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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What does high WBC and high PMN’s tell you?

A

Stress demargination. (Stress response - post trauma)

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2
Q

What does a high WBC and <5% blasts tell you?

A

Leukemoid reaction - seen in burn patients or any extreme stress
(extreme demargination looks like Leukemia), Metamyelocytes => Myelocytes

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3
Q

What does high WBC and bands tell you?

A

Left shift - they have an infection

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4
Q

What does high WBC and >5% Blasts tell you?

A

Leukemia

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5
Q

What does high WBC and B Cells tell you?

A

Bacterial infection

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6
Q

What diseases have high eosinophils?

A 
"NAACP"
N - Neoplasm (Lymphoma)
A - Allergy/ Asthma
A - Addison's disease (no cortisol -relative eosinophilia)
C - Collagen Vascular disease (lupus)
P - Parasites
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7
Q

What diseases have high monocytes (>15%)?

A 
type of phagocyte
"STELS"
Syphilis: chancre, rash, warts
TB: Hemoptysis, night sweats
EBV: Teen sick for a month
Listeria: Sick baby
Salmonella: Food poisoning
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8
Q

What do high reticulocyte (>1%) tell you?

A

RBC is being destroyed peripherally

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9
Q

What do low reticulocytes tell you?

A

Decreased production of bone marrow - not working right

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10
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

RBC’s with different sizes

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11
Q

What is the RBC normal lifespan?

A

120 days

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12
Q

What is the RBC lifespan when there is a problem?

A

60-90 days (same time as the shelf life of blood bank units)

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13
Q

What is the Platelet lifespan?

A

7 days

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14
Q

What does “Penia” tell you?

A

Low Levels - (Usually due to virus or drugs)

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15
Q

What is the difference between Plasma and Serum?

A

Plasma: No RBC’s
Serum: No RBC’s or Fibrinogen

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16
Q

What are the Microcytic Hypochromic Anemias?

A 
Defect in Hb synthesis (RBC small and pale) "FAST lead"
F - Fe Deficiency
A - Anemia of Chronic Disease
S - Sideroblastic Anemia
T - Alpha and Beta Thalassemia's
L - Lead poisoning
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17
Q

What will you see with Iron Deficiency Anemia?

A

Increased TIBC(total iron binding capacity) associated with menses, GI bleeding, and Koilonychia (spooning of nails)

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18
Q

What will you see with Anemia of Chronic Disease?

A

Decreased TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

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19
Q

What will you see with Sideroblastic Anemia?

A

Decreased dALA synthase
common with blood transfusions
pyridoxine deficiency

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20
Q

What will you see with Alpha Thalassemia?

A

Seen in African Americans and Asian Americans (Chromosome 16- deletion)

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21
Q

What will you see in Beta Thalassemia?

A

Seen in Mediterranean’s
(chromosome 11- point mutation)
Major: failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiomegaly, distorted bones “chipmunk facies”
Minor: minor adult microcytic iron-deficiency anemia, w/ target cells

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22
Q

What will you see in Lead Poisoning?

A

Decreased dALA dehydrogenase
decreased Ferrochelatase
blue lines on x-ray
history of eating old paint chips

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23
Q

What are the Megaloblastic Anemias?

A

Vitamin B-12 Deficiency
folate deficiency
alcohol

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24
Q

What are some causes of Vitamine B12 deficiency?

A

Tapeworms
Veganism
Type A gastritis
Pernicious Anemia

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25
What are some causes of Folate Deficiency?
Old food, you will see glossitis with the patient
26
What is the effect of Alcohol on the fetus?
``` FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) Smooth philtrum (space between nose- mouth, normal people have dimple) short polyclonal midface hypoplasia thin superior Vermilion border ```
27
What are the Intravascular Hemolytic Anemias?
IgM G6PD deficiency | cold autoimmune
28
What are some causes of G6PD Deficiency?
Sulfa drugs, mothballs, fava beans, sudden drop in Hb
29
What are some causes of Cold Autoimmune?
Mono Mycoplasma infection Antibody (IgM) bind to RBC's membrane cold temp and causes agglutination
30
What are the Extravascular Hemolytic anemias?
Spherocytosis warm autoimmune Paroxysmal cold autoimmune Sickle cell anemia
31
What is seen in Spherocytosis?
Defective Spherin or Ankyrin Positive Osmotic Fragility test High level of MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) teardrops cells
32
What is seen in Warm Autoimmune?
Anti-Rh Ab Dapsone, PTU, antimalarials, and sulfa drugs | Antibody (IgG) binds to RBC's membrane in warm temp
33
What is seen in Paroxysmal Cold Auto Autoimmune?
Bleeds after cold exposure Donath-Landsteiner Ab
34
What is seen in Sickle Cell Anemia?
Crew-cut on x-ray | Avascular Necrosis of femur
35
What are the Production Anemias?
Diamond-Blackfan | Aplastic Anemia
36
What is seen in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia?
They have low RBCs and double jointed thumbs
37
What is seen / causes in Aplastic Anemia?
``` Pancytopenia Autoimmune Benzene AZT (Zidovudine an HIV antiviral drug) Chloramphenicol (Ricketsia bacterial infections) Radiation ```
38
What is Basophilic Stippling?
Lots of immature cells increased mRNA (seen in lead poisoning)
39
What is a Bite Cell?
Unstable Hb inclusions (seen in G6PD Deficiency)
40
What are Burr Cell/ Echinocyte?
Seen in Pyruvate Kinase deficiency Liver disease Post splenectomy
41
What is Cabot's Ring body?
Seen in Vitamin B12 Deficiency and lead poisoning
42
What is a Dohle Body?
``` PMN Leukocytosis (polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also called granulocytes) (caused by infections, steroids, tumor) ```
43
What is a Drepanocyte?
Seen in Sickle cell Anemia
44
What is a Heinz body?
Seen when Hb precipitates and sticks to cell membranes in G6PD deficiency
45
What is a Howell-Jolly Body?
The spleen or bone marrow should have removed nuclei fragments. (Seen in Hemolytic Anemia, spleen trauma, and CA)
46
What is a Pappenheimer body?
Iron inside cell (sideroblastic anemia)
47
What are Pencil Cell/ Cigar Cell?
Seen in iron deficiency anemia
48
What is Rouleaux formation?
Seen in Multiple Myeloma (Stacked coin look)
49
What is a Schistocyte?
Broken RBC (seen in DIC and artificial heart vlaves and others)
50
What is a Sideroblast?
Macrophages pregnant with Iron (caused by genetics and or multiple transfusions)
51
What is a Spherocyte?
Old RBC
52
What are Spur Cells / Acanthocytes?
Lipid bilayer disease
53
What is a Stomatocyte?
Seen in liver disease (d/t alteration in permeability)
54
What is a Target Cell/ Codocyte?
These have less Hb (seen in Thalassemias or iron deficiency)
55
What is a Tear Drop Cell/ Dacrocyte?
RBC's squeezed out of bone marrow. (Seen in Hemolytic Anemia and bone marrow CA)
56
What do Platelet problems cause?
Bleeding from skin and mucosa
57
What do Clotting problems cause?
Bleeding into cavities
58
What causes increased PTT and Bleeding Time?
Von Willebrand disease and SLE
59
What is Bernard-Soulier?
Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa | Big platelets and LOW GP-1b
60
What is Glanzmann's?
Baby with bleeding from skin and mucosa (LOW GP-2b3a)
61
How does Factor 13 Deficiency present?
Umbilical stump bleeding | this is the first time a baby has to stabalize a clot
62
What is a Factor V - Leiden?
Protein C cannot break down Factor V
63
How does Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) present?
Heavy menstrual bleeding
64
What are the types of VWD?
``` Type 1 (AD): Decreased VW FActor Production Type 2 (AD): Decreased VW Activity (+ Ristocetin Aggregation test) Type 3 (AR): No VWF ```
65
What is Hemophilia A?
Defective Factor VIII (<40% Activity) | Bleed into cavities (head, abdomen, etc)
66
What is Hemophilia B?
Factor IX deficiency | Bleed into joints (knee, etc)
67
What is Polycythemia Vera?
Hematocrit (Hct) >60% suppresses EPO through negative feedback Budd-Chiari Pruritis after bathing
68
What is Essential Thrombocythemia?
Very high platelets increased RBC's and WBC's
69
What is Histiocytosis X?
Histiocyte proliferation Kid with Eczema, skull lesions Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
70
What does the Coombs Test Tell you?
Antibody involved
71
What does the Direct Coombs Test tell you?
Antibody on surface (seen in hemolytic anemia)
72
What does Indirect Coombs Test tell you?
The Antibody is freely circulating in the serum
73
What is Type and Cross?
Blood that is matched by blood type and cross-reacted with the patient's blood for rejection
74
What is Type and Match?
Blood type and Wait
75
What is Forward Typing?
Uses Antibodies to detect Antigens
76
What is Backward Typing?
Used Antigens to detect Antibodies
77
What does blood type A tell you?
They have the A antigen and B antibodies
78
What does blood type O tell you?
They have no antigens (Universal donor)
79
What does blood type AB tell you?
Have both Antigens (universal recipient)
80
What does Rh+ tell you?
Has D Antigen
81
What does Rh- tell you?
Does not have the D Antigen
82
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?
Rh+ mom's blood mixes the Rh- fetal blood in first pregnancy No risk to this child All pregnancies to follow will be a risk, leading to a fetal demise
83
What is RhoGam?
Anti-D IgG

Wolfpacc Clues (17 decks)

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