Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

Question 2

The water soluble non-B vitamin?

Answer 2

Vitamin C

Question 3

5 energy releasing B-complex vitamins

Answer 3

B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid

Question 4

Hematopoietic B-complex vitamins

Answer 4

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

Question 5

Functions of retinoids (4)

Answer 5

Vision, reproduction, growth, and maintenance of epithelial tissues.

Question 6

Which vitamin is involved in vision and spermatogenesis?

Answer 6

Retinol/Retinal (Vitamin A)

Question 7

What can be split to form two molecules of retinal?

Answer 7

beta carotene

Question 8

Which form of Vitamin A performs most of its functions?

Answer 8

Retinoic acid

Question 9

Where are retinol esters hydrolyzed and into what?

Answer 9

intensine. becomes retinol and fatty acid

Question 10

Where is retinol stored?

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

What function, similar to steroid hormones, does retinoic acid carry out?

Answer 11

activates gene transcription

Question 12

Which vitamin-derivative participates in mitochondrial energy transfer?

Answer 12

Retinoic Acid

Question 13

Light has what effect on rhodopsin?

Answer 13

Converts 11-cis retinal to all-trans-retinal

Question 14

Liver, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolk are good sources of what?

Answer 14

Vitamin A

Question 15

Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables are good sources of what?

Answer 15

beta-carotene

Question 16

Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in what?

Answer 16

Vitamin A

Question 17

Dryness of conjunctive and cornea, corneal ulcertation follows, and can lead to blindness

Answer 17

Xeropthalmia (consequence of Vit A deficiency)

Question 18

Topical application of all trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) for mild cases and 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin) orally for severe cases – used for what two conditions?

Answer 18

Acne and psoriasis

Question 19

Exceeding 7.5 mg/day (of relevant vitamin). Results in dry skin, enlarged/cirrhotic liver, rise in intracranial pressure (mimicking a brain tumor). Excess in pregnancy could cause congenital malformation in fetus.

Answer 19

Hypervitaminosis A

Question 20

Group of sterols with hormone-like functions.

Answer 20

Vitamin D

Question 21

Precursor to cholecalciferol (D3, animal)

Answer 21

7-dehydrocholesterol (located in the skin)

Question 22

How does 1,25-diOH D3 maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium?

Answer 22

1) increasing uptake of calcium by intestine
2) decreasing calcium loss by kidney
3) stimulating resorption of bone if necessary to maintain serum Ca

Question 23

Deficiency of Vitamin D caused by incomplete mineralization of bone

Answer 23

Rickets

Question 24

What causes osteomalacia?

Answer 24

Demineralization of preexisting bones

Question 25

Inability to form active 1,25-diOH D3, caused by chronic renal failure

Answer 25

Renal Rickets

Question 26

What does hypoparathyroidism cause? (2)

Answer 26

Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

Question 27

What is the most active Vitamin E?

Answer 27

alpha tocopherol

Question 28

Primary function of vitamin E

Answer 28

antioxidant in cell lipid components

Question 29

Vitamin E is a family of 8 naturally occurring _____

Answer 29

tocopherols

Question 30

What demographic is Vitamin E deficiency restricted to?

Answer 30

Premature infants

Question 31

Vitamin K works with what all in the blood clotting cascade?

Answer 31

Prothrombin and Factors II, VII, IX and X

Question 32

Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk and liver are good sources of which vitamin?

Answer 32

Vitamin K

Question 33

Prolonged administration of which vitamin can cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants?

Answer 33

Vitamin K

Question 34

Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of alpha-ketols and oxidative carboxylation of alpha-keto acids

Answer 34

Thiamine (B1)

Question 35

What is the active form of Thiamine (B1)

Answer 35

thiamine pyrophosphate

Question 36

Thiamine deficiency

Answer 36

Beriberi (peripheral nerve damage)

Question 37

Dietary insufficiency or malabsorption (Thiamine)

Answer 37

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (central nervous system lesions)

Question 38

Deficiency of which vitamin may impair iron absorption and perhaps lead to anemia?

Answer 38

Riboflavin (B2)

Question 39

Functions of NAD (4)

Answer 39

Degradation of... 1) carbohydrates 2) fats 3) proteins 4) alcohol

Question 40

NADP functions in the synthesis of... (2)

Answer 40

Fatty acids and cholesterol

Question 41

Deficiency of Niacin (B3)

Answer 41

Pellagra

Question 42

Biologically active form of pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 42

pyridoxal phosphate

Question 43

Role of Pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 43

Functions as a coenzyme in many reactions, especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids

Question 44

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States?

Answer 44

Folic Acid (B9)

Question 45

Causes of folic acid (B9) deficiency (4)

Answer 45

1) increased demand (pregnancy) 2) poor absorption 3) alcoholism 4) treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (such as methotrexate)

Question 46

What synthesizes Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) and where is not present?

Answer 46

Synthesized only by microorganisms. It's not present in plants

Question 47

Glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells essential for B12 absorption

Answer 47

Intrinsic Factor

Question 48

What's the deficiency? CNS symptoms of Pernicious Anemia: numbness and tingling in the hands and feet; difficulty maintaining balance; depression; confusion; dementia; poor memory; and soreness of the mouth or tongue

Answer 48

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 49

Vitamin C

Answer 49

Ascorbic Acid

Question 50

Essential coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions, especially the production of collagen. Required for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing.

Answer 50

Vitamin C / ascorbic acid

Question 51

Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine

Answer 51

Vitamin C / ascorbic acid

Question 52

Gingival hemorrhage, corscrew hair with petechiae, periungal hemorrhage, bruising, swollen joints

Answer 52

Scurvy (Vit C deficiency)

Question 53

Important for metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins. Cooperates with Vitamins B2, B3, and B6. Important in the manufacture of glycogen, fat, and detoxification

Answer 53

Biotin

Question 54

Source of biotin

Answer 54

Food, made by the bacteria in the intestines

Question 55

Chronic consumption of what limits biotin absorption

Answer 55

raw egg whites

Question 56

Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein. CoA contains a thiol group to carry the acyl group as an activated thiol ester (dunno why thats important but whatever)

Answer 56

Pantothenic acid

Question 57

Sources of pantothenic acid

Answer 57

eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed

Question 58

Essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin production as well as a co-factor for many reactions

Answer 58

Iron

Question 59

Pale mucous membranes in the eye and the tongue are sings of what?

Answer 59

Anemia / iron deficiency

Question 60

Calcium is essential for...

Answer 60

Bone mineralization, insulin release, muscle action, nitric oxide synthase, cell signaling, and clotting

Question 61

Calcium is needed as an activator of... (3)

Answer 61

glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phopshatase

Question 62

Essential in small amounts to make thyroid hormones

Answer 62

Iodine

Question 63

Goiter, cretinism, reduced mental/physical development, and increased perinatal and neonatal mortality

Answer 63

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)

Question 64

Vitamin K1 and K2 are respectively..

Answer 64

Phylloquinone and menaquinones