Nutrition Flashcards by Joseph Deaton

Nutrients

All constituents of food necessary to sustain normal functions of the body.

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Macronutrients

Proteins, fats and carbohydrates

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Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

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Human body survives despite:

Common abuse Negligence Stress

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Balance

Nutrient balance is the net change in the amount of a nutrient within a person’s body.

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Homeostasis

Short term ability to adjust

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Adaptation

From a nutrient perspective adaptation is the long term adjustment.

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EAR

Estimated average requirement: Meets requirement of 1/2 of healthy individuals

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RDA

Recommended Daily allowance: Level sufficient to meet nutrient requirement of nearly all in a life stage and gender group.

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Adequate intake: Insufficient evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA.

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Tolerable upper limit: highest average intake likely to pose no risk.

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Two sets of standards 0

Daily Reference Values and Reference Daily Intakes

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Daily Refence Values

DRV - Used on other nutrients that have a significant impact on health.

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Reference Daily Intake

RDI - Used for nutrients to ensure you get enough of them.

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Estimated energy requirement

Average energy intake to maintain energy balance, 2000 daily kcal

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Total Energy Expenditure

TEE - Reflects the sum of the processes through which the body expends energy.

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CVD

Cardiovascular Disease

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Strongest correlation among the effects of dietary fats on CVD

Serum LDL

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Other variables that increase risk for CVD

High plasma lipids, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.

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Saturated fats ______ total cholesterol and _____ risk for CVD

Increase

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Sources of triglycerides

Meat, Dairy, Coconut and palm oils.

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Effects of Monosaturated Fats?

Decreases LDL, no change in HDL.

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Sources of Monosaturated fats?

Mediterranean diet; fresh fruit, veg, nuts, low red meat, major fat is olive oil.

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Essential Polyunsaturated fatty acid?

N-6 PUFA N-3 PUFA

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N-6 PUFA deficiency symptoms

Scaly dermatitis, hair loss, poor wound healing.

Sources of N-6 PUFA

Nuts, avocados, soybeans, sesame, cottonseed, corn oil.

Effects of N-6 PUFA

Lowers total cholesterol and lowers both LDL and HDL.

Effects of N-3 PUFA

Suppress Cardiac arrhythmias, decrease serum TG, decrease tendency to thrombosis, substantially reduce risk of CVD.

Sources of N-3 PUFA

Leafy green plants, canola and flax oils, fish, walnuts

Chemical name for N-6 PUFA

Linoleic Acid

Chemical name for N-3 PUFA

Alpha-linolenic acid

Oleic acid and Elaidic Acid are what kind of isomers?

Geometric

Oil with highest % saturated fatty acids

Coconut oil

Oil with highest % unsaturated fatty acids?

Canola oil

Dietary cholesterol effect?

Does not alter total cholesterol as much the amount and type of fat consumed.

CVD: Plant Sterols

B-Sitosterol; inhibit intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Carry cholesterol out of enterocytes.

CVD: Soy protein

May decrease LDL cholesterol in patients with high cholesterol.

CVD: Alcohol

Moderate consumption may increase HDL, red wine also contains phenolic antioxidants.

CVD: Vit. B6, B12, and folate?

Enzymes that require these vitamins convert homocysteine to harmless amino acids.

Monosaccharides

Glucose and fructose

Disaccharide examples

* Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose) * Lactose (Glucose + Galactose) * Maltose (Glucose + Glucose)

Complex Sugars

Polysaccharides - usually starches that do not have sweet taste, most often polymers of glucose.

Glucose molecules in plant starches are linked how?

Alpha-1,4 (amylose) or alpha-1,6 (amylopectin) **glycosidic bonds**

Dietary Fiber: Cellulose form and traits

* B-1,4 glycosidic bond * Nondigestible (by humans) carbohydrates and lignin

Functional Fiber

Has been shown to have health benefits

Total Fiber

sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber

Soluble Fiber

Fiber that forms a gel when mixed with water

Insoluble fiber

Largely not digested

Recommended daily fiber intake for men and women

38g/day for men 25g/day for women

Disease - Carbohydrate Intolerance

* Hyperglycemia (Diabetes): * Either insulin deficiency or absence * Tissue resistance to insulin action * Abnormal glucose levels in the blood

Glycemic index

Attempt to quantify the degree of blood sugar rise caused by a food, clinical importance is controversial.

Lactose intolerance

Inability to digest the disaccharide lactose to its monosaccharide units (galactose and glucose) for absorption.

Celiac Sprue and Celiac Disease

* Celiac Sprue in adults (70% of cases are in women) * Celiac disease in children are disorders characterized by malabsorption and intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat and wheat products.

Dental Caries

Tooth Decay

Indispensible Proteins

Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

Dispensable Proteins

Alanine Aspartic Acid Asparagine Glutamic Acid Serine

What makes a protein Conditionally indispensable?

If the requisit precursors are unavalable then they are indispensable.

Conditionally Indispensable

Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glycine Proline Tyrosine

These precursors make: Glutamine/glutamate, aspartate

Arginine

These precursors make: Methionine, serine

Cysteine

These precursors make: Glutamic Acid and ammonia

Glutamine

These precursors make: Serine, Choline

Glycine

These precursors make: Glutamate

Proline

These precursors make: Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

Are animal proteins high or low quality proteins,

High quality.

Role of Nitrogen Balance

* Measure of protein intake/excretion

Effect of Positive Nitrogen balance

Times of tissue growth

Effects of Negative Nitrogen Balance

Equates to loss of tissue inadequate intake, lack of essential amino acid physiological stress.

Kwashiorkor

* Malnutrition disorder seen in Nigerian orphanage in the late 1960s. * Protein deficiency greater than calorie deficiency. * Key symptom: gray-blond hair.

Marasmus

Typically very young child, deficiency in protein and total calories.

Given that a 70 Kg man is consuming a daily average of 275g if carbohydrate, 75 g of protein and 65g of lipid, one can draw which of the following conclusions.

The proportions of carbohydrate, protein and lipid in the diet conform to the recommendations of academic groups and government agencies.

Which of the following statements about dietary lipid is correct?

Fatty acids containing double bonds in the trans configuration, unlike the naturally occurring cis isomers, raise plasma cholesterol levels.

A sedentary 50-year old man, weighing 80 kg (176 pounds) requests a physical examination. He denies any health problems. Routine blood analysis is unremarkable except for plasma cholesterol of 280 mg/dl. The man refuses drug therapy for his hypercholesterolemia. Analysis of a 1-day dietary recall showed.... Changes in which one of the following dietary components would have the greatest effect in lowering plasma cholesterol?

saturated fat