Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

Two classes of Vitamins

Answer 1

Water soluble and Fat Soluble

Question 2

Two main types of Water soluble vitamins?

Answer 2

Non-B and B-Complex

Question 3

Example of Non-B vitamin?

Answer 3

Ascorbic Acid (C)

Question 4

Three types of B-Complex vitamins?

Answer 4

Energy Releasing and Hematopoietic

Question 5

Examples of Energy Releasing B-complex vitamins.

Answer 5

• B1 - Thiamine
• B2 - Riboflavin
• B3 - Niacin
• Biotin
• Panthothenic Acid

Question 6

Examples of Hematopoietic B-complex vitamins?

Answer 6

Folic Acid and B12

Question 7

Examples of Fat Soluble Vitamins:

Answer 7

• Vit. A - retinol
• Vit. D - Cholecalciferol
• Vit. E - Tocopherols
• Vit. K - Phylloquinones
• Menaquinones

Question 8

Examples of “Other” B-complex vitamins?

Answer 8

• B6 - pyridoxine
• Pyridoxal
• Pyridoxamine

Question 9

Retinoids

Answer 9

• Family of compounds related to retinol (Vitamin A)
• Effects:
  
  • Vision, Reproduction, growth, maintenance, of epithelial tissues

Question 10

4 Retinoid Compounds and what they do?

Answer 10

• Retinol - Found in animal tissues, activates genes transcription similar to steroid hormones.
• Retinal (Retinaldehyde) - Oxidation of retinol, can be interconverted
• Retinoic Acid - Mediates most of actions of retinoids except vision
• B - carotene - Mediates vision.

Question 11

Where is retinol stored?

Answer 11

Liver

Question 12

How is retinol transported?

Answer 12

Plasma retinol binding protein

Question 13

Source of Preformed Vitamin A.

Answer 13

Liver, Kidney, Cream, butter and egg yolk.

Question 14

Source of preformed B-Carotene?

Answer 14

Dark green and yellow fruits and veg

Question 15

Vitamin A Deficiency symptoms

Answer 15

• Night blindness
• Xerophthalmia
  
  • Dryness of conjunctiva and cornea
  • Corneal ulceration follows
  • can lead to blindness
• Acne and Psoriasis

Question 16

Prevention of Chronic Disease: High B-carotene does what

Answer 16

Decreases chance of heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration.

Question 17

Vitamin D found in plants?

Answer 17

Ergocalciferol (D2)

Question 18

Vitamin D found in Animals?

Answer 18

Cholecalciferol (D3)

Question 19

Precursor to Vitamin D that synthesizes Vit D when exposed to Light

Answer 19

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 20

Function of 1,25-diOH D3

Answer 20

• Maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium
  
  • Accomplished by:
    
    • Increasing uptake of calcium in intestine
    • Decreasing calcium loss by kidney
    • Stimulating resorption of bone if necessary to maintain serum calcium.

Question 21

Source of 1,25-diOH D3

Answer 21

Fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

Question 22

Deficiency in 1,25 diOH D3

Answer 22

Rickets in children caused by incomplete mineralization of bone.

Question 23

Vitamin E details and function

Answer 23

• Family of 8 naturally occuring tocopherols.
  
  • a-tocopherol is most active
• Primary function: Antioxidant in cell lipid components

Question 24

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 24

• Restricted to premature infants
• Supplemental not recommended for any prevention of chronic disease.

Question 25

RDA of Vitamin E in men and women

Answer 25

Men = 10 mg/day Women = 8 mg/day

Question 26

RDA of Vitamin K

Answer 26

No RDA - 70 to 140 mg/day is recommended.

Question 27

Sources of Vit K.

Answer 27

* Found in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk, and liver. * Synthesized by gut bacteria.

Question 28

Vitamin K toxicity

Answer 28

Prolonged administration can produce hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants.

Question 29

Good source of B vitamins

Answer 29

Whole grains

Question 30

1. Thiamine (B1) 1. Active form? 2. Function?

Answer 30

* Active form = Thiamin pyrophosphate * Function: * Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of a-ketols and oxidative decarboylation of a-keto acids. * Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate plays key role in energy metabolism, vital in nervous system.

Question 31

Disorders related to Thiamine Deficiency?

Answer 31

* Beriberi: Edema seen in the wet form of beriberi. * Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - dietary insufficiency or malabsorption.

Question 32

Riboflavin (B2) Function

Answer 32

* Function as flavin coenzymes (FAD, FADH)

Question 33

Flavins are important for?

Answer 33

* Energy Production * Metabolism of drugs and toxins * Antioxidant * May protect against cataract formation * Integrity of mucous membranes * Activates vitamin B6 * Promotes nail, skin and hair health.

Question 34

Riboflavin B2 Defiency

Answer 34

* Deficiency may impair iron absorption and if not corrected can lead to anemia. * Ariboflavinosis - lesions in the mouth.

Question 35

Niacin (B3) role

Answer 35

* Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) * Serve as coenzymes in redox reactions.

Question 36

NAD functions:

Answer 36

Degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol

Question 37

NADP functions?

Answer 37

Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.

Question 38

Disorder caused by Niacin Deficiency?

Answer 38

Pellagra

Question 39

Pyridoxine - Vit. B6 What is the biological active form? Functions?

Answer 39

* Pyridoxal phosphate * Functions as a coenzyme in many reactions especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids.

Question 40

Pyridoxine - Vit. B6 Deficiencies?

Answer 40

* Rare but can occur with: * Isoniazid treatment of TB * Newborns fed formulas low in B6 * Women taking oral contraceptives * Alcoholics

Question 41

Folic Acid Vitamin B9 Essential for? describe mech.

Answer 41

* One-carbon metabolism for the synthesis of a number of compounds. * Tetrahydrofolate - recieves one-carbon fragments from donors * (Serine, glycine, histidine) transfers them to intermediates in synthesis of amino acids, purines and thimidine.

Question 42

Cause of folic acid deficiency?

Answer 42

Increased demand (pregnancy) Poor absorption alcoholism Treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (Methotrexate).

Question 43

Folic acid defieciency defects?

Answer 43

Neural tube defects and anencephaly.

Question 44

Vitamin B12 How is it obtained?

Answer 44

Animals obtain it by eating food derived from other animals.

Question 45

Deficiency of B12 Disorders

Answer 45

* Pernicious Anemia * CNS Symptoms: * Numbness tingling in hands and feet * Difficulty maintaining balance * Depression * Confusion * Dementia * Soreness of mouth or tongue

Question 46

Ascorbic Acid - Vit. C Role?

Answer 46

* Essential coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions * Production of collagen * Required for maintenance of connective tissue and wound healing. * Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine. * Antioxident.

Question 47

Vit. C Deficiency

Answer 47

* Scurvy * Corkscrew hair with petechiae * Periungual Hemorrhage * Bruising, swollen joints.

Question 48

Biotin Role?

Answer 48

* Metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins * Cooperates with vitamins B2, B3 and B6 * Manufactures Glycogen, fat and detoxification. * Essential in cell growth

Question 49

Biotin Source?

Answer 49

Food, made by the bacteria in the intestines.

Question 50

Pathothenic Acid Role?

Answer 50

* Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein. * CoA contains a thiol group to carry the acyl group as an activated thiol ester.

Question 51

Pantothenic Acid Source?

Answer 51

Eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed.

Question 52

Iron Role and Deficiency?

Answer 52

Essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin production as well as co-factor for many reactions. Deficiency leads to anemia.

Question 53

Calcium Role?

Answer 53

* Bone mineralization * Activator of glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase. * Insulin release * Muscle action * Nitric Oxide Synthase * Cell Signaling * clotting

Question 54

Iodine Role and Deficiency Disorders?

Answer 54

* Essential in small amounts for thyroid hormones * Disorders * Goiter * Cretinism * Reduced mental and physical development * Increased perinatal and neonatal mortality.