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Wolfpacc Clues > Vitamins, Mineral & General Principal > Flashcards

Vitamins, Mineral & General Principal Flashcards

1
Q

What electrolytes does the low volume state have?

A

Increased total Na+ (NET)
Decreased serum Na (dilution effect)
Decreased serum K+
Increased serum pH

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2
Q

What serum pH does the low volume state have?

A

Alkalotic (due to H+/K+ exchanger)

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3
Q

What serum pH does emesis have?

A

Alkalotic because you vomit out HCl-

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4
Q

What serum pH does diarrhea have?

A

Acidosis because stool has bicarb

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5
Q

What is a possible cause if pulse rises more than 10 bpm in repositioning from lying to sitting?

A

Hypervolemia (volume overload; plasma volume too high)

Too much Na+ in the body (salt)

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6
Q

What happened if your pulse drops more than 10 bpm on standing?

A

Autonomic dysfunction

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of a Low Energy State?

A

CNS: Mental retardation, dementia
CV: heart failure, pericardial effusion
Muscle: weakness, SOB, vasodilation, impotence, urinary retention, constipation

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8
Q

What are the Rapidly Dividing Cells of the Energy State?

A 
Skin: dry
Nails: Brittle
Hair: Alopecia
Low Bone Marrow: Suppressed
Vasculature: Endothelium breaks down
Lungs: Infection / SOB
Kidney: PCT effecfted first
GI: N/V/D
Bladder: Decreased tone
Sperm: Decreased
Germ Cells: Predisposed to cancer
Breasts: Atrophic
Endometrium: Amenorrhea
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9
Q

What are the most common signs of the Low Energy State?

A

Tachypnea(rapid breathing) and Dyspnea(labored breathing)

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10
Q

What are the most common symptoms of the Low Energy State?

A

Weakness and SOB

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11
Q

What are the most common infections of the Low Energy State?

A

UTI and respiratory infections

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the Low Energy State?

A

Heart Failure

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13
Q

Explain Restrictive Lung Disease:

A

Restrictive: Interstitial problem that causes trouble breathing in (small stiff lungs)
Pulmonary Function Test’s: FEV1/FVC greater than 0.8, decrease vital capacity
ABG: decreased pH, decreased PO2, decreased PcO2 (increased respiratory rate)
Chest X-Ray: reticulonodular pattern, ground glass appearance
Most common cause of death is Cor-pulmonale
Treatment: PEEP ventilator, increased O2, increased respiratory time

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14
Q

Explain Obstructive Lung Disease:

A

Airway structure problem that causes trouble breathing out (mucus filled lungs)
PFT’s: FEV/FVC is less than 0.8, increased RV; Reid index increased (thick airway)
FEV: how much air can be exhaled in a forced breath
FVC: total amount of air exhaled

ABG: decreased pH, normal to low PO2, increased PCO2
Most common cause of death is bronchiectasis

Treatment: ventilator to increase respiratory rate and expiratory time, increase oxygen only if needed

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15
Q

What symptoms does a “more likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: Psychosis, seizures, jitteriness
Skeletal Muscle: muscle spasms, tetany
Smooth Muscle: diarrhea, then constipation
Cardiac: tachycardia, arrhythmia

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16
Q

What symptoms does a “less likely to depolarize” state have?

A

Brain: lethargic, mental status changes, depression
Skeletal Muscle: weakness, SOB
Smooth Muscle: constipation then diarrhea
Cardiac: hypotension, bradycardia

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17
Q

What is the humoral immune response?

A

B-cells and PMN’s (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) patrol the blood looking for bacteria

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18
Q

What is the cell-mediated immune response?

A

T-cells and Macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria

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19
Q

What are the Macrophages called in areas of the body?

A 
Blood: Monocytes
Brain: Microglia
Lung: Type 1 Pneumocytes
Liver: Kupffer cells
Spleen: RES cells
Lymph: Dendritic cells
Kidney: Mesangial cells
Peyer's Patch: M cells
Skin: Langerhan cells
Bone: Osteoclast cells
Connective Tissue: Histiocytes, Giant cells, Epithelioid cells
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20
Q

What is the CBC for every vasculitis?

A

Decreased: RBC and platelets
Increased: WBC, T-Cells, Monocytes, Schistocytes, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

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21
Q

What is the time course of the inflammatory response?

A

1 hour: swelling
Day 1: PMN’s show up (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)
Day 3: PMN’s peak
Day 4: Monocytes/Macrophages and T-cells show up
Day 7: Monocytes/ Macrophages and T-cells peak, Fibroblasts arrive
Day 30: Fibroblasts peak
Month 3-6: Fibroblasts complete scar formation

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22
Q

What state does Estrogen mimic?

A

The Neuromuscular disease state

Estrogen is a muscle relaxant

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23
Q

What do high GABA levels lead to?

A

Bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, impotence, memory loss

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24
Q

What determines the prognosis of Cancer?

A

Depth of invasion, any choice that has to do with depth - the deeper it is= the worse the prognosis

25
Q

What ion has the least movement at rest?

A

Chloride

26
Q

What ion has the greatest movement at rest?

A

Potassium

27
Q

How would you know the patient has a Vitamin A (retinoic Acid) Deficiency?

A

Poor night vision (nyctalopia), Hypoparathyroidism, dry scaly skin (xerosis cutis)

28
Q

How would you know the patient has a Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke’s Encephalopathy, Wenicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

29
Q

How do i know the patient has a Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency?

A

Angular Cheilosis (red, swollen patches in corners of mouth where lips meet)

30
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency?

A 
Pellagra (4 D's: Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)
Hartnup disease (deficiency of neutral amino acid Tryptophan)
31
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B4 (Lipoic Acid) Deficiency?

A

There is no B4 vitamin

32
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency?

A

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

33
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B6 (Pyridozine) Deficiency?

A 
Peripheral Neuropathy (can be induced by Isoniazid and oral contraceptives) 
Convulsions, hyperirritability, and sideroblastic anemias (impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess)
34
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B9 (Folate) Deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, neural tube defects
Deficiency can be caused by phenytoin, sulfonamides, methotrexate

35
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Deficiency?

A

Megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented neutrophils, Neuropathy

36
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency?

A

Scurvy

37
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin D Deficiency?

A

Rickets (children), Osteomalacia (adults)

38
Q

How do I know the patient has a Vitamin E Deficiency?

A

Increased free radical damage, hemolytic anemia, ataxia gait, impaired position and vibration sense

39
Q

What happens when there is a biotin Deficiency?

A

Loss of carboxylase function

40
Q

How do I know the patienthas a Vitamin K Deficiency?

A

Bleeding, Loss of gamma-carboxylation

41
Q

What is seen in Calcium deficiency?

A

Poor bone and teeth development

42
Q

What is seen in Magnesium deficiency?

A

Loss of kinase function, hypoparathyroidism

43
Q

What is seen in Zinc deficiency?

A

Dysgeusia (loss of taste), anosmia (loss of smell), Poor wound healing

44
Q

What is seen in Copper deficiency?

A

Menky Kinky Hair Syndrome

45
Q

What is seen in iron deficiency?

A

Anemia

46
Q

What disease has a chromium deficiency?

A

Diabetes

47
Q

What disease has a Selenium deficiency?

A

Dialted cardiomyopathy

48
Q

What is seen with Tin deficiency?

A

Poor hair growth

49
Q

What is seen why Molybdenum deficiency?

A

Lose xanthine oxidase function

50
Q

What is seen with Manganese deficiency?

A

Lose xanthine oxidase function

51
Q

What is seen with Fluoride deficiency?

A

Poor teeth and bone growth

52
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B1 important?

A 
Thiamine
"Think ATP"
alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Transketolase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
53
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B2 important?

A

Riboflavin
FAD and FMN are derived from riboFlavin (b2=2ATP)
FMN= riboflavin-5-phosphate or flavin mononucleotide

54
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B3 important?

A

Niacin (b3= 3ATP)
NAD+ and NADP+ used in redoc reactions, derived from Tryptophan
Lowers levels of VLDL and raises levels of HDL

55
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B5 important?

A

Pantothenic Acid

Essential component of coenzyme A (CoA, a cofactor for acyl transfers) and fatty acid synthase

56
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B6 important?

A

Pyridoxine
Important for synthesis of cystathionine, heme, niacin, histamine, and neurotransmitters:
including serotonin, epinephrine, norpinephrine (NE), dopamine, and GABA.

57
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B7 important?

A

Biotin
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (which add 1-carbon group)
Example:
pyruvate carboxylase: pyruvate (3C)-> oxaloacetate (4C)
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: acetyl-CoA (2C)-> malonyl-CoA (3C)
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase: propionyl-CoA (3C)->methylmalonyl-CoA (4C0

58
Q

In which biochemical step is vitamin B9 important?

A

Folate
Converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF) used for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions
Important in synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA/RNA

Wolfpacc Clues (17 decks)

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