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EoM 3 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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2
Q

The water soluble non-B vitamin?

A

Vitamin C

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3
Q

5 energy releasing B-complex vitamins

A

B1, B2, B3, Biotin, Pantothenic acid

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4
Q

Hematopoietic B-complex vitamins

A

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

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5
Q

Functions of retinoids (4)

A

Vision, reproduction, growth, and maintenance of epithelial tissues.

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6
Q

Which vitamin is involved in vision and spermatogenesis?

A

Retinol/Retinal (Vitamin A)

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7
Q

What can be split to form two molecules of retinal?

A

beta carotene

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8
Q

Which form of Vitamin A performs most of its functions?

A

Retinoic acid

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9
Q

Where are retinol esters hydrolyzed and into what?

A

intensine. becomes retinol and fatty acid

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10
Q

Where is retinol stored?

A

liver

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11
Q

What function, similar to steroid hormones, does retinoic acid carry out?

A

activates gene transcription

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12
Q

Which vitamin-derivative participates in mitochondrial energy transfer?

A

Retinoic Acid

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13
Q

Light has what effect on rhodopsin?

A

Converts 11-cis retinal to all-trans-retinal

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14
Q

Liver, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolk are good sources of what?

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables are good sources of what?

A

beta-carotene

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16
Q

Night blindness is caused by a deficiency in what?

A

Vitamin A

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17
Q

Dryness of conjunctive and cornea, corneal ulcertation follows, and can lead to blindness

A

Xeropthalmia (consequence of Vit A deficiency)

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18
Q

Topical application of all trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) for mild cases and 13-cis retinoic acid (isotretinoin) orally for severe cases – used for what two conditions?

A

Acne and psoriasis

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19
Q

Exceeding 7.5 mg/day (of relevant vitamin). Results in dry skin, enlarged/cirrhotic liver, rise in intracranial pressure (mimicking a brain tumor). Excess in pregnancy could cause congenital malformation in fetus.

A

Hypervitaminosis A

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20
Q

Group of sterols with hormone-like functions.

A

Vitamin D

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21
Q

Precursor to cholecalciferol (D3, animal)

A

7-dehydrocholesterol (located in the skin)

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22
Q

How does 1,25-diOH D3 maintain adequate plasma levels of calcium?

A

1) increasing uptake of calcium by intestine
2) decreasing calcium loss by kidney
3) stimulating resorption of bone if necessary to maintain serum Ca

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23
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D caused by incomplete mineralization of bone

A

Rickets

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24
Q

What causes osteomalacia?

A

Demineralization of preexisting bones

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25
Q

Inability to form active 1,25-diOH D3, caused by chronic renal failure

A

Renal Rickets

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26
Q

What does hypoparathyroidism cause? (2)

A

Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

27
Q

What is the most active Vitamin E?

A

alpha tocopherol

28
Q

Primary function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant in cell lipid components

29
Q

Vitamin E is a family of 8 naturally occurring _____

A

tocopherols

30
Q

What demographic is Vitamin E deficiency restricted to?

A

Premature infants

31
Q

Vitamin K works with what all in the blood clotting cascade?

A

Prothrombin and Factors II, VII, IX and X

32
Q

Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg yolk and liver are good sources of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

33
Q

Prolonged administration of which vitamin can cause hemolytic anemia and jaundice in infants?

A

Vitamin K

34
Q

Acts as a coenzyme in formation or degradation of alpha-ketols and oxidative carboxylation of alpha-keto acids

A

Thiamine (B1)

35
Q

What is the active form of Thiamine (B1)

A

thiamine pyrophosphate

36
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A

Beriberi (peripheral nerve damage)

37
Q

Dietary insufficiency or malabsorption (Thiamine)

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (central nervous system lesions)

38
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin may impair iron absorption and perhaps lead to anemia?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

39
Q

Functions of NAD (4)

A

Degradation of…

1) carbohydrates
2) fats
3) proteins
4) alcohol

40
Q

NADP functions in the synthesis of… (2)

A

Fatty acids and cholesterol

41
Q

Deficiency of Niacin (B3)

A

Pellagra

42
Q

Biologically active form of pyridoxine (B6)

A

pyridoxal phosphate

43
Q

Role of Pyridoxine (B6)

A

Functions as a coenzyme in many reactions, especially those catalyzing reactions involving amino acids

44
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the United States?

A

Folic Acid (B9)

45
Q

Causes of folic acid (B9) deficiency (4)

A

1) increased demand (pregnancy)
2) poor absorption
3) alcoholism
4) treatment with dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (such as methotrexate)

46
Q

What synthesizes Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) and where is not present?

A

Synthesized only by microorganisms. It’s not present in plants

47
Q

Glycoprotein synthesized by the gastric parietal cells essential for B12 absorption

A

Intrinsic Factor

48
Q

What’s the deficiency? CNS symptoms of Pernicious Anemia: numbness and tingling in the hands and feet; difficulty maintaining balance; depression; confusion; dementia; poor memory; and soreness of the mouth or tongue

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

49
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic Acid

50
Q

Essential coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions, especially the production of collagen. Required for maintenance of normal connective tissue, wound healing.

A

Vitamin C / ascorbic acid

51
Q

Facilitates absorption of iron by small intestine

A

Vitamin C / ascorbic acid

52
Q

Gingival hemorrhage, corscrew hair with petechiae, periungal hemorrhage, bruising, swollen joints

A

Scurvy (Vit C deficiency)

53
Q

Important for metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins. Cooperates with Vitamins B2, B3, and B6. Important in the manufacture of glycogen, fat, and detoxification

A

Biotin

54
Q

Source of biotin

A

Food, made by the bacteria in the intestines

55
Q

Chronic consumption of what limits biotin absorption

A

raw egg whites

56
Q

Component of CoA and acyl carrier protein. CoA contains a thiol group to carry the acyl group as an activated thiol ester (dunno why thats important but whatever)

A

Pantothenic acid

57
Q

Sources of pantothenic acid

A

eggs, liver, yeast but widely distributed

58
Q

Essential for hemoglobin and myoglobin production as well as a co-factor for many reactions

A

Iron

59
Q

Pale mucous membranes in the eye and the tongue are sings of what?

A

Anemia / iron deficiency

60
Q

Calcium is essential for…

A

Bone mineralization, insulin release, muscle action, nitric oxide synthase, cell signaling, and clotting

61
Q

Calcium is needed as an activator of… (3)

A

glycogen degradation, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase phopshatase

62
Q

Essential in small amounts to make thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

63
Q

Goiter, cretinism, reduced mental/physical development, and increased perinatal and neonatal mortality

A

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)

64
Q

Vitamin K1 and K2 are respectively..

A

Phylloquinone and menaquinones

EoM 3 (10 decks)

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