreitnts to maintain it’s unique energy requirements

163
Q

If an energy density is low in a diet, why will an animal keep eating?

A

Because it is:
1. Likely deficient in nutrients
1. Known as ‘Bulk-limited’
1. As they will keep eating until they feel full

164
Q

What is an energy-limited diet?

A

A diet that can eat an adequate ax of that diet to meet it’s energy requirements

165
Q

Why will a px not eat it’s full diet properly if provided with titbits?

A

Because they:
1. Contain extra, supplemental energy
2. Therefore not require to eat their actual diet as needs already met
3. So will become deficient in essential nutrients, provided in their diett

166
Q

What can energy requirements be measured by?

A

Calorimetry
(Direct + In-direct)

167
Q

What is RER?

A
  • Resting Energy Requirements
  • Ax of energy required for maintaining homeostasis, while resting in a stress-free, non-fasted, thermoneutral environment
168
Q

Name the 3 macronutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Fats
  3. Protein
169
Q

Name the 3 non-energy producing macronutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Minerals
  3. Vitamins
170
Q

What is MER?

A
  • Maintenance Energy Requirements
  • Energy required of a moderately active adult ax in a thermoneutral environment
  • Includes energy requirements for:
    1. Obtaining food
    2. Digesting
    3. Absorbing food
    4. Maintaining BW
    5. Spontaenous exercise
  • Not:
    1. Work
    1. Gestation
    1. Lactation
    1. Growth
    1. Repair
171
Q

How is MER calculated?

A
  • MER = (140 x BW(kg)) ^ 0.75
    Or
  • RER factor (1.6 x RER = adult neutered dog)
172
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Energy-producing nutrients

173
Q

Fill in the blanks.

  1. Fat globules
  2. Converted by ………
  3. Into Emulsified fats
  4. Converted by ……………
  5. Into FAs + Glycerol
A
  1. Fat globules
  2. Converted by Bile
  3. Into Emulsified fats
  4. Converted by Lipase
  5. Into FAs + Glycerol
174
Q

How much % loss of water is fatal p/BW?

A

15 - 20% BW

175
Q

What are the 3 main major functions of Minerals in the body?

A
  1. Structural components (Calcium in bones + teeth)
  2. Body-fluid consituents (Sodium in blood)
  3. Catalysts + Co-factors for enzymes + hormones (Iodine in thyroid function)
176
Q

Name the 6 macro-minerals

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Sodium
  4. Chloride
  5. Potassium
  6. Magnesium
177
Q

What % of water do dry diets have?

178
Q

What % of water do wet diets have?

179
Q

12 ..

Identify as many factors that may affect water requirements of an ax

A
  1. PU
  2. PD
  3. Exercise
  4. Lactation
  5. Stress
  6. Body temp
  7. Environmental temp
  8. Type + ax of food ingested
  9. Illness
  10. Disease
  11. General state of health
  12. Water losses through excretion + evaporation
180
Q

How much Magnesium is absorbed in the Intestine?

181
Q

What are the 6 essential Trace-minerals?

A
  1. Iron
  2. Copper
  3. Selenium
  4. Manganese
  5. Zinc
  6. Iodine
182
Q

What is hypothyroidism a common symptom a deficiency of?

183
Q

What Vitamin deficiency causes something called Pellagra?

A

Niacin
(B3)

184
Q

What trace-mineral deficiency causes Parakeratosis?

185
Q

What 2 Vitamins deficiencies may be indicative of GI disease?

A
  1. Folate
  2. Cobalamin (B12)
186
Q

Name 2 vitamin-like substances that can be considered conditionally essential + dependent on the metabolic state of the ax?

A
  1. Choline
  2. L-Carnitine
187
Q

What does excessive dietary consumption of carb intake cause?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. D+
188
Q

What does inadequate dietary consumption of carb intake cause?

A
  1. Lack of energy
  2. D+
  3. Protein will be used for energy, decreasing ax avaliable for tissue repair + growth
189
Q

What does excessive dietary consumption of fat intake cause?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Pansteastitis (yellow fat disease)
  3. Metabolic + GI complications
  4. Hepatic dysfunction
  5. Inc C02 production
190
Q

What does inadequate dietary consumption of fat intake cause?

A
  1. Lack of energy
  2. Anaemia
  3. Impaired fertility
  4. Poor growth
  5. FA deficiency
  6. Poor skin condition
191
Q

What does excessive dietary consumption of protein intake cause?

A
  1. Detrimental to health of older ax
  2. Speed up growth
  3. Casual factor in development or orthopaedic issues in young + large dog breeds
192
Q

What does inadequate dietary consumption of protein intake cause?

A
  1. Poor growth
  2. Weight loss
  3. Dull hair/coat
  4. Muscle atrophy
  5. Infertility
  6. Inc susceptability to disease
  7. Anaemia
  8. Oedema
  9. Emaciation
193
Q

How much water is lost for Cats + Dogs p/day via urine?

A

20 ml/kg/day

194
Q

How much water is lost for Cats + Dogs p/day via faeces?

A

10 - 20 ml/kg/day

195
Q

How much water is lost for Cats + Dogs p/day via respiration?

A

20 ml/kg/day

196
Q

What is the difference between a Fixed + Open formulation?

A

Fixed
1. Contains raw ingredients in same quantities in each manafactured batch

Open
1. Raw ingredients + prep methods = subject to change + vary from batch to batch
2. Overal nutrient % + typical analysis will remain the same
3. But constituents may be from different source
4. Costs kept to minimum
5. So cheapest ingredients are often commonly selected

197
Q

Why are onions + garlic toxic to Cats + Dogs?

A

They can develop:
1. Heinz-body anaemia
2. Methaemo-globinaemia (secondary to sulfoxides)

198
Q

Why are grapes + raisins toxic to dogs?

A
  • It can cause = Acute Kidney Injury
  • But exact cause is unknown
199
Q

What toxic food to Dogs has Methylxanthines in it?
+
What are 2 clinical signs of ingestion?

A
  1. Chocolate
  2. V+ + Tachycardia
200
Q

What is the artifical sweetner Xylitol toxic to Dogs?

A

Causes:
1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Liver necrosis

201
Q

How is nutrient content of different foods usually expressed?

A
  1. As-fed basis
  2. Dry-matter basis
  3. Energy (kilocalorie) basis
202
Q

What calculation do you use to compare Dry Matter?

A

% Nutrient/ % Dry Matter x 100 = % nutrient on DM basis

203
Q

What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if Dry food?

A
  1. Moisture % = 3 - 11%
  2. Dry Matter % = 89 - 97%

In: Bags + Boxes

204
Q

What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if Semi-moist food?

A
  1. Moisture % = 25 - 35%
  2. Dry matter % = 65 - 75%

In: Cellophane wraps + Sachets

205
Q

What is the Moisture % + Dry matter % if Moist food?

A
  1. Moisture % = 60 - 87%
  2. Dry matter % = 13 - 40%

In: Stainless steel cans, Aliminium + Plastic trays, Sachets, tubes

206
Q

What 6 piecs of information must be included in the Primary display panel?

A
  1. Product name
  2. Maufacturer’s name
  3. Brand name
  4. Statement of intent
  5. Nutritional/marketing claim(s)
  6. Graphics + Pictures
207
Q

What is the pet food label?

A

Primary means by which product info is communicated between manafacturer + purchaser

208
Q

What does the Primary Display Panel do?

A
  1. Attracts buyer’s attention
  2. Immediately communicate product’s identity
209
Q

What is the Statutory statement?
+
What does it include?

A
  • Otherwise known as Information Panel
  • It includes:
    1. Directions
    2. Description of product - species, complete or complimentary
    3. List of ingredients
    4. Additives - preservatives, antioxidants, colours
    5. Typical anaylsis - average % of nutrient levels
  • Crude protein
  • Crude fat
  • Crude fibre
  • Crude ash
  • Moisture must be included if over 14%
    6. Address of company responsible
    7. Best-before date
    8. Batch number
    7. Net weight
210
Q

Name the 5 lifestages of Dogs + Cats that require dietary adaptation

A
  1. Pre-weaning
  2. Junvenile (growth)
  3. Adult
  4. Reproduction (Inc pregnancy + lactation)
  5. Senior
211
Q

How should ingredients be listed on a food label?

A

In descending order of weight

212
Q

What 6 types of ingredients may cheaper food products use?

A
  1. Corn
  2. Wheat
  3. Soy
  4. Byproducts
  5. Meat
  6. Bone meal
213
Q

What are by-products?

A
  • Parts other than meat
  • Internal organs, not normally eaten by people
  • Such as:
    1. Lungs
    2. Spleen
214
Q

How are the true costs of feeding best reflected?

A
  1. Cost of food p/day
  2. p/year
  3. p/kcal
215
Q

Why is Proximate anaylsis the most accurate method of determining the nutrient content of food?

A
  1. Because it uses laboratory anaylsis
  2. Subjects food to series of tests
  3. Testing % of:
    * Moisture
    * Fat
    * Protein
    * Soluble carbs
    * Fibre
    * Ash
216
Q

What age of ax is it most important to provide the key nutrients:
1. Protein
2. Fatty Acids
3. Calcium
4. Phosphorus

A

Growing animals

217
Q

What are 5 clinical indications of malnutrition?

A
  1. Unintentional weight loss (>10% of bW)
  2. Poor coat
  3. Muscle wasting
  4. Poor wound healing
  5. Hypoalbuminaemia
218
Q

What are 3 risks for malnutrition?

A
  1. Anorexia >3 days
  2. Severe underlying disease (Trauma, Sepsis + Pancreatitis)
  3. Large protein losses (Due to GI disease + Peritonitis)
219
Q

What are the ideal BCS for dogs on the BCS Scoring systems?

A
  1. 3/5 for 5-point scale
  2. 5/9 for 9-point scale

(4/9 for large breed dogs)

220
Q

What do adverse reactions to food generally show as?

A
  1. GI signs
  2. Dermatological signs (Pruritic disease, w/concurrent GI disease)
221
Q

What are the 5 most common food allergens for dogs?

A
  1. Beef
  2. Dairy
  3. Wheat
  4. Egg
  5. Chicken
222
Q

What are the 5 most common food allergens for cats?

A
  1. Beef
  2. Dairy
  3. Fish
  4. Lamb
  5. poultry
223
Q

What disease is rare in dogs + called Coeliac disease in humans?
+
What 2 breeds has it only been reported in?

A
  1. Gluten sensitivity
  2. Irish Setters (GI) + Border terriers (CECS)*

+ CECS = Canine Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome

224
Q

What blood testing can be done for px with allergns, but has been seen to be unreliable method to rule out food sensitivites?

A

Serum Immunoglobulins

225
Q

How should food sensitivites be diagnosed?
+
What does that include?

A
  1. Food elimination trial diet
    * Start w/ feeding restricted 1 single source of Protein or Hydrolysed protein diet
    * Duration of a skin disease food trial = 12 weeks
    * Food-response GI disease food trial = 3 - 4 weeks
226
Q

What 2 orthopaedic disease can be caused by nutritional deficiency?
+
What is the pathological role of these?

A
  1. Osteochondrosis
  2. Hip dysplasia
    * Before growth plate closure in large/giant breed dogs
    * Occurs due to excess energy provision + excess Ca
    * This causes rapid skeletal growth > inc biomechanical stress
    * Should have 0.7 - 1.2% Ca in diet DM
    * Calcium : Phosphours ratio of 1:2:1
227
Q

What does excess Ca intake in young dogs cause?

A

Disrupts endochondral ossification
(bone growth)

228
Q

What causes Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Osteopenic skeletal disease
  • Caused by:
    1. Ca deficiency
    2. Excessive Phosphorus
    3. Imbalanced Ca : P ratio

Example =
1. Kittens + Puppies fed all-meat diet = meat is low in Ca + high in P
2. Stimulates excessive Parathyroid hormone secretion
3. Causes resorption of bone

229
Q

What is the name given to the most common nutritional skeletal disorder presented in puppies, due to inadequate dietary provision of Ca, P or Vit D?
+
What is it called in adults?

A
  1. Rickets
  2. Osteomalacia
230
Q

How does nutrition contribute towards CHF?

A

Excessive dietary sodium

231
Q

What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ mild CHF?

A

50 - 80 mg/100kcal

232
Q

What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ severe CHF?

A

< 50 mg/100 kcal

233
Q

What is current dietary sodium restriction diet for px w/ asymptomatic CHF?

A

< 100 mg/100 kcal

234
Q

What can a over-restricted dietary sodium intake cause CHF px?

A
  1. Activation of RAA* system
  2. Cause deletrious effects

Also, less palatable!

  • RAA = Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
235
Q

Why are CKD px fed restricted protein + phosphorus diets?

A
  1. Reduces Uraemia
  2. Slows progression of disease
  3. Minimizes ax of urea that requires to be excreted by kidneys
236
Q

Why does phosphorus + protein restriction go hand-in-hand with feeding px with CKD?

A

Because the majority of phosphorus is from a meat (protein) sourcee

237
Q

How does phosphorus restriction help reduce Csigns of CKD?

A
  • It minimizes deleterious effects of Parathyroid hormone activation
  • I.e; Renal Secondary Hyperparathydroidism
238
Q

What is the main drawback of feeding renal diets?

A

Poor palatability

239
Q

What is the most important when feeding DM patients?

A
  • Given a consistent:
    1. Type
    2. Ax
  • Of that diet
240
Q

How many meals p/day should DM Canine px receive?
+
When should you admin Insulin, in accordance?

A
  1. BID of equal ax
  2. With each Insulin admin
241
Q

How many meals p/day should DM Feline px recieve?

A
  • They should be allowed to graze
  • As this more closely mimics natural diet
242
Q

How do Dog + Cat DM diets differ?

A

Cat’s diet have reduced carbs + increased protein in comparison to dog’s DM diets

243
Q

True or False.

Cats with DM have been shown to reduce Insulin requirements + increased chance of diabetic remission

244
Q

What is the most common situation where dietary therapy is indicated in Dogs?

A

GI disorders/disease

245
Q

What are the 2 most important nutrients that a Dog or Cat require with acute onset of V+ + D+?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes (Sodium, Chloride + Potassium)
246
Q

How much should you feed px’s with acute onset of V+ + D+?

A

1/4 RER of BW

247
Q

Why is 1/4 RER of BW the most benefical diet for px with acute onset of V+ + D+, whilst on IVFT?

A

Because electrolytes derive most of their energy from the lumen

248
Q

What should a diet consist of for px w/ acute onset of V+ + D+?

A
  1. Highly digestible protein + carb
  2. Home-cooked (Boiled rice + chicken or cottage cheese) for short term
249
Q

Identify 3 types of soluble fibre that:
* Forms a gel like solution
* Delays gastric emptying
* Slows GI transit
* Fermented in the Colon

A
  1. Psyllium
  2. Oats
  3. Barley
250
Q

Identify 3 types of In-soluble fibre that:
* Does not form a gel like solution
* Does not affect gastric emptying
* Fastens GI transit
* Increases faecal bulk

A
  1. Cellulose
  2. Wheat
  3. Rye
251
Q

5 ..

Why may dietary fibre aid with GI disease?

A
  1. Normalises Colonic motility
  2. Prevents toxin absorption
  3. Provides fuel source for cells in Colon
  4. Supports normal commensal bacteria flora
  5. Alters the viscosity of luminal contents
252
Q

Why might dietary fibre not aid GI disease?

A
  • May reduce:
    1. Nutrient absorption
    2. Protein digestability
    3. Energy density of food
253
Q

How can fibre aid Chronic colitis?

A

Slow GI transit

254
Q

How can fibre aid constipation?

A

Stool softening effect

255
Q

Should you feed a Pancreatic px a high or low fat diet?

256
Q

What should you feed Pancreatic px’s?

A

Moderate to low-fat diet
(As too low fat is non-palatable, especially if px is already inappetant!)

257
Q

How are Pancreatic px usually fed?

A
  1. FT
    or
  2. Parenterally
258
Q

What condition is common in Miniature Schnauzers + requires long-term fat-restricted diet?

A

Hypertriglyceridemia
(Causes recurrent Pancreatitis)

259
Q

Why should px who are in remission from Pancreatitis be fed low-fat, low-calorie diets?

A
  • Because this may lead to obesity
  • Which is a risk factor for Pancreatitis
  • So should be on a weight-loss diet
260
Q

What can be caused secondary to GI disease, in Cats?

A

Pancreatitis

261
Q

True or False.

There is no specific dietary recommendatoin for EPI in Dogs or Cats

262
Q

What 3 types of crystals can be cause nutritionally?

A
  1. Struvite
  2. Ammonium Urate
  3. Cystine
263
Q

What does a diet consist of to dissolve Struvite crystals/Urolithiasis?

A
  1. Acidifying diets
  2. Reduced:
    * Magnesium
    * Protein
    * Phosphorus
264
Q

What does a diet consist to prevent Calcium Oxalate crystals formation/Urolithiasis?

A
  1. Non-acidifying diet
  2. Reduced protein
  3. Adequate ax of:
    * Phosphorus
    * Magnesium
265
Q

What does a diet consist to dissolve Ammmonium urate crystals formation/Urolithiasis?

A
  1. Alkalizing diet
  2. Reduced protein
266
Q

What does a diet consist to dissolve Cystine crystals formation/Urolithiasis?

A
  1. Alkalizing diet
  2. Reduced:
    * Protein
    * Sodium
267
Q

What is the most basic + common way to dissolve uroliths?

A
  • Increase urine production by Increased dietary water consumption
  • Provision of wet diet
  • Increase sodium content
268
Q

Why would increasing dietary sodium intake help dissolve uroliths?

A
  • Because it:
    1. Increases thirst
    2. Encourages drinking
    3. Thus - Increases urination
269
Q

What type of urolith dissolving diet is unappropriate for growing animals or long-term uses in adult companion ax?

A

Protein restricted diets

270
Q

Why should Obesity be considered as Malnutrition?

A

Because the inc BW can have serious repercussions on the health of animals

271
Q

Identify 5 diseases that is caused by Obesity

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis
  2. Tracheal collapse
  3. Pancreatitis
  4. Osteoarthiritis
  5. Diabetes mellitus
272
Q

On average, according to scientific studies, how long will a dog live if they are obese compared to other dogs at a similar age?

273
Q

What are the key constiutents of a weight loss diet for obese px’s?

A
  1. Restricted calories
  2. Supplemented with micronutrients to prevent deficiencies
  3. High in fibre + protein

Additional - exercise regime, client education + weight loss programe

274
Q

What should a crtitical illness diet consist of for hospitalized Dogs?

A
  • Unless indicated otherwise (disease etc)
    1. 4 - 6g dietary protein
    3. P/100 kcal of energy
    1. I.e; 15 - 20% Total energy req)
275
Q

What should a crtitical illness diet consist of for hospitalized Cats?

A
  • Unless indicated otherwise (disease etc)
    1. 6g dietary protein
    3. P/100 kcal of energy
    1. I.e; 25 - 35% Total energy req)
276
Q

What are the 3 possible disease complications that could arise if a px is provided with increased energy diet, during critical illness?

A
  • Risk of developing
    1. Hyperglycaemia
    2. Hepatic dysfunction
    3. Hypertriglyceridaemia
277
Q

Why should you not provide rapid + excessive nutrition to px with anorexia?

A

Risk of Re-feeding syndrome
(Fatal)

278
Q

What can Re-feeding syndrome lead to?

A
  1. Metabolic imbalances
  2. Hypokalaemia
  3. Hypophosphatemia
279
Q

If a px gets Hypophosphataemia from Re-feeding syndrome, what will this lead to?

A
  • Fatal
    1. Cardiovascular (Arrthymias)
    2. Neurological (Seizures)
    3. Haematological (Anaemia)
  • Consequences
280
Q

What are the dietary supplements Chondrotin + Glucosamine benefical to prevent?

A

Osteoarthiritis
(Orthopaedic diseases)

281
Q

What can a deficiency of Coenzyme-10 cause?
+
How can this be avoided?

A
  1. Cardiomyopathy
  2. Supplementation
282
Q

Name 6 types of benefical dietary supplements
+
1 example of each

A
  1. Omega-3 FAs (Fish oil)
  2. Anti-inflammatories (Glucosamine + Chondroitin)
  3. Antioxidants (Vitamine E, Selenium, Beta-carotene + thiols)
  4. Coenzyme-10
  5. Probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophillus)
283
Q

Name 2 old generation appetite supplements, that are no longer used due to reported adverse affects

A
  1. Diazepam
  2. Cyproheptadine
284
Q

Name a new generation, safe appetite stimulant which also helps CKD + leads to weight gain

A

Mirtazapine

285
Q

What % of DM carbs is required for pregnant + lactacting dogs?

286
Q

What % of DM carbs is required for pregnant + lactacting cats?

287
Q

Despite being a obligate carnivore, why might a queen have a heavy demand for protein than dogs?

A

Because during peak lactation they can produce up to 19g of milk p/day!

288
Q

Why should older dogs have increased dietary protein?

A
  1. Prevent/slow down progression of age-related muscle wastage = Sarcopenia
    +
  2. Support bones

Remeber, Cachexia = muscle wasting disease, NOT age-related

289
Q

Why might older dogs require more water?

A

Normally due to medical reasons, whereas Cats get most of their water content from wet food

290
Q

Why do elderly Dogs have lower energy requirements than their adult counterparts?

A

Due to:
1. Lower metabolic rates
1. Lower activity levels

291
Q

True or False.

Like dogs, cats also have lower energy requirements

A

False, they have higher energy requirements!

Nutrition Yr2 (13 decks)

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