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BIOCHEMISTRY MED1 > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

The most widely used method of assessing vitamin B6 status is by the activation of ______________ by pyridoxal phosphate added in vitro, expressed as the ________________.

A

erythrocyte transaminases

activation coefficient

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2
Q

In Excess, Vitamin B6 Causes:

A

Sensory Neuropathy

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3
Q

There is some slight evidence that taking 2 to 7 g of pyridoxine per day is effective in treating:

A

premenstrual syndrome

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4
Q

VITAMIN ____ IS FOUND ONLY IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

A

B12

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5
Q

Deficiency state that results from inadequate absorption

A

Secondary

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6
Q

Deficiency state that results from increased requirement

A

Secondary

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7
Q

Deficiency state that results from inadequate intake

A

Primary

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8
Q

Deficiency state that results from medication

A

Secondary

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9
Q

The nine B vitamins are considered as:

water soluble or fat soluble?

A

water soluble
(B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12)
also Non-B complex (ascorbic acid/ vitamin C)

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10
Q

Which classification of vitamins are mostly converted to co-enzymes and are used in metabolic pathways and hematopoiesis?

A

Water-soluble

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11
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are only absorbed with:

A

fatty acids, bile, and pancreatic secretions

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12
Q

Which classification of vitamins can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue?

A

Fat soluble

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13
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin has a coenzyme function?

A

Vitamin K

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14
Q

Which classification of vitamins is more likely to cause toxicity with overdose or megadose?

A

Fat-soluble

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15
Q

Which classification of vitamins is needed in frequent doses?

A

Water-soluble

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16
Q

Which classification of vitamins is needed in periodic doses (weeks to months)?

A

Fat-soluble

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17
Q

True or False:

Minerals regulate enzyme activity

A

true

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18
Q

True or False:

Minerals maintain acid balance and osmotic pressure

A

True

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19
Q

Which of the following is not characterized by minerals?
A. Facilitates membrane transfer of essential compounds
B. Helps in maintaining nerve and muscular activity or irritability
C. May be structural constituents to body tissue
D. Involved directly in the growth process
E. Regulates enzyme activity

A

D. involved INDIRECTLY in the growth process

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20
Q

Macrominerals are essential at levels ____ mg/day for adults

A

100 mg/day

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21
Q

Required intake of Trace elements is less than ____ mg/day

A

1000

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22
Q 
Which of the following is a macromineral?
A. Magnesium
B. Manganese
C. Chylomicron
D. Copper
A

A. Magnesium

→ Macrominerals are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chloride

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23
Q 
Which of the following trace elements has no clear function?
A. Cobalt
B. Molybdenum
C. Silicon
D. Selenium
A

C. Silicon

Essential trace elements, function not clear
▪ Silicon, vanadium, nickel, tin, cadmium

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24
Q

Which macrominerals are important for tissue/bone structure?

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur

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25
Q

Which macrominerals are important for membrane function and have regulatory roles?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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26
Q

Which trace element, though essential but with no clear function, is quite toxic in excess?

A

Cadmium

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27
Q

Main active form of Vitamin A

A

retinol (all-trans-retinol)

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28
Q

What are the other active forms of Vit A apart from retinol?

A

▪ Retinaldehyde (instead of OH group, has an aldehyde)
▪ Retinoic acid (all-trans retinoic acid; carboxyl group)
▪ Beta-carotene

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29
Q

Precursor of vitamin A

A

carotenoids or carotenes

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30
Q

The most important precursor of Vit A

A

beta-carotene

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31
Q

Which vitamin is formed from cryptoxanthines?

A

Vit A

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32
Q

Beta-carotene (carotenoids) is cleaved in the intestinal mucosa by ______ forming retinaldehyde or retinoic acid

A

carotene dioxygenase

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33
Q

lipoprotein that carries retinol to the liver

A

Chylomicron

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34
Q

Beta-ionone ring is found in which vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

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35
Q

True or False:

Conversion of carotenoids to retinol is nearly 100%

A

True

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36
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin is important for the synthesis of transferrin?

A

Vit A

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37
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamin functions for Growth and maintenance of epithelial tissues?

A

Vit A (Retinol and retinoic acid)

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38
Q

Amino acid residue of opsin for combination with 11-cis retinal?

A

Lys

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39
Q

Which vitamin A receptor binds both all-trans-retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid?

A

retinoic acid receptor (RAR)

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40
Q

Which vitamin A receptor binds only 9-cis-retinoic acid?

A

retinoid X receptor (RXR)

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41
Q

__________ is a chain-breaking antioxidant that acts on radicals derived from PUFAs (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) in lipid peroxidation

A

β-carotene

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42
Q

True or False:

Vitamin A has a role in the differentiation of immune cells.

A

True

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43
Q

Foods that normally have pre-formed retinol

A

→ Liver, egg yolk, milk, butter

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44
Q

Main sources of carotenoids:

A

→ mainly from plant sources – dark green and yellow vegetables, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, oily fruits, and red palm oil

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45
Q

Vitamin deficiency of patient with abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye with inflammation with ridge formation (leading to total blindness)

A

Vit A (xerophthalmia = keratinization of cornea)

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46
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can be biochemically equivalent to which type of anemia?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

but in the presence of adequate iron intake

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47
Q

Deficiency of which form of vitamin A can repress gene expression?

A

9-cis retinoic acid

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48
Q

Added micrograms retinol equivalent for lactating mothers

A

400

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49
Q

Added micrograms retinol equivalent for pregnant women

A

300

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50
Q

Patient presented with inflamed lips, bone pain (possible hip fracture or calcification), scaly dermatitis, enlargement of liver and spleen, nausea, and diarrhea. What vitamin state should be assessed?

A

Excess Vitamin A or Hypervitaminosis A

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51
Q

Initial sign of Hypervitaminosis A

A

Cheilitis (inflammation of lips) or dry lips

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52
Q

True or False:

Free vitamin A in circulation doesn’t usually cause membrane lysis and tissue damage

A

False:

Unbound vitamin A can cause membrane lysis and tissue damage

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53
Q

Headache, nausea, ataxia, anorexia is expected in hypervitaminosis A due to:

A

Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure

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54
Q

Precursors of Vitamin D

A

→ 7-dehydrocholesterol (animals)

→ ergosterol (plants)

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55
Q

Active form of Vit D

A

1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

also called calcitriol

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56
Q

How is calcidiol formed

A

Hydroxylation of cholecalciferol (Vit D3) in the liver

Calcidiol is aka 25-OHD or 25-hydroxycholechalciferol

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57
Q

Hydroxylation at which carbon yields an inactive dihydroxyvitamin D

A

24

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58
Q

Which form of vitamin D is present in the circulation and is used to measure in the laboratory for Vit D assay?

A

Calcidiol or 25-OHC or 25-hydroxycholcalciferol

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59
Q

Overall effect of calcitriol in the body in terms of macrominerals is:

A

increased plasma calcium and phosphate

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60
Q

Calcitriol is involved in the following processes EXCEPT
A. Modulation of cell proliferation
B. Increase production of interleukins
C. Insulin secretion
D. Synthesis and secretion of parathyroid and thyroid hormones
E. T-lymphocyte and immunoglobulin production by B-cells

A

B. should be → inhibition of production of interleukins

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61
Q

Vitamin D potency:

1 mcg cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol is equal to ___ IU

A

40 IU

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62
Q

True or False:

RDA for Vit D increases with age

A 
True
• Infants (months, μg)
→ 0-11: 5 (♂, ♀)
• Children (years, μg)
→ 1-18: 5 (♂, ♀)
• Adults (years, μg)
→ 19 – 49: 5 (♂, ♀)
→ 50-59: 10 (♂, ♀)
→ 60 ->70: 15 (♂, ♀)
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63
Q

True or False:

There is NO added requirements for Vit D for pregnant and lactating mothers

A

True

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64
Q

How are foods fortified with ergosterol (D2)?

A

irradiating ergosterol from yeast

e.g., milk and butter

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65
Q

What form of Vit D is absorbed from plants such as mushrooms?

A

ergocalciferol

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66
Q

True or Fals:

One food source of Vit D is freshwater fish

A

False:
Should be
• Saltwater fish (salmon, sardines, and herring), liver and egg yolk

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67
Q

The most common symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in young children

A

Rickets

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68
Q

The most common symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in adults

A

osteomalacia

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69
Q

Condition of under mineralized osteoid matrix resulting into soft, pliable bones due to poor Ca++ absorption in children

A

Rickets

70
Q

Condition known as softening of bones due to demineralization of intact bone matrix

A

Ostomalacia

71
Q

Recommended Vit D IU in 60–70-year-olds to prevent osteoporosis

A

600 IU or 15mcg

72
Q 
A chronic alcoholic patient is at risk of having deficiency with the following EXCEPT:
A. Vit D
B. Bit B2
C. Vit B7
D. Vit B1
E. NOTA
A

E. NOTA

72
Q 
A chronic alcoholic patient is at risk of having deficiency with the following EXCEPT:
A. Vit D
B. Bit B2
C. Vit B7
D. Vit B1
E. NOTA
A

E. NOTA

73
Q

____________ stimulate the conversion of vitamin D to inactive metabolites and have been shown to cause bone demineralization when used for long periods of time

A

Corticosteroids

74
Q 
The following characterizes excess of vit D EXCEPT:
A. blood vessel contraction
B. high BP
C. due to excessive sunlight exposure
D. calcinosis
A

C. Excessive sunlight exposure does not lead to vitamin D poisoning

75
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism may occur with deficiency to which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

76
Q

T/F:

Phosphate-binding drugs are also given in patients with Ca++ deficiency

A

True

77
Q

Most active form of Vit E

A

D-alpha tocopherols

78
Q

The most potent form of vit E and is used as the measure of potency.

A

D-alpha-tocopherol

79
Q

Synthetic form of Vit E but not as potent as naturally occurring compounds

A

DL-alpha -tocopherol

80
Q

The least toxic fat-soluble vitamin but may result to hemorrhage in case toxicity happends

A

Vit E

81
Q

How does Vit E enhance heme synthesis?

A

by increasing the levels of aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthetase and ALA dehydratase

82
Q

Although deficiency is virtually non-existent, vitamin E supplementation may be necessary with:

A

premature infants or in cases of fat malabsorption

83
Q

Best food sources of Vitamin E

A

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oil

Others: Green leafy vegetables, soybeans, canola, corn

84
Q

There may be increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke in patient with Hypervitaminosis of Vit ___

A

E

85
Q

Core of vitamin K molecule

A

naphthoquinone

→ Aromatic ring + quinone unit

86
Q

Most common dietary source of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone (K1)

87
Q

Form of Vit K produced by intestinal bacteria in humans

A

Menaquinone (K2)

88
Q

Because of its lack of the long side chain of the natural vitamins, this form of Vit K is the most active form being 2x as potent

A

Menadione (K3)

89
Q

Vitamin as Cofactor for the formation of amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamate

A

Vit K

90
Q

Clotting factors involved with the function of Vitamin K

A

X, IX, VII, II, proteins C and S

91
Q

Which Calcium-binding proteins is related to Vit K?

A
  • Osteocalcin and matrix Gla-protein (in bone)
  • Nephrocalcin (kidney)
  • Protein product of the growth arrest specific gene (Gas6), forregulation of differentiation and development in the nervous system and apoptosis in other tissues
92
Q

drugs that interfere with vitamin K metabolism

A

cephalosporin and high dose salicylates

93
Q

High doses of vitamin K3 can interfere with the function of ______

A

glutathione

→ Results in oxidative damage to cell membranes

94
Q

Aneurin is aka:

A

Thiamine (B1)

95
Q

Sulfur is a component of the structure of these vitamins:

A

B1, B5, B7

96
Q

Which active form of Vit B1 has a role in nerve conduction

A

Thiamine triphosphate

97
Q

One way of assessing thiamin nutritional status is by activation of ___________ in erythrocyte lyase by TPP

A

apo-transketolase

98
Q

Thiamine is absorbed in which part of the GIT?

A

jejunum

99
Q

Anti-stress vitamin

A

Vit B1

100
Q

Serves as coenzyme for oxidative decarboxylation reactions

A

Vit B1

101
Q

Vitamin that activates conduction channels in neuroblastoma cells

A

Vit B1 (Thiamine triphosphate -phosphorylates a chloride channel in the nerve membrane; hence, nerve conduction)

102
Q 
Which of the following does not involve the function of vit B1?
A. Carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis)
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Branched Amino Acid Catabolic Pathway
D. PPP
E. NOTA
A

E.
→ Pyruvate dehydrogenase in carbohydrate metabolism
→ Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in citric acid cycle (TPP for decarboxylation)
→ Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) in Branched Amino Acid Catabolic Pathway for oxidation
→ Pentose phosphate pathway (TPP acts as a coenzyme in transketolase reaction)

103
Q

Most common effect of thiamin deficiency

A

Beriberi

104
Q

Ascending peripheral polyneuropathy that affects elderly without cardiac involvement

A

Dry beriberi

105
Q

Beriberi associated with heart failure in infants and metabolic abnormalities

A

Fulminating beriberi

→ Aka Shoshin beriberi

106
Q

Alcoholic patient presents with ataxia, imbalances, ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, and confusion. Which vitamin is probably deficient?

A

Vit B1

107
Q

Vitamin that is important for Glutathione reductase mediated detoxification

A

B2: riboflavin

108
Q

T/F: Toxicity does not occur in riboflavin since it is non-toxic even at high oral doses

A

True

109
Q

Vitamin deficiency manifesting with angular cheilitis

A

Riboflavin deficiency

110
Q

Patient was manifesting with seborrheic dermatitis and glossitis. Hence, you asked for measurement of the activation of erythrocyte glutathione reductase to test for Vit __ deficiency

A

B2 (riboflavin)

111
Q

Niacin is synthesized from which AA?

A

W

112
Q

Vit Source of ADP-Ribose for DNA repair

A

B3 or Niacin

113
Q

Patient manifests with Pellagra or the triad of dermatitis, dementia and diarrhea. Deficiency is most likely:

A

Vit B3

114
Q

> ____ mg/day of Vit B3 may cause liver damage

A

500

115
Q

Most active form of Vit B6

A

Pyridoxal 5’phosphate

116
Q

Prime reservoir of Vit B6

A

Muscle

117
Q

Vitamin for Transamination and decarboxylation in amino acid metabolism

A

B6

118
Q

Vitamin for the Formation of sphingolipids and development of myelin sheath

A

B6

119
Q

Vitamin for synthesis of aminolaevulinic acid (precursor of heme)

A

B6

120
Q

Vitamin that removes hormone receptor complex from DNA binding site
→ Results to termination of action of hormone

A

B6

121
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia is seen in Vit ___ deficiency

A

B6

122
Q

> ____mg/day of Vit B6 is associated with nerve damage and sensory neuropathy!

A

200

123
Q

Vit. B 12 dependent enzymes:

A

→ Methylmalonyl CoA mutase
→ Leucine aminomutase
→ Methionine synthase

124
Q

More stable form of Vit B12

A

cyanocobalamin

125
Q

Vit for transfer of methyl groups in the nucleic acid synthesis

A

B12

126
Q

What releases B12 from its peptide bond in the stomach?

A

HCl

127
Q

Required for cobalamin absorption in the intestine (ileum)

A

Intrinsic factor (Castles intrinsic factor)

128
Q

common deficiency in vegetarians

A

Vit B12

129
Q

B12 deficiency may result in the irreversible degeneration of the spinal cord due to failure of methylation of one of the _______ residue on myelin sheath

A

arginine

130
Q

Anemia with B12 deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia
→ B12 deficiency impairs metabolism of folic acid
or Megaloblastic anemia

131
Q

Folic acid in the presence of NAD, is reduced to __________– active form

A

tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)

132
Q

Vitamin = pteridine ring

A

B9

133
Q

Folate is important for the metab of which AA?

A

Serine/Glycine/Methionine/Histidine

134
Q

Vitamin for the Formation and maturation of RBC and WBC in the bone marrow

A

B9

135
Q

Maternal _____ deficiency can lead to occurrence of neural tube defects among infants due to inability of closure of the neural tube.

A

folate (B9)

136
Q

Women who use oral contraceptives have impaired _____ metabolism

A

folate

137
Q

Vitamin that Blocks degradation of ferritin to hemosiderin

A

C

138
Q

Vit that acts as a co-enzyme and cofactor in metabolic processes due to its ability to lose or take H+

A

C

139
Q

Oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine is facilitated by Vit ___

A

C

140
Q

Vit constituent of coenzyme A

A

B5

141
Q

Vit Important in synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, phospholipids and porphyrin rings

A

B5

142
Q

Coenzyme for reactions involving the addition or removal of CO2 to and from active compounds:

A

Biotin (B7)

143
Q

Coenzyme for deamination of AA (Thr and Ser)

A

Biotin B7

144
Q

Coenzyme/prosthetic group in carboxylation reactions

A

B7

145
Q

vitamin important for liver gluconeogenesis

A

B7 - pyruvate carboxylase action

146
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body

A

Calcium

147
Q

T/F:

Calcium in Mostly transcellular in duodenum

A

true

148
Q

Cofactor for prothrombin to thrombin conversion for blood clot formation

A

Calcium

149
Q

Most common signal transduction element because of its ability to reversibly bind to proteins and to complex with anions

A

Calcium

150
Q

Hypocalcemia is Serum Ca2+ < ___ mg/dL

A

8.5

151
Q

Laryngismus:

A

Hypocalcemia

152
Q

Hypercalcemia is Serum Ca2+ > ___ mg/dL

A

10.2

153
Q

Most important systemic electrolyte

A

PHOSPHORUS

154
Q

Normal serum phosphorus is

A

2.5-4.5mg/dL.

155
Q

Most important metabolic reactions that require Pi is the function of the enxyme:

A

glycogen phosphorylase

156
Q

Mineral Component of glutathione which has antioxidant properties

A

Sulfur

157
Q

OVERTOXICITY of ___ causes Osmotic diarrhea and Ulcerative colitis

A

Sulfur

158
Q

Which parts of the Renal tubules reabsorb Mg

A

65% in TAL and 30% in DCT

159
Q

Mg++ is absorbed by active transport the intestinal mucosa by a process involving vitamin:

A

D

160
Q

Renal conservation of magnesium is partly controlled by ___ and ____.

A

PTH

aldosterone

161
Q

Deficiency in ___ causes:

Widening of QRS complex and atrial and ventricular dysrhythmia

A

Mg++

162
Q

Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia cannot be corrected if the ___ is also low

A

Mg

163
Q

Hyponatremia

→ Serum Na+ < __ mmol/L

A

135

164
Q

Hypernatremia

→ Serum Na+ > __ mmol/L

A

145

165
Q

Which parts of the Small intestines is K absorbed actively?

A

▪ Active transport in duodenum

▪ Passive in jejunum and ileum

166
Q

Mineral that Helps transfer phosphate from ATP to pyruvic acid

A

K+

167
Q

Hypokalemia

→ Serum K+ < ___ mEq/L

A

3.5

168
Q

Mineral deficiency that may result with prolonged vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, metabolic disturbances

A

K+

169
Q

Ventricular and atrial arrhythmias may manifest with this mineral deficiency

A

K+

170
Q

Hyperkalemia

→ Serum K+ > ___ mEq/L

A

5

BIOCHEMISTRY MED1 (6 decks)

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