Cardiology

Question 1

What organs have resistance in series?

Answer 1

Liver and Kidneys

Question 2

What organs have resistance in parallel?

Answer 2

All the rest of the organs (except liver and kidneys)

Question 3

What organ has the highest AVO2 Difference at rest?

Answer 3

heart

Question 4

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after exercise?

Answer 4

Muscle

Question 5

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after a meal?

Answer 5

GI tract

Question 6

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference during a test?

Answer 6

Brain

Question 7

What organ has the lower AVO2 difference?

Answer 7

Kidney

Question 8

Where does a Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?

Answer 8

Ascending Aorta, (occurs in Cystic medial necrosis and Syphilis)

Question 9

Where does a Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

Answer 9

Descending Aorta, (occurs in trauma and Atherosclerosis)

Question 10

In what layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur?

Answer 10

Intima, media, and adventitia

Question 11

In what layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?

Answer 11

Intima and media layers

Question 12

What is pulse pressure?

Answer 12

Systolic minus diastolic pressure

Question 13

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

Answer 13

Aorta

Question 14

What vesels have the most smooth muscle?

Answer 14

Arterioles

Question 15

What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

Answer 15

Capillaries

Question 16

What vessel has the highest compliance?

Answer 16

Veins

Question 17

What vessels have the highest capacitance?

Answer 17

Veins and Venules

Question 18

What is your maximum heart rate?

Answer 18

220 minus the person’s age

Question 19

What is stable angina?

Answer 19

Pain with exertion that is relieved with rest (Athersclerosis MCC)

Question 20

What unstable angina?

Answer 20

Pain at rest (transient clots MCC)

Question 21

What is Prinzmetal’s angina?

Answer 21

Coronary Artery Spasm

Question 22

What is Amyloidosis and what stain is used?

Answer 22

Amyloid deposits that stain Congo red: Apple-Green Birefringence (AA-chronic disease)

Question 23

What is hemochromatosis?

Answer 23

Iron deposits in organs

leads to hyperpigmentation, bronze diabetes, and arthritis

Question 24

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 24

Pressure equalized in all 4 chambers, quiet Precordium, no pulse or BP, Kussmaul’s Sign, Pulsus Pardoxus (Decrease in BP greater than 10 mm Hg with inspiration)

Question 25

What is transudate?

Answer 25

An effusion with mostly water too much water: Heart or Renal failure not enough protein: Cirrhosis (can't make protein), and Nephrotic Syndrome (spilling out protein in urine)

Question 26

What is exudate?

Answer 26

``` Effusion of mostly protein Too much protein: Will have --- Purulent (from Bacteria), Hemorrhagic (from trauma, CA, PE) Fibrinous (from collagen vascular disease), Granulomatous (non-bacterial) ```

Question 27

What is systole?

Answer 27

Ejection of blood from the heart, Decreased blood flow to Coronary arteries, more extraction of Oxygen Phase 1 Korotkoff

Question 28

What is diastole?

Answer 28

Heart ventricles filling increased blood to Coronary arteries less extraction of oxygen Phase 4 and 5 Korotkoff

Question 29

What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?

Answer 29

Pulmonary and umbilical arteries

Question 30

What murmur has a water hammer pulse?

Answer 30

Aortic regurgitation

Question 31

What murmur has Pulsus Tardus?

Answer 31

Aortic stenosis

Question 32

What has Pulsus Alternans?

Answer 32

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 33

What disease has pulsus bisferiens?

Answer 33

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 34

What murmur has an irregular-irregular pulse?

Answer 34

A fib (no P waves)

Question 35

What murmur has a regular-irregular pulse?

Answer 35

PVC

Question 36

What sound radiates to the neck?

Answer 36

Aortic stenosis

Question 37

What sound radiates to the axilla?

Answer 37

Mitral regurgitation

Question 38

What sound radiates to the back?

Answer 38

Pulmonic stenosis

Question 39

Boot-shape on x-ray?

Answer 39

RVH

Question 40

Banana-shape on x-ray?

Answer 40

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 41

Egg-shape on x-ray?

Answer 41

Transposition of the great arteries

Question 42

Snowman-shape on x-ray?

Answer 42

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Question 43

What disease has a "3" shape on x-ray?

Answer 43

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 44

What is the Osler-Weber-Rendu?

Answer 44

AVM (Atrial-Venous Malformation) in lung, GI, CNS the AVM sequesters platelets and causes acquired Telangiectasia's

Question 45

What is Von Hippel-Lindau?

Answer 45

Predisposes individuals to benign and malignant tumors AVM in the head and retina hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytomas, bilateral renal cell carcinoma AD inheritance in Chromosome 3

Question 46

What CA risk does Von Hippel Lindau have?

Answer 46

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 47

When do valves make noise under normal physiology?

Answer 47

When the valves close

Question 48

What valves make noise at the end of diastole?

Answer 48

Mitral and Tricuspid

Question 49

What murmurs occur during systole?

Answer 49

Holosystolic or pansystolic

Question 50

What are the Holosystolic murmurs?

Answer 50

Tricuspid Regurg Mitral Regurg VSD

Question 51

What are the Systolic Ejection Murmurs?

Answer 51

Aortic Stenosis, Pulmonic Stenosis, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Question 52

What valves make noise at the end of systole?

Answer 52

Aortic and Pulmonic

Question 53

What are the sounds made from diastolic murmurs?

Answer 53

Blowing (whooshing) and rumbling

Question 54

What are the Diastolic Blowing (whooshing) murmurs?

Answer 54

Aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation

Question 55

What are the diastolic rumbling murmurs?

Answer 55

Tricuspid Stenosis | Mitral Stenosis

Question 56

What are the continuous Murmurs?

Answer 56

PDA or AVM's

Question 57

What has a friction rub while breathing?

Answer 57

Pleuritic

Question 58

What has a friction rub while holding breath?

Answer 58

Pericarditis

Question 59

What does a mid-systolic click tell you?

Answer 59

MVP- Mitral valve prolapse

Question 60

What does an ejection click tell you?

Answer 60

Aortic or Pulmonic Stenosis

Question 61

What does an opening snap tell you?

Answer 61

Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis

Question 62

What does S-2 splitting tell you?

Answer 62

Normal on inspiration | Pulmonic valve closing later

Question 63

What does a wide S-2 split tell you?

Answer 63

Increases Oxygen Increased right ventricular volume Delayed pulmonic vlave opening

Question 64

What does fixed wide S-2 splitting tell you?

Answer 64

ASD

Question 65

What does a paradoxical S-2 split tell you?

Answer 65

Aortic Stenosis or LBBB

Question 66

What is cor-pulmonale?

Answer 66

Pulmonary HTN leads to Right ventricular failure

Question 67

What is Eisenmenger's Syndrome?

Answer 67

Physiological shunt from left to right now changes right to left

Question 68

What is transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 68

Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral, most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in the first month of life (Neural crest cell migration problem)

Question 69

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 69

Overriding aorta: Aorta sits on intraventricular Septum giving rise to a VSD, this in turn causes Pulmonary Stenosis and ultimately right heart failure (boot shape x-ray)

Question 70

What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary return?

Answer 70

All pulmonary veins enter into the right atrium (Snowman x-ray)

Question 71

What is Truncus arteriosus?

Answer 71

Spiral membrane did not develop there is one Aortic Pulmonary trunk -> mixed blood needs PDA

Question 72

What is Ebstein's anomaly?

Answer 72

Small right ventricle and very large right atrium (in fetus due to mom taking Lithium during pregnancy)

Question 73

What Kidney complications can Lithium cause to the person taking the drug?

Answer 73

Destroy the collecting ducts V2 aquaporin receptors, causing Nephrogenic DI

Question 74

Cardiac tamponade ECG findings?

Answer 74

electrical alternans

Question 75

What structure does NSTEMI effect?

Answer 75

subendocardium

Question 76

MOA of Magnesium Sulfate in Torsades?

Answer 76

decrease calcium influx resulting in decreased early afterdepolarizations

Question 77

What is the purpose of a carotid massage?

Answer 77

Carotid massage slows down the heart enough to reveal sawtooth pattern in atrial flutter

Question 78

What does left ventricular hypertrophy show on ECG?

Answer 78

Increased R-wave amplitude