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Module I > Vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

A

1mg retinol or 6mg B-carotene; important for the maintenance of reproduction and vision, promotion of growth, differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and toxicity

A

Deficiency = night blindness, keratinization of epithelial cells; toxicity = excessive intake causes skin to become dry and pruritic (itchy), liver enlarged, rise in intracranial pressure

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3
Q

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

A

1.5 mg/day; converted to thiamine pyrophosphate; ATP (Alpha-keto glutarate dehydrogenase, Transketolase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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4
Q

Beri-beri

A

deficiency of B1; dry beri beri = polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting; wet beri beri = high output cardiac failure, edema

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5
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

common in alcoholic caused by thiamine deficiency -> confusion, ataxia, vision changes like nystagmus (back and forth movements) and double vision

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6
Q

Korsakoff psychosis

A

common in alcoholic caused by thiamine deficiency -> loss of memory, inability to form new ones, make up stories, hallucinations

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7
Q

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

A

1.7 mg/day; precursor for the coenzymes, FMN and FAD

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8
Q

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency

A

skin lesions, red tongue, cheliosis (chapped and fissured lips), angular stomatitis (inflammation of the corners of the mouth)

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9
Q

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

A

19 mg/day; as nicotinic acid or nicotinamide it is a precursor for the coenzymes NAD and NADP

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10
Q

Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency

A

Pellagra (3Ds of B3: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and if severe, death)

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11
Q

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

A

Not established, maybe 5-10 mg/day; precursor of pantotheine, forms part of CoA (AMP + pantothenic acid + cysteamine)

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12
Q

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

A

2 mg/day; pyridoxine (pyridoxol) is a precursor of pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing transamination (ALT and AST), decarboxylation (catecholamines, GABA, histamine), and for glycogen phosphorylase

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13
Q

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) deficiency

A

dermatitis, convulsion, microcytic anemia

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14
Q

Isoniazid

A

used to treat TB; similar structure to pyroxidine, leading to pyroxidine (vitamin B6) deficiency

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15
Q

Biotin (Vitamin B7)

A

no established RDA; acts as coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in covalent linkage to lysine side chains of enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase)

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16
Q

Biotin (Vitamin B7) deficiency

A

avidin from raw eggs can cause biotin deficiency -> dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, muscle pain

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17
Q

Folic acid (Vitamin B9)

A

400 ug/day; precursor for tetrahydrofolate that is used as a carrier of one carbon units at different levels of oxidation

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18
Q

Folic acid (Vitamin B9) deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia, GI disturbances; infants born from folic acid deficient women are at risk for neural tube defects

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19
Q

Sulfanilamide (and other sulfonamides)

A

antibiotics that competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase in the folic acid synthesis of microorganims -> can not synthesize nucleotides needed for their replication

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20
Q

Methotrexate, aminopterin

A

competitively inhibits dihydrofolate reductase preventing the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid; used in acute leukemia in children

21
Q

Trimethoprim

A

antibiotic that selectively inhibits prokaryotic dihydrofolate reductase

22
Q

“Folate trap”

A

B12 deficiency causes the THF can end up irreversibly in the Methyl-THF form -> no THF for reactions

23
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

A

3 ug/day; complex multiple ring structure which includes a cobalt atom, used in methylmalonyl CoA isomerase (breakdown of some amino acids, odd chain FA) and homocysteine:tetrahydrofolate methyl transferase

24
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

A

pernicious anemia (with megaloblastic anemia, but caused by lack of intrinsic factors) and degeneration of spinal cord neurons; need to intramuscularly inject this vitamin

25
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

60mg/day; water soluble antioxidant and it promotes the hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen. Ascorbic acid is also required in the synthesis of carnitine, norepinephrine (from dopamine), and bile acids.

26
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency

A

Scurvy (hemorrhage, impaired wound healing, and bone formation)

27
Q

Vitamin D

A

15 ug/day; regulation of calcium levels through actions on the intestine, kidney, and bone. Requires conversion to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to form active compound

28
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Deficiency -> rickets (defective mineralization) osteomalacia (softening of bones)

29
Q

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

A

10mg/day; lipid-soluble antioxidant and helps prevent lipid damage

30
Q

Vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency

A

associated with lysis of erythrocytes; rare state can lead to mild neurological dysfunction

31
Q

Vitamin K

A

no RDA but 70-140 ug; coenzyme for the carboxylation of glutamic acid side chains of some blood clotting factors (factors II, VII, IX, X ->1972, watergate scandal)

32
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

prolonged blood clotting times

33
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin a, d, e, k

34
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin b, c

35
Q

6 macro-minerals

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium

36
Q

9 trace minerals

A

copper, fluoride, iron, iodine, selenium, zinc, chromium, manganese, molybdenum

37
Q

Possibly essential trace minerals

A

arsenic (+5), boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium

38
Q

Most comon mineral deficiencies in the world

A

Iron, iodine, zinc

39
Q

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

A

autosomal recessive; mutation in Zip4 zinc transporter gene with poor zinc absorption in the jejunum -> skin lesions, diarrhea, alopecia, growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immunity and infection

40
Q

Severe zinc deficiency

A

skin lesions, diarrhea, alopecia, anorexia

41
Q

Zinc effect on copper

A

zinc reduces intestinal absorption of copper

42
Q

Wilson_s disease

A

autosomal recessive, toxicity from high organ copper levels (liver, brain, kidneys) -> skin lesions, alopecia; treat with penicillamine with high dose zinc

43
Q

Copper deficiency

A

very rare (zinc-induced by supplementation or denture creams, gastrectomy, GI disease) -> microcytic anemia, neuropathy, neutropenia, leukopenia

44
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

excess GI iron absorption, mostly seen in men > 35 years old; non-specific, bronze skin -> liver cirrhoisis/carcinoma; treat by reducing iron and ethanol, phlebotomy

45
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Prevalence particularly in the young (1-2 years old) and in menstruating women (16-49) because menstruation causes loss of iron

46
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Deficiency causes enlarged thyroid (goiter), impaired growth, severe mental retardation (cretinism); probably increases risk for follicular cancer

47
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

possibly increases risk for papillary cancer

48
Q

Food fortification may benefit some members of a population, but provide no benefit or even adversely affect others in the population

A

Elderly have high iron stores but iron fortification is good for young children, teenage girls, fertile and pregnant women; iodine prevents cretinism/ impaired growth but overdose can affect thyroid function and cancer risk

Module I (9 decks)

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