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BMR 603 Test 1 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Two classes of Vitamins

A

Water soluble and Fat Soluble

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2
Q

Two main types of Water soluble vitamins?

A

Non-B and B-Complex

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3
Q

Example of Non-B vitamin?

A

Ascorbic Acid (C)

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4
Q

Three types of B-Complex vitamins?

A

Energy Releasing and Hematopoietic

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5
Q

Examples of Energy Releasing B-complex vitamins.

A
  • B1 - Thiamine
  • B2 - Riboflavin
  • B3 - Niacin
  • Biotin
  • Panthothenic Acid
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6
Q

Examples of Hematopoietic B-complex vitamins?

A

Folic Acid and B12

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7
Q

Examples of Fat Soluble Vitamins:

A
  • Vit. A - retinol
  • Vit. D - Cholecalciferol
  • Vit. E - Tocopherols
  • Vit. K - Phylloquinones
  • Menaquinones
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8
Q

Examples of “Other” B-complex vitamins?

A
  • B6 - pyridoxine
  • Pyridoxal
  • Pyridoxamine
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9
Q

Retinoids

A
  • Family of compounds related to retinol (Vitamin A)
  • Effects:
    • Vision, Reproduction, growth, maintenance, of epithelial tissues
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10
Q

4 Retinoid Compounds and what they do?

A
  • Retinol - Found in animal tissues, activates genes transcription similar to steroid hormones.
  • Retinal (Retinaldehyde) - Oxidation of retinol, can be interconverted
  • Retinoic Acid - Mediates most of actions of retinoids except vision
  • B - carotene - Mediates vision.
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11
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

Liver

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12
Q

How is retinol transported?

A

Plasma retinol binding protein

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13
Q

Source of Preformed Vitamin A.

A

Liver, Kidney, Cream, butter and egg yolk.

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14
Q

Source of preformed B-Carotene?

A

Dark green and yellow fruits and veg

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15
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency symptoms

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerophthalmia
    • Dryness of conjunctiva and cornea
    • Corneal ulceration follows
    • can lead to blindness
  • Acne and Psoriasis
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16
Q

Prevention of Chronic Disease: High B-carotene does what

A

Decreases chance of heart disease, lung and skin cancer, cataracts and macular degeneration.

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17
Q

Vitamin D found in plants?

A

Ergocalciferol (D2)

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18
Q

Vitamin D found in Animals?

A

Cholecalciferol (D3)

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19
Q

Precursor to Vitamin D that synthesizes Vit D when exposed to Light

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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20
Q

Function of 1,25-diOH D3

A
  • Maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium
    • Accomplished by:
      • Increasing uptake of calcium in intestine
      • Decreasing calcium loss by kidney
      • Stimulating resorption of bone if necessary to maintain serum calcium.
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21
Q

Source of 1,25-diOH D3

A

Fatty fish, liver, egg yolk

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22
Q

Deficiency in 1,25 diOH D3

A

Rickets in children caused by incomplete mineralization of bone.

23
Q

Vitamin E details and function

A
  • Family of 8 naturally occuring tocopherols.
    • a-tocopherol is most active
  • Primary function: Antioxidant in cell lipid components
24
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Restricted to premature infants
  • Supplemental not recommended for any prevention of chronic disease.
25
Q

RDA of Vitamin E in men and women

A

Men = 10 mg/day

Women = 8 mg/day

26
Q

RDA of Vitamin K

A

No RDA - 70 to 140 mg/day is recommended.

27
Q

Sources of Vit K.

A
  • Found in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk, and liver.
    • Synthesized by gut bacteria.
28
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

Prolonged administration can produce hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants.

29
Q

Good source of B vitamins

A

Whole grains

30
Q
  1. Thiamine (B1)
    1. Active form?
    2. Function?
A
  • Active form = Thiamin pyrophosphate
  • Function:
    • Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of a-ketols and oxidative decarboylation of a-keto acids.
    • Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate plays key role in energy metabolism, vital in nervous system.
31
Q

Disorders related to Thiamine Deficiency?

A
  • Beriberi: Edema seen in the wet form of beriberi.
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - dietary insufficiency or malabsorption.
32
Q

Riboflavin (B2) Function

A
  • Function as flavin coenzymes (FAD, FADH)
33
Q

Flavins are important for?

A
  • Energy Production
  • Metabolism of drugs and toxins
  • Antioxidant
  • May protect against cataract formation
  • Integrity of mucous membranes
  • Activates vitamin B6
  • Promotes nail, skin and hair health.
34
Q

Riboflavin B2 Defiency

A
  • Deficiency may impair iron absorption and if not corrected can lead to anemia.
  • Ariboflavinosis - lesions in the mouth.
35
Q

Niacin (B3) role

A
  • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
    • Serve as coenzymes in redox reactions.
36
Q

NAD functions:

A

Degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol

37
Q

NADP functions?

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.

38
Q

Disorder caused by Niacin Deficiency?

A

Pellagra

39
Q

Pyridoxine - Vit. B6

What is the biological active form?

Functions?

A
  • Pyridoxal phosphate
    • Functions as a coenzyme in many reactions especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids.
40
Q

Pyridoxine - Vit. B6

Deficiencies?

A
  • Rare but can occur with:
    • Isoniazid treatment of TB
    • Newborns fed formulas low in B6
    • Women taking oral contraceptives
    • Alcoholics
41
Q

Folic Acid Vitamin B9

Essential for? describe mech.

A
  • One-carbon metabolism for the synthesis of a number of compounds.
  • Tetrahydrofolate - recieves one-carbon fragments from donors
    • (Serine, glycine, histidine) transfers them to intermediates in synthesis of amino acids, purines and thimidine.
42
Q

Cause of folic acid deficiency?

A

Increased demand (pregnancy)

Poor absorption

alcoholism

Treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (Methotrexate).

43
Q

Folic acid defieciency defects?

A

Neural tube defects and anencephaly.

44
Q

Vitamin B12

How is it obtained?

A

Animals obtain it by eating food derived from other animals.

45
Q

Deficiency of B12 Disorders

A
  • Pernicious Anemia
    • CNS Symptoms:
      • Numbness tingling in hands and feet
      • Difficulty maintaining balance
      • Depression
      • Confusion
      • Dementia
      • Soreness of mouth or tongue
46
Q

Ascorbic Acid - Vit. C

Role?

A
  • Essential coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions
    • Production of collagen
  • Required for maintenance of connective tissue and wound healing.
  • Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine.
  • Antioxident.
47
Q

Vit. C Deficiency

A
  • Scurvy
  • Corkscrew hair with petechiae
  • Periungual Hemorrhage
  • Bruising, swollen joints.
48
Q

Biotin

Role?

A
  • Metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins
  • Cooperates with vitamins B2, B3 and B6
  • Manufactures Glycogen, fat and detoxification.
  • Essential in cell growth
49
Q

Biotin Source?

A

Food, made by the bacteria in the intestines.

50
Q

Pathothenic Acid Role?

A
  • Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein.
  • CoA contains a thiol group to carry the acyl group as an activated thiol ester.
51
Q

Pantothenic Acid Source?

A

Eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed.

52
Q

Iron

Role and Deficiency?

A

Essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin production as well as co-factor for many reactions.

Deficiency leads to anemia.

53
Q

Calcium

Role?

A
  • Bone mineralization
  • Activator of glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.
  • Insulin release
  • Muscle action
  • Nitric Oxide Synthase
  • Cell Signaling
  • clotting
54
Q

Iodine

Role and Deficiency Disorders?

A
  • Essential in small amounts for thyroid hormones
  • Disorders
    • Goiter
    • Cretinism
    • Reduced mental and physical development
    • Increased perinatal and neonatal mortality.

BMR 603 Test 1 (10 decks)

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