Hormones I Flashcards by Venice Camille Patricio

Which hormones require neural stimulation for them to be released?
A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Renin
D. A and B
E. AOTA

D. AOTA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following characterizes Neural Communication and NOT hormonal?
A. Short term effects
B. No voluntary control
C. Mobile messages
D. Slow onset of action

A. Short term effects

Neural communications are:

fixed communication system
have fast onset of action
have short term effects
partially voluntary (e.g. muscle cotnraction)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cell with the ability to bind selectively a given hormone via a cognate receptor

Target cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A factor determining concentration of hormone at target cell in relation to its dissociation constant:

Affinity with specific plasma proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Factors affecting hormone concentration at target cell in relation to dilution effect:

Proximity of the target cell to hormone source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following affects the actual response of the target cell to the hormone?
A. Affinity of the hormone to plasma protein
B. Proximity of the target cell to the hormone source
C. Metabolism of the hormone in the target cell
D. Rate of clearance of hormone from the plasma
E. Conversion of inactive or sub-optimally active forms of the hormone into the fully active form

C. Metabolism of the hormone in the target cell

The rest of the choices are factors affecting the hormone CONCENTRATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the actual response of the target cell to the hormone?
A. Number, relative activity and state of occupancy of the specific receptors
B. Rate of synthesis and secretion of hormone
C. Presence of factors within the cell that are necessary for hormone response
D. Up or down regulation of the receptor upon ligand interaction
E. Post-receptor desensitization

B. Rate of synthesis and secretion of hormone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell-associated recognition molecules that are proteins in nature exhibiting a high degree of specificity and discrimination of a hormone

Receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is an important biochemical feature for hormone-receptor interaction?
A. Binding should be specific
B. Binding should be saturable
C. Binding should occur within the concentration range of the expected biological response
D. Binding is displaceable by agonist or antagonist
E. AOTA

E. AOTA (Harper 499)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true?
A, Glucocorticoid hormones directly enter the nucleus
B. Thyroid hormones and retinoic acid encounter their cognate receptor in the cytoplasm
C. With thyroid receptors, ligand binding results in dissociation of coactivator complex from the receptor
D. Cognate heterodimeric receptors of thyroid hormones are already bound to the appropriate response elements
E. Glucocorticoid receptor exists in a complex with hsp60

D. Cognate heterodimeric receptors of thyroid hormones are already bound to the appropriate response elements

Glucocorticoid hormones (solid triangles) encounter their cognate receptor (GR) in the cytoplasm, where GR exists in a complex with a chaperone protein, heat shock protein 90 (hsp).
By contrast, thyroid hormones
and retinoic acid directly enter the nucleus, where their cognate heterodimeric receptors are already bound to the appropriate response elements with an associated transcription corepressor complex. Ligand binding results in dissociation of the corepressor complex from the receptor, allowing an activator complex, consisting of the TR-TRE and coactivator, to assemble.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Receptors of no known ligands are called:

Orphan receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which hormone receptor types are members of a large super family of nuclear receptors?

Steroid and Thyroid type

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Liver cells have more than one receptor. Which of the following is NOT a hormone that target the liver cells?
A. Glucagon
B. Insulin
C. Thyroxine
D. Epinephrine
E. Cortisol

C. Thyroxine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This accurately describes the relation of ligand to target cell:
A. One ligand can affect different cell types.
B. More than one ligand can affect a single cell type.
C. One ligand can exert many different effects in one or more target cells.
D. Many different molecules circulate in the extracellular fluid, but only a few are recognized by hormone receptors
E. AOTA

E. AOTA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following does not characterize a hormone?
A. High affinity for a receptor
B. Irreversible binding
C. No additive effect once all receptors are occupied
D. Occur within a concentration of the expected biological response
E. Specific and Saturable

B. (should be reversible)

C. is the definition of saturable
D. is the definition of specific

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functional domains of receptors?

Recognition and Coupling domain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which functional domain of a receptor is responsible for signal transduction?
A. Extracellular domain
B. Recognition Domain
C. Coupling Domain
D. Ligand domain
E. NOTA

C. Coupling domain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT true of the coupling domain?
A. the transmembrane portion
B. faces the cytoplasm
C. couples hormone recognition with some intracellular function
D. binds the hormone
E. for receptor-effector coupling

D. (function of recognition domain)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT true of the coupling domain?
A. the transmembrane portion
B. faces the cytoplasm
C. couples hormone recognition with some intracellular function
D. binds the hormone

D. is for recognition domain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the two classes of receptors generates signals that regulate various intracellular functions?

Membrane or Cell surface receptors

(Intracellular receptors provide signals to specific genes to affect rate of transcription via genomic activation or silencing)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following DOES NOT characterize cell surface receptors?
A. can close or open channels
B. can regulate protein synthesis
C. can inactivate enzymes
D. can affect cytoskeletal proteins
E. NOTA

B. is a function of intracellular receptors via regulation of gene transcription

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following DOES NOT utilize intracellular receptors?
A. IGF-1
B. cortisol
C. vitamin A
D. thyroxine
E. vitamin D

A. IGF-1 (a hydrophilic hormone; note that although it’s Group II, it requires transport protein)

IGF-1 (Jak-Stat pathway), insulin (tyrosine kinase), Protein, polypeptide and catecholamines (GPCR) utilize membrane/ cell surface receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This dual function mechanism provides the first step in amplification of the hormonal response

Receptor-effector coupling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The α subunit of the G protein includes which characteristic?
A. ATPase activity
B. Hydrolytic activity
C. GTPase activity
D. K+ channel stimulation
E. PLC activation

C. GTPase activity

D and E:
The βγ complexes have been associated with K+ channel stimulation and phospholipase C activation. (Harper 522)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

``` A phosphodiesterase can terminate response by converting cAMP to: A. ADP B. 3'-ADP C. 5'-AMP D. ATP E. 3'-AMP ```

C. 5'-AMP

``` PKA exists in an inactive form as: A. R2C2 heterotetramer B. R1C1 heterodimer C. RaRb homodimer D. RaCa homodimer E. NOTA ```

A. R2C2 heterotetramer PKA exists in an inactive form as an R2C2 heterotetramer consisting of two regulatory (R) and two catalytic (C) subunits.

Which subunit of PKA, with the presence of cAMP, is activated after dissociation?

Catalytic subunits

Which of the following is a function of activated PKA? A. converts proteins to phosphoprotein B. phosphorylates proteins at Ser and Thr residues C. removes phosphates from Ser and Thr residues D. Both A and B E. AOTA

D. The active catalytic subunits [of PKA] phosphorylate a number of target proteins on serine and threonine residues [with Mg++ and ATP]. Phosphatases remove phosphate from these residues and thus terminate the physiologic response.

IGF-1 activates which signaling pathway?

Jak-Stat pathway

Polypeptides and Catecholamines utilizes which specific type of receptor?

GPCR

Insulin utilizes which specific type of receptor?

Tyrosine kinase (Class II: Cysteine family)

``` Which receptor subunit serves as hormone-binding domain for insulin? A. Alpha subunits B. Beta subunits C. Gamma subunits D. Delta subunits E. Epsilon subunits ```

A. Alpha subunits

``` Which receptor subunit serves as ATP-binding domains for insulin? A. Alpha subunits B. Beta subunits C. Gamma subunits D. Delta subunits E. Epsilon subunits ```

B. Beta subunits

Autophosphorylation of intracellular enzymes as instigated by insulin binding will activate which signaling pathway? A. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway B. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway C. Janus kinase pathway D. Both A and B E. AOTA

D. → Activates PI-3K signaling pathway that will cause the exteriorization of GLUT4 → Activates MAP Kinase signaling pathway (mitogenic effects) which will phosphorylate certain proteins, or activate certain translation factors which will cause cell growth and gene expression via protein synthesis

Which of the following is included in the domains of Group I hormone receptors? A. Domain responsible for hormone binding B. Domain that binds to specific DNA sequences C. Site that interacts with coregulator proteins D. Domain that specifies binding to proteins that influence intracellular trafficking of receptor E. AOTA

E. AOTA

What class of hormone (based on chemical composition) is calcitriol?

Steroid hormone

Amino acid derivative hormones are synthesized from the amino acid:

Tyrosine

2 Hormones derived from Tyr:

Catecholamines | Thyroid hormones

Glycoprotein hormones are: A. Homodimer B. Heterodimer

B. Heterodimer Same α subunit but different β subunit - FSH, LH, CG and TSH The α-GSU is common to TSH, FSH, and LH, whereas the β subunit is specific to the hormone (i.e., β-TSH, β-FSH, and β-LH are all unique).

Class (by chemical composition) of Anterior pituitary hormones

Peptide/Protein hormones

Histamine is derived from which amino acid? A. His B. Trp C. Tyr

A. Histidine

Serotonin is derived from which amino acid? A. His B. Trp C. Tyr

B. tryptophan

Melatonin is derived from which amino acid? A. His B. Trp C. Tyr

B. tryptophan

``` Which of the following hormones are derived from fatty acids? A. Prostaglandins B. Prostacyclins C. Thromboxanes D. Leukotrienes E. AOTA ```

E. AOTA

What is the intracellular messenger of Group I hormones?

Hormone-receptor complex itself

Group (by solubility property) of Eicosanoids

Group II

Location of receptors for lipid soluble ligands A. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane B. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane C. On Organelles

C. On Organelles

Location of Receptors for intracellular signaling A. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane B. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane C. On Organelles

B. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane

Receptors for water soluble ligands A. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane B. On the inner surface of the plasma membrane C. On Organelles

A. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane

For group II hormones can be further subdivided into four groups. What is the group for those with kinases of phosphate cascade as their 2nd messengers?

Group IID

For group II hormones can be further subdivided into four groups. What is the group for those with cGMP as their 2nd messengers through guanylyl cyclase?

Group IIB

For group II hormones can be further subdivided into four groups. What is the group for those with calcium ion and phosphatidylinositol as their 2nd messengers through Phospholipase C?

Group IIC

``` Which of the following does not utilize cAMP as second messenger? A. α1-adrenergic catecholamines B. a2-adrenergic catecholamines C. B-adrenergic catecholamines D. calcitonin E. Chorionic gonadotropin, human (CG) ```

A. α1-adrenergic catecholamines (calcium or phosphatidylinositols (or both))

``` Which of the following does not utilize calcium or phosphatidylinositols (or both) as second messenger? A. Oxytocin B. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) C. Substance P D. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) E. Prolactin ```

E. Prolactin (kinase or phosphatase cascade)

``` Which of the following does not utilize kinase or phosphatase cascade as second messenger? A. Adiponectin B. Leptin C. CCK D. Erythropoietin E. Chorionic somatomammotropin ```

C. CCK (Ca++ or PI3)

Anterior pituitary hormones that do not belong to Group IIA:

GH and Prolactin (Group IID)

ADH belongs to which groups of hormone according to receptor location?

Groups IIA and IIC

Which growth factor belongs to Groups IIC and IID

Platelet-derived Growth Factor

Final organ to produce active form of Vitamin D

Kidneys

storage location of catecholamines

chromaffin granules

Conversion of testosterone to its active form (DHT) happens in which organs?

skin and prostate

``` Which of the following do not have intracellular reservoir? A. Steroid hormones B. Thyroid hormones C. Catecholamines D. Insulin ```

A. Steroid hormones Thyroid hormones – stored for weeks Catecholamines and PTH – hours Insulin – several days

Hormones bound to transport proteins are not recognized by which enzymes in the liver?

Cytochrome enzymes for degradation

This represents the | circulating reservoir for hormones

Transport proteins

True or False: | When hormones are bound to transport proteins – they are inactive

True

Which thyroid hormone has a higher affinity to transport | proteins?

Which thyroid hormone is more potent?

Main androgen in the zona reticularis

DHEA

A small percentage of steroid hormone is produced in situ from:

Acetyl-CoA via mevalonate and squalene

During storage, free cholesterol is esterified to cholesterol ester once inside cytoplasm by which enzyme?

Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase

Enzyme that converts cholesterol ester to free cholesterol

Cholesterol ester hydrolase (esterase)

The rate-limiting step for steroidogenesis

ACTH-dependent diffusion of free cholesterol into the mitochondria by uptake of StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein

``` Pregnenolone production is catalyzed by: A. CYP11A1 B. P450scc C. CYP17 D. Either A or B E. NOTA ```

The action of P450scc on cholesterol is A. sequential hydroxylation at C21 and C20 B. sequential hydroxylation at C22 and C20 C. sequential hydroxylation at C22 and C21 D. sequential hydroxylation at C21 and C23

B. sequential hydroxylation at C22 and C20

``` Which of the following is not an effect of estrogen? A. Increases vasodilation B. Increases HDL synthesis C. Activates Lipoprotein lipase D. Cell proliferation ```

C. should be Hormone-sensitive lipase

2 hormones that increase the receptors for LH

FSH and estrogen

These enzymes for mineralocorticoid synthesis are only found in the zona glomerulosa

18-hydroxylase | 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

These are the most potent regulators of aldosterone

K+ levels and Angiotensin II

These are mitochondrial enzymes encountered by pregnenolone to convert it to progesterone

3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (converts to ketone) and Δ5,4-isomerase (transfers double bond from C5 to C4)

This adrenal cortical enzyme has both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity

21-hydroxylase (converts progesterone/17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-DOC

A mitochondrial enzyme that converts 11-DOC to corticosterone

11β-hydroxylase

What are the enzymes required for glucocorticoid synthesis?

17-, 21-, 11β-hydroxylases

The action of this enzyme on pregnenolone will set the path of steroidogenesis to glucocorticoid synthesis

17α-hydroxylase (attaches a hydroxyl group at C17 to yield 17-hydroxypregnenolone)

The main transport protein for glucocorticoids

Cortisol-binding globulin (Transcortin) the other is albumin

Hormone that increases the synthesis of CBG in the liver

Estrogen

Steroid hormones that will bind with high affinity on CBG

DOC (deoxycorticosterone) and Progesterone

Steroid that weakly binds with CBG

Gonadal steroids: | Estradiol, estrone, testosterone, DHT

DHEA being acted on by 3β-HD and Δ5,4-Isomerase will yield the more potent:

Androstenedione

This double-function enzyme converts the pregnenolone to the major androgen, DHEA

17-hydroxylase (with 17, 20-lyase function)

Enzyme that converts Androstenedione into Testosterone in the testis

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

2 pathways for testicular steroidogenesis:

Progesterone (Delta-4 pathway) and | DHEA (Delta-5 pathway)

Which enzyme will set the path of testicular steroidogenesis to delta-4 pathway?

3β-HD and Δ5,4-isomerase

The predominant pathway of testicular steroidogenesis

Delta-5 or DHEA pathway

``` What reaction inactivates Testosterone? A. Oxidation of C17 B. Reduction of C17 C. Oxidation of the A-ring double bond D. Reduction of the A-ring double bone ```

A. Oxidation of C17

Conversion of Testosterone to the more potent Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is by the action of the enzyme:

5α-reductase (NADPH-dependent)

Precursor for the most potent type of estrogen

Testosterone | precursor to 17β-estradiol

Precursor to the post-menopausal type of estrogen

Androstenedione (precursor to estrone)

This is the estrogen of adrenal origin

Estrone

The estrogen of pregnancy is produced by the:

placenta

What catalyzes the formation of estrogens via peripheral aromatization of androgens

Aromatase Enzyme Complex

``` The synthesis of estrogen from androgens requires the following, except: A. 3 hydroxylation steps B. Oxygen C. NADPH D.NADH E. Aromatase Enzyme Complex ```

D. NADH

Which cells of the ovary is the Aromatase Enzyme Complex found?

Granulosa cells

What enzyme is produced by the placenta to convert estrone to estriol?

16α-hydroxylase

Cell source of testosterone and androstenedione in Female

Theca cells

``` Which of the following organs is not a source of aromatase? A. Liver B. Skin C. Adipose tissue D. Uterus E. Breast ```

D. Uterus

In which structure is the progesterone the end product due to its lack of enzymes for the progression of steroidogenesis?

Corpus luteum

Hormone that increases the production of Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

Estrogen

True or False: | TEBG has higher affinity to estrogen than testosterone

False: | Testosterone-Estrogen Binding globulin has higher affinity with testosterone

Which hormone helps the body absorb calcium from the GIT?

Calcitriol

Between a light and dark-skinned individual, who has more Vitamin D?

Lighter skinned because melanin shields the skin from UV rays

Precursor of Vitamin D3 produced with exposure to UV light

7-dehydrocholesterol

Which liver enzyme converts cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol?

NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase and CytP450 Vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase

Which renal enzyme converts 25-hydroxycholcalciferol to the active form of Vitamin D?

1α-hydroxylase

The predominant form of Vitamin D in the plasma

25-hydroxycholecalciferol or Vitamin D3

The active form of vitamin D

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or Calcitriol

Calcitriol will increase absorption of which substances in the intestine? (2) answers

Calcium and Phosphate

In which layer/s of the epidermis is the 7-dehydrocholesterol found?

Malpighian layer of the epidermis

In which organelle does the conversion of Vit D3 to 25(OH)-D3 occur?

``` The following is required in the conversion of D3 to 25(OH)-D3, except: A. Fe++ B. Mg++ C. NADPH D. O2 E. uncharacterized cytoplasmic factor ```

A. Fe++

In which organelle does the conversion of 25(OH)-D3 to calcitriol occur?

mitochondria hydroxylation of C1

What are the enzymes involved in the final step of calcitriol synthesis?

``` Renal Ferredoxin reductase (flavoprotein) Renal Ferredoxin (Iron-sulfur protein) Cytochrome P450 ```

The major adrenal medulla product

Epinephrine

Catecholamines are derived from which amino acid?

Tyrosine

Which of the following is the correct sequence of catecholamine synthesis? A. Side chain hydroxylation > Ring hydroxylation > Side chain decarboxylation > Side chain N-methylation B. Ring hydroxylation > Side chain decarboxylation > Side chain hydroxylation > Side chain N-methylation C. Side chain N-methylation > Side chain hydroxylation > Ring hydroxylation > Side chain decarboxylation

B. Ring hydroxylation > Side chain decarboxylation > Side chain hydroxylation > Side chain N-methylation

The rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Cofactor needed in the first step of catecholamine synthesis

Tetrahydrobiopterin

The first 2 steps of catecholamine synthesis occur in which part of the chromaffin cell?

cytoplasm

The decarboxylation of side chain in catecholamine biosynthesis requires which coenzyme?

Pyridoxal phosphat

The decarboxylation of side chain in catecholamine biosynthesis requires which coenzyme?

Pyridoxal phosphate

The last 2 steps of catecholamine synthesis occur in which compartment of the chromaffin cells?

chromaffin granules

the action of dopamine-β-hydroxylase requires which compounds?

Ascorbate Copper Fumarate

Modulator compound in the synthesis of NE

Fumarate

Compound found in the active site of the enzyme responsible for the formation of NE

Copper

Electron donor in the production of NE

Ascorbate

Which hormone promotes the conversion of NE to Epinephrine?

Cortisol

Enzyme activated by the stimulation of cortisol to produce EPI

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

Which enzyme is inhibited by the presence of epinephrine?

tyrosine hydroxylase

The degradation of catecholamines is catalyzed by which enzymes?

Monoamine oxidase and | Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

The end product of catecholamine degradation

vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

Which product is expected to increase in the urine with pheochromocytoma?

VMA

The glycosylated protein precursor of thyroid hormones

thyroglobulin

The majority of iodine in thyroglobulin are found in its inactive precursors:

Monoiodotyrosine and Diiodotyrosine

Stimulation by ___ increases all aspects of thyroid hormone biosynthesis

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

The prohormone released by the thyroid gland

Thyroxine

Which of the 2 thyroid hormones has higher affinity to transport proteins?

Thyroxine (T4)

This is considered as the active thyroid hormone

Triiodothyronine

``` The peripheral deiodinase is found in the following organs except: A. Pituitary B. Parathyroid gland C. Liver D. Kidneys E. NOTA ```

B. Parathyroid gland

The sequential steps to Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis

Iodide trapping > Oxidation of Iodide to Iodine > Organification/Iodination of Tyr residues in thyroglobulin > Coupling/ Conjugation

``` Which of the following is not a peptide hormone? A. Insulin B. PTH C. Angiotensin D. LPH E. NOTA ```

E. NOTA

This is the 15 hydrophobic amino acids at the N-terminal of the insulin

Leader sequence/ signal sequence

In the ER, removal of the signal sequence in insulin biosynthesis will result to the product:

preinsulin

The 2 amino acids in the site-specific cleavage sites of proinsulin

Arginine and Lysine

``` How many amino acids form the A and B chain of insulin, respectively? A. 20, 31 B. 21, 30 C. 22, 33 D. 23, 40 ```

B. 21 - A chain; 30 - B chain

``` The intradisulfide chain of insulin is found at: A. amino acid 5-15 of B chain B. amino acid 7-14 of B chain C. amino acid 19-20 of A chain D. amino acid 6-11 of A chain ```

D. amino acid 6-11 of A chain

Where are the interdisulfide chains of isulin found?

- between amino acid 7 (B chain) and 7 (A chain) | - between amino acid 19 (B chain) and 20 (A chain)

This conformation allows the formation of critical structures within insulin for it to reach maturity

INTRA and INTER chain disulfide links

Primary gene product in PTH biosynthesis

Prepro-PTH

Immediate precursor of PTH

Pro-PTH

The synthesis and secretion of PTH are regulated by:

Plasma ionized calcium levels

Calcium molecules attach to ________ in Parathyroid gland surface, which allows this protein to monitor and regulate the amount of calcium in the blood

Calcium-sensing receptor

The full biologic activity site of PTH is numbered:

1-34 residue

The region for receptor binding sites of PTH is numbered:

24-34

The PTH site-specific cleavage sites are marked by which amino acids?

Arginine, Lysine and Valine

Which cells of the kidney produce Renin?

Juxtaglomerular cells at the afferent arteriole

Which of Angiotensin is a decapeptide or an octapeptide?

``` Decapeptide = Ang I Octapeptide = Ang II ```

Which enzyme of the lungs cleaver Ang I to Ang II?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

How does Angiotensin II stimulate aldosterone | synthesis

Activates cAMP to increase conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone via Cyt 11A1 and conversion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone via 18-hydroxylase

Which alpha-2-globulin produced by the liver is cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme from the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure?

Angiotensinogen (alpha-2-globulin produced by the livers) | Renin (proteolytic enzymes produced by the kidneys)

Class of anti-hypertensive drugs: Captopril, Lisinopril

ACE-inhibitors

Class of anti-hypertensive drugs: Losartan

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

The long polypeptide chain, located in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, that consists of peptides that act as hormones and neurotransmitters

Proopiomelanocortin

Hormones that come from POMC

ACTH, LPH, MSH

Neurotransmitters that come from POMC

Enkephalins and Endorphins

POMC has how many amino acids?

285

``` Which of the following does not have POMC? A. brain B. placenta C. reproductive tract D. GIT E. lungs ```

None of those

The amino-terminal fragment of POMC produces which Hormone?

gamma-MSH

What hormone and peptide is generated from cleavage of ACTH?

alpha-MSH: hormone | Corticotrophin-like Intermediate Peptide (CLIP): peptide

Which POMC fragment is the source of β-MSH

β-Lipotropin cleaved to form the C-terminal of γ-Lipotropin

Cleavage of β-Lipotropin fragments will produce

γ-Lipotropin and β-Endorphin

β-Endorphin is the source of which neurotransmitter?

Met-enkephalin

``` Which facilitates the proximation of disulfide chains of active insulin? a. Leader sequence b. C peptide c. Disulfide bonds itself d. Formation of pro-insulin ```

d. Formation of pro-insulin