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Wolfpacc Clues > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What organs have resistance in series?

A

Liver and Kidneys

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2
Q

What organs have resistance in parallel?

A

All the rest of the organs (except liver and kidneys)

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3
Q

What organ has the highest AVO2 Difference at rest?

A

heart

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4
Q

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after exercise?

A

Muscle

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5
Q

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after a meal?

A

GI tract

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6
Q

What organ has the highest AVO2 difference during a test?

A

Brain

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7
Q

What organ has the lower AVO2 difference?

A

Kidney

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8
Q

Where does a Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Ascending Aorta, (occurs in Cystic medial necrosis and Syphilis)

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9
Q

Where does a Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Descending Aorta, (occurs in trauma and Atherosclerosis)

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10
Q

In what layers does a true aortic aneurysm occur?

A

Intima, media, and adventitia

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11
Q

In what layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?

A

Intima and media layers

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12
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Systolic minus diastolic pressure

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13
Q

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

Aorta

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14
Q

What vesels have the most smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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16
Q

What vessel has the highest compliance?

A

Veins

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17
Q

What vessels have the highest capacitance?

A

Veins and Venules

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18
Q

What is your maximum heart rate?

A

220 minus the person’s age

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19
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Pain with exertion that is relieved with rest (Athersclerosis MCC)

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20
Q

What unstable angina?

A

Pain at rest (transient clots MCC)

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21
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s angina?

A

Coronary Artery Spasm

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22
Q

What is Amyloidosis and what stain is used?

A

Amyloid deposits that stain Congo red: Apple-Green Birefringence (AA-chronic disease)

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23
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

Iron deposits in organs

leads to hyperpigmentation, bronze diabetes, and arthritis

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24
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Pressure equalized in all 4 chambers, quiet Precordium, no pulse or BP, Kussmaul’s Sign, Pulsus Pardoxus (Decrease in BP greater than 10 mm Hg with inspiration)

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25
Q

What is transudate?

A

An effusion with mostly water
too much water: Heart or Renal failure
not enough protein: Cirrhosis (can’t make protein), and Nephrotic Syndrome (spilling out protein in urine)

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26
Q

What is exudate?

A 
Effusion of mostly protein
Too much protein: Will have ---
Purulent (from Bacteria),
Hemorrhagic (from trauma, CA, PE)
Fibrinous (from collagen vascular disease), Granulomatous (non-bacterial)
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27
Q

What is systole?

A

Ejection of blood from the heart, Decreased blood flow to Coronary arteries, more extraction of Oxygen Phase 1 Korotkoff

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28
Q

What is diastole?

A

Heart ventricles filling
increased blood to Coronary arteries
less extraction of oxygen
Phase 4 and 5 Korotkoff

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29
Q

What are the only arteries with deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary and umbilical arteries

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30
Q

What murmur has a water hammer pulse?

A

Aortic regurgitation

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31
Q

What murmur has Pulsus Tardus?

A

Aortic stenosis

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32
Q

What has Pulsus Alternans?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

33
Q

What disease has pulsus bisferiens?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

34
Q

What murmur has an irregular-irregular pulse?

A

A fib (no P waves)

35
Q

What murmur has a regular-irregular pulse?

A

PVC

36
Q

What sound radiates to the neck?

A

Aortic stenosis

37
Q

What sound radiates to the axilla?

A

Mitral regurgitation

38
Q

What sound radiates to the back?

A

Pulmonic stenosis

39
Q

Boot-shape on x-ray?

A

RVH

40
Q

Banana-shape on x-ray?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

41
Q

Egg-shape on x-ray?

A

Transposition of the great arteries

42
Q

Snowman-shape on x-ray?

A

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

43
Q

What disease has a “3” shape on x-ray?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

44
Q

What is the Osler-Weber-Rendu?

A

AVM (Atrial-Venous Malformation)
in lung, GI, CNS
the AVM sequesters platelets and causes acquired Telangiectasia’s

45
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau?

A

Predisposes individuals to benign and malignant tumors
AVM in the head and retina
hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytomas, bilateral renal cell carcinoma
AD inheritance in Chromosome 3

46
Q

What CA risk does Von Hippel Lindau have?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

47
Q

When do valves make noise under normal physiology?

A

When the valves close

48
Q

What valves make noise at the end of diastole?

A

Mitral and Tricuspid

49
Q

What murmurs occur during systole?

A

Holosystolic or pansystolic

50
Q

What are the Holosystolic murmurs?

A

Tricuspid Regurg
Mitral Regurg
VSD

51
Q

What are the Systolic Ejection Murmurs?

A

Aortic Stenosis, Pulmonic Stenosis, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

52
Q

What valves make noise at the end of systole?

A

Aortic and Pulmonic

53
Q

What are the sounds made from diastolic murmurs?

A

Blowing (whooshing) and rumbling

54
Q

What are the Diastolic Blowing (whooshing) murmurs?

A

Aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation

55
Q

What are the diastolic rumbling murmurs?

A

Tricuspid Stenosis

Mitral Stenosis

56
Q

What are the continuous Murmurs?

A

PDA or AVM’s

57
Q

What has a friction rub while breathing?

A

Pleuritic

58
Q

What has a friction rub while holding breath?

A

Pericarditis

59
Q

What does a mid-systolic click tell you?

A

MVP- Mitral valve prolapse

60
Q

What does an ejection click tell you?

A

Aortic or Pulmonic Stenosis

61
Q

What does an opening snap tell you?

A

Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis

62
Q

What does S-2 splitting tell you?

A

Normal on inspiration

Pulmonic valve closing later

63
Q

What does a wide S-2 split tell you?

A

Increases Oxygen
Increased right ventricular volume
Delayed pulmonic vlave opening

64
Q

What does fixed wide S-2 splitting tell you?

A

ASD

65
Q

What does a paradoxical S-2 split tell you?

A

Aortic Stenosis or LBBB

66
Q

What is cor-pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary HTN leads to Right ventricular failure

67
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s Syndrome?

A

Physiological shunt from left to right now changes right to left

68
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum did not spiral, most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in the first month of life (Neural crest cell migration problem)

69
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Overriding aorta: Aorta sits on intraventricular Septum giving rise to a VSD, this in turn causes Pulmonary Stenosis and ultimately right heart failure (boot shape x-ray)

70
Q

What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary return?

A

All pulmonary veins enter into the right atrium (Snowman x-ray)

71
Q

What is Truncus arteriosus?

A

Spiral membrane did not develop
there is one Aortic Pulmonary trunk -> mixed blood
needs PDA

72
Q

What is Ebstein’s anomaly?

A

Small right ventricle and very large right atrium (in fetus due to mom taking Lithium during pregnancy)

73
Q

What Kidney complications can Lithium cause to the person taking the drug?

A

Destroy the collecting ducts V2 aquaporin receptors, causing Nephrogenic DI

74
Q

Cardiac tamponade ECG findings?

A

electrical alternans

75
Q

What structure does NSTEMI effect?

A

subendocardium

76
Q

MOA of Magnesium Sulfate in Torsades?

A

decrease calcium influx resulting in decreased early afterdepolarizations

77
Q

What is the purpose of a carotid massage?

A

Carotid massage slows down the heart enough to reveal sawtooth pattern in atrial flutter

78
Q

What does left ventricular hypertrophy show on ECG?

A

Increased R-wave amplitude

Wolfpacc Clues (17 decks)

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